Radioactivity in bottled waters sold in Mexico.

Measurements of gross alpha and beta activities were made on 21 domestic and international brands of bottled (purified and mineral) water sold in the Mexican market to assess its radiological quality. Alpha and beta activities were determined using a liquid-scintillation detector with pulse-shape analysis feature. All the purified water had values of beta activity lower than the limit for potable drinking water (1.0 Bq/l), while three brands surpassed the limit of alpha activity (0.1 Bq/l). The limit for alpha radioactivity content was exceed by three mineral waters; the results show a correlation between radioactivity content and mineral salts, which are related with the origin and treatment of the waters.

Anti-inflammatory glycoterpenoids from Scrophularia auriculata.

The activity of the four glycoterpenoids: two saponins, verbascosaponin A and verbascosaponin, and two iridoids, scropolioside A and scrovalentinoside, isolated from Scrophularia auriculata ssp. pseudoauriculata, were studied in different models of acute and chronic inflammation. Both saponins significantly inhibited the mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan and ear edema induced by single and multiple doses of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Verbascosaponin A showed a potency twice as high as that of indomethacin in the acute TPA model. Verbascosaponin A and scropolioside A were active after a long latency period against ethyl phenylpropiolate edema, as are glucocorticoids. When the putative corticoid-like mechanism of the two compounds was studied, verbascosaponin A activity was notably reduced by the mRNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D, while the effect of scropolioside A was partially interfered with by the anti-glucocorticoid drugs used. Both iridoids were active on the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. They significantly reduced the inflammatory lesion and suppressed the cellular infiltration.

Costimulatory markers in muscle of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and in cultured muscle cells.

In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of cell injury in the inflammatory myopathies, we analyzed the expression of costimulatory molecules, CTLA4, CD28, CD86, CD40, and CD154 as well as HLA class I, HLA class II, and ICAM-I in normal muscle and in muscle biopsies from patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM). By immunohistochemical staining, DM and PM biopsies showed the presence of CTLA4, CD28, CD86, and CD40 on inflammatory cells. More strikingly, however, low levels of CTLA4 and CD28 were observed on muscle cells. The expression of CTLA4 and CD28 on nonlymphoid cells has not been previously reported. These unexpected findings were confirmed in cultured normal human myoblasts: various proinflammatory cytokines induced the expression of CTLA4 and CD28 on normal human muscle cells. The sequences of the cDNAs were found to be identical to the sequences for these molecules in T cells. The data suggest a novel complexity in the network of cellular interactions between the infiltrated immune cells and the muscle cells in which the normal relationship between infiltrating inflammatory cells and target tissue is under a previously unrecognized set of controls.

Quantitative assessment of myositis in thigh muscles using magnetic resonance imaging.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been suggested as a technique for diagnosing and monitoring myositis, an inflammatory muscle disease. To date, the assessment of disease from MR images has been by subjective visual analysis. We describe here an objective, semi-automatic, computer-based method for quantifying the degree of disease from MR images, without the need for a radiologist or physician trained in the visual assessment of the MR images. The method is based on analysis of the histogram of intensity values produced from the MR images. The analysis yielded measures of the intensity and extent of disease. These two measures were combined to produce a calculated myositis index (CMI) which described the degree of disease evident from the MR images. This index was compared with a clinical assessment of the patient's condition, based on currently accepted, invasive and non-invasive, non-imaging criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that calculated myositis index agreed at least as well with clinical assessment as did visual analysis (receiver operating characteristic area = 0.93 and 0.94, p = not significant (NS), respectively, for separating remission from disease). Even using only two central MR slices for each patient, the receiver operating characteristic area for calculated myositis index was 0.92, implying that very short acquisition times are possible. We conclude that quantitative histogram analysis of MR images can be successfully performed with minimal operator input and using few MR slices. Agreement with more invasive clinical assessment is good and the method has the advantages of repeatability, objectivity, and decreased scan and analysis time.

A pilot study: use of fludarabine for refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and examination of endpoint measures.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of the adenine analog, fludarabine, on patients with refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and to assess variables used in following myositis patients during medical intervention. METHODS: Patients whose myositis was not controlled by prednisone and at least one other immunosuppressive medication were entered into a pilot study during which they received 6 monthly cycles of intravenous fludarabine. Patients were assessed at baseline, every other month, and at month 7 for primary outcome measures of strength and function. Other measurements including peripheral blood cell subsets, muscle enzymes, and various assessments of disease activity were followed monthly during the fludarabine infusion period and for up to 6 months post therapy. RESULTS: Of 16 patients who entered the study, 4 patients were classified as improved, and 7 patients were classified as unchanged. Five patients who withdrew before month 7 were classified as treatment failures. Fludarabine caused a significant and prolonged lymphopenia without an increase in infectious complications over that seen with other immunosuppressive agents used for myositis. A sudden death of one patient at the end of the study was not thought to be drug related. Variables followed during the study emphasized the distinction between patient functional improvement and disease remission. CONCLUSION: A subset of patients with refractory myositis may benefit from fludarabine therapy and controlled trials are indicated. Refinement and validation of variables useful for following myositis patients await larger studies.

A new iridoid from Scrophularia auriculata ssp. pseudoauriculata.

A new iridoid glycoside, scrovalentinoside (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia auriculata L. ssp. pseudoauriculata. The structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated as 6-O-(2", 3"-di-O-acetyl-4"-O-p-methoxy-cinnamoyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl catalpol by spectroscopic methods. The known iridoid glycoside, scropolioside A; two saponins, verbascosaponin A and verbascosaponin; and the phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside, were also isolated.