Sympathovagal quotient and resting-state functional connectivity of control networks are related to gut Ruminococcaceae abundance in healthy men.

INTRODUCTION: Heart rate variability (HRV), brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), and gut microbiota (GM) are three recognized indicators of health status, whose relationship has not been characterized. We aimed to identify the GM genera and families related to HRV and rsFC, the interaction effect of HRV and rsFC on GM taxa abundance, and the mediation effect of diet on these relationships. METHODS: Eighty-eight healthy, young Colombian men were included in this cross-sectional study. HRV metrics were extracted from 24-hour Holter monitoring data and the resting functional connectivity strength (FCS) of 15 networks were derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using the sequences of the V3-V4 regions of the 16 S rRNA gene, and diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the correlations between the independent variables (HRV metrics and FCS) and the dependent variables (GM taxa abundance or alpha diversity indexes). Mediation analyses were used to test the role of diet in the relationship between HRV and GM. RESULTS: The sympathovagal quotient (SQ) and the FCS of control networks were positively correlated with the abundance of the gut Ruminococcaceae family and an unclassified Ruminococcaceae genus (Ruminococcaceae_unc). Additionally, the interaction between the FCS of the control network and SQ reduced the individual main effects on the Ruminococcaceae_unc abundance. Finally, reduced habitual fiber intake partially mediated the relationship between SQ and this genus. CONCLUSION: Two indicators of self-regulation, HRV and the rsFC of control networks, are related to the abundance of gut microbiota taxa in healthy men. However, only HRV is related to habitual dietary intake; thus, HRV could serve as a marker of food choice and GM composition in the future.

Knockdown of Antisense Noncoding Mitochondrial RNA Reduces Tumorigenicity of Patient-Derived Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma Cells in an Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent form of renal cancer and its treatment is hindered by a resistance to targeted therapies, immunotherapies and combinations of both. We have reported that the knockdown of the antisense noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ASncmtRNAs) with chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides induces proliferative arrest and apoptotic death in tumor cells from many human and mouse cancer types. These studies have been mostly performed in vitro and in vivo on commercially available cancer cell lines and have shown that in mouse models tumor growth is stunted by the treatment. The present work was performed on cells derived from primary and metastatic ccRCC tumors. We established primary cultures from primary and metastatic ccRCC tumors, which were subjected to knockdown of ASncmtRNAs in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic xenograft model in NOD/SCID mice. We found that these primary ccRCC cells are affected in the same way as tumor cell lines and in the orthotopic model tumor growth was significantly reduced by the treatment. This study on patient-derived ccRCC tumor cells represents a model closer to actual patient ccRCC tumors and shows that knockdown of ASncmtRNAs poses a potential treatment option for these patients.

Unraveling the Genetic Threads of History: mtDNA HVS-I Analysis Reveals the Ancient Past of the Aburra Valley.

This article presents a comprehensive genetic study focused on pre-Hispanic individuals who inhabited the Aburrá Valley in Antioquia, Colombia, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries AD. Employing a genetic approach, the study analyzed maternal lineages using DNA samples obtained from skeletal remains. The results illuminate a remarkable degree of biological diversity within these populations and provide insights into their genetic connections with other ancient and indigenous groups across the American continent. The findings strongly support the widely accepted hypothesis that the migration of the first American settlers occurred through Beringia, a land bridge connecting Siberia to North America during the last Ice Age. Subsequently, these early settlers journeyed southward, crossing the North American ice cap. Of particular note, the study unveils the presence of ancestral lineages from Asian populations, which played a pivotal role in populating the Americas. The implications of these results extend beyond delineating migratory routes and settlement patterns of ancient populations. They also enrich our understanding of the genetic diversity inherent in indigenous populations of the region. By revealing the genetic heritage of pre-Hispanic individuals from the Aburrá Valley, this study offers valuable insights into the history of human migration and settlement in the Americas. Furthermore, it enhances our comprehension of the intricate genetic tapestry that characterizes indigenous communities in the area.

Inverse Modulation of Aurora Kinase A and Topoisomerase IIα in Normal and Tumor Breast Cells upon Knockdown of Mitochondrial ASncmtRNA.

Breast cancer is currently the most diagnosed form of cancer and the leading cause of death by cancer among females worldwide. We described the family of long non-coding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNAs), comprised of sense (SncmtRNA) and antisense (ASncmtRNA) members. Knockdown of ASncmtRNAs using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) induces proliferative arrest and apoptotic death of tumor cells, but not normal cells, from various tissue origins. In order to study the mechanisms underlying this selectivity, in this study we performed RNAseq in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells transfected with ASncmtRNA-specific ASO or control-ASO, or left untransfected. Bioinformatic analysis yielded several differentially expressed cell-cycle-related genes, from which we selected Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) for RT-qPCR and western blot validation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells, as well as normal breast epithelial cells (HMEC). We observed no clear differences regarding mRNA levels but both proteins were downregulated in tumor cells and upregulated in normal cells. Since these proteins play a role in genomic integrity, this inverse effect of ASncmtRNA knockdown could account for tumor cell downfall whilst protecting normal cells, suggesting this approach could be used for genomic protection under cancer treatment regimens or other scenarios.

