Primary antimicrobial resistance rates and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the north of Spain. A 13-year retrospective study / Tasas de resistencia primaria a los antibióticos y prevalencia de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en el norte de España. Estudio retrospectivo de 13 años

Objective: Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents is on the rise and it is thus imperative to be aware of local resistance rates. The main objective of the present study was to describe the evolution of primary antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori, analysing its antibiotic susceptibility over a 13-year period in a region of northern Spain, as well as host-related factors. Patients and methods: Between 2004 and 2016 a total of 3426 patients who met the H. pylori eradication criteria underwent gastroscopy. The gastric biopsies were processed and those testing positive for H. pylori were identified and tested for clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin susceptibility using E-test. Results: H. pylori was isolated in 1604 (47%) patients, ranging from 63% (133/212) in 2004 to 39% (137/347) in 2016. Primary resistances to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin were on average 19% (278/1116), 40% (572/865) and 17% (137/669), respectively. Clarithromycin resistance was 24% (167/686) in females and 15% (11/753) in males (p=0.0002); metronidazole resistance was 29% (72/246) in patients over 70 years compared to 42% (499/1190) in younger patients (p=0.0396); levofloxacin resistance increased with age, being 13% (57/439) in patients ≤55 years, 19% (46/236) for those between 56 and 70, and 26% (34/130) in patients >70 years (p=0.0087). Discussion: A decline in the prevalence of H. pylori infection was observed over the years, along with relatively high rates of primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin. Variations in resistance rates were found with sex and age

Objetivo: El aumento de la resistencia de Helicobacter pylori a los antibióticos hace indispensable conocer las tasas de resistencia locales. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue describir la evolución de la resistencia primaria de H. pylori a los antibióticos, analizando su sensibilidad durante un período de tiempo de 13 años en una región del norte de España, así como los factores asociados del huésped. Pacientes y métodos: Entre 2004 y 2016 se realizaron gastroscopias a 3.426 pacientes que cumplían criterios de erradicación de la infección por H. pylori. En las biopsias gástricas en las que se detectó crecimiento compatible con H. pylori se identificó este microorganismo y se testó la sensibilidad a claritromicina, metronidazol y levofloxacino mediante Etest(R). Resultados: Se aisló H. pylori en 1.604 (47%) pacientes, desde el 63% (133/212) en 2004 hasta el 39% (137/347) en 2016. Las resistencias primarias a claritromicina, metronidazol y levofloxacino fueron del 19% (278/1.116), 40% (572/865) y 17% (137/669), respectivamente. La resistencia a claritromicina fue mayor en mujeres: 24% (167/686) vs. 15% (11/753) (p=0,0002); la resistencia a metronidazol fue mayor en jóvenes: 29% (72/246) en >70 años vs. 42% (499/1.190) en ≤70 años (p=0,0396); la resistencia a levofloxacino aumentó con la edad de los pacientes: 13% (57/439) en <55 años, 19% (46/236) entre 56 y 70 años y 26% (34/130) en >70 años (p=0,0087). Discusión: Se observa una disminución en la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori a lo largo de los años, con tasas relativamente altas de resistencia primaria a claritromicina, metronidazol y levofloxacino. Se encuentran variaciones en estas tasas de resistencia en función del sexo y de la edad de los pacientes

Primary antimicrobial resistance rates and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the north of Spain. A 13-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial agents is on the rise and it is thus imperative to be aware of local resistance rates. The main objective of the present study was to describe the evolution of primary antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori, analysing its antibiotic susceptibility over a 13-year period in a region of northern Spain, as well as host-related factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2016 a total of 3426 patients who met the H. pylori eradication criteria underwent gastroscopy. The gastric biopsies were processed and those testing positive for H. pylori were identified and tested for clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin susceptibility using E-test. RESULTS: H. pylori was isolated in 1604 (47%) patients, ranging from 63% (133/212) in 2004 to 39% (137/347) in 2016. Primary resistances to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin were on average 19% (278/1116), 40% (572/865) and 17% (137/669), respectively. Clarithromycin resistance was 24% (167/686) in females and 15% (11/753) in males (p=0.0002); metronidazole resistance was 29% (72/246) in patients over 70 years compared to 42% (499/1190) in younger patients (p=0.0396); levofloxacin resistance increased with age, being 13% (57/439) in patients ≤55 years, 19% (46/236) for those between 56 and 70, and 26% (34/130) in patients >70 years (p=0.0087). DISCUSSION: A decline in the prevalence of H. pylori infection was observed over the years, along with relatively high rates of primary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin. Variations in resistance rates were found with sex and age.

Utility of normalized genome quantification of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa using an in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Traditional diagnostic assays for Helicobacter pylori detection have their limitations. Molecular methods can improve both diagnosis and understanding of gastric diseases. Here we describe an in-house quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-rt-PCR) for the detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsies which has been developed and has a detection limit of 10 copies, the specificity of which was tested against other gastric colonizer bacteria. In this study, 199 gastric biopsies from adults with different clinical gastric symptoms were examined. Biopsies were obtained during endoscopy and the following tests performed: rapid urease testing (RUT), culture and q-rt-PCR. H. pylori bacterial load expressed as bacterial load per 105 cells was calculated using a standard curve. H. pylori was isolated in 41% of patients, RUT was positive in 32% and bacterial genome was detected in 45% (p = 0.010). Concordance between traditional invasive microbiological methods used together and q-rt-PCR was almost 100%. Bacterial load in patients with positive RUT was significantly higher than those where it was negative (p<0.0001). There were also significant differences between bacterial load in patients with more than one positive assay versus those where only one method was positive (p = 0.006). The in-house q-PCR developed here is quick and inexpensive, and allows accurate diagnosis of H. pylori infection. It also permits normalized bacterial load quantification, which is important to differentiate between asymptomatic colonisation and infection.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistente a quinolonas: un nuevo problema de salud pública en España / Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a new public health problem in Spain

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