Serum Levels of Myonectin Are Lower in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome and Are Negatively Correlated with Android Fat Mass.

Myonectin has shown beneficial effects on lipid regulation in murine models; therefore, it may have implications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated the relationship between serum myonectin and serum lipids, global and regional fat mass, intramuscular lipid content, and insulin resistance (IR) in adults with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study in sedentary adults who were diagnosed with MS or without MS (NMS). Serum myonectin was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile by conventional techniques, and free fatty acids (FFA) by gas chromatography. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and intramuscular lipid content through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the right vastus lateralis muscle. IR was estimated with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The MS (n = 61) and NMS (n = 29) groups were comparable in age (median (interquartile range): 51.0 (46.0-56.0) vs. 53.0 (45.5-57.5) years, p > 0.05) and sex (70.5% men vs. 72.4% women). MS subjects had lower serum levels of myonectin than NMS subjects (1.08 (0.87-1.35) vs. 1.09 (0.93-4.05) ng·mL-1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass index and lean mass index showed that serum myonectin was negatively correlated with the android/gynoid fat mass ratio (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.01), but not with the lipid profile, FFA, intramuscular lipid content or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, serum myonectin is lower in subjects with MS. Myonectin negatively correlates with a component relevant to the pathophysiology of MS, such as the android/gynoid fat mass ratio, but not with other components such as FFA, intramuscular fat or IR.

Hemodynamic profiles of arterial hypertension with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained during a twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24 h ABPM) have not been reliably applied to extract arterial hemodynamics. We aimed to describe the hemodynamic profiles of different hypertension (HT) subtypes derived from a new method for total arterial compliance (Ct) estimation in a large group of individuals undergoing 24 h ABPM. A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included patients with suspected HT. Cardiac output, Ct, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were derived through a two-element Windkessel model without having a pressure waveform. Arterial hemodynamics were analyzed according to HT subtypes in 7434 individuals (5523 untreated HT and 1950 normotensive controls [N]). The individuals mean age was 46.2 ± 13.0 years; 54.8% were male, and 22.1% were obese. In isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), the cardiac index (CI) was greater than that in normotensive (N) controls (CI: IDH vs. N mean difference 0.10 L/m/m2; CI 95% 0.08 to 0.12; p value <0.001), with no significant clinical difference in Ct. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and divergent systolic-diastolic hypertension (D-SDH) had lower Ct values than nondivergent HT subtype (Ct: divergent vs. nondivergent mean difference -0.20 mL/mmHg; CI 95% -0.21 to -0.19 mL/mmHg; p value <0.001). Additionally, D-SDH displayed the highest TPR (TPR: D-SDH vs. N mean difference 169.8 dyn*s/cm-5; CI 95% 149.3 to 190.3 dyn*s/cm-5; p value <0.001). A new method is provided for the simultaneous assessment of arterial hemodynamics with 24 h ABPM as a single diagnostic tool, which allows a comprehensive assessment of arterial function for hypertension subtypes. Main hemodynamic findings in arterial HT subtypes with regard to Ct and TPR. The 24 h ABPM profile reflects the state of Ct and TPR. Younger individuals with IDH present with a normal Ct and frequently increased CO. Patients with ND-SDH maintain an adequate Ct with a higher TPR, while subjects with D-SDH present with a reduced Ct, high PP and high TPR. Finally, the ISH subtype occurs in older individuals with significantly reduced Ct, high PP and a variable TPR proportional to the degree of arterial stiffness and MAP values. There was an observed increase in PP with age in relation to the changes in Ct (see also text). SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PP: pulse pressure; N: normotension; HT: hypertension; IDH: isolated diastolic hypertension; ND-SDH: nondivergent systole-diastolic hypertension; D-SDH: divergent systolic-diastolic hypertension; ISH: isolated systolic hypertension; Ct: total arterial compliance; TPR: total peripheral resistance; CO: cardiac output; 24 h ABPM: 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle status in adults in healthcare settings.

Given their importance in predicting clinical outcomes, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle status can be considered new vital signs. However, they are not routinely evaluated in healthcare settings. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the epidemiological, mechanistic, and practical bases of the evaluation of CRF and muscle status in adults in primary healthcare settings. We highlight the importance of CRF and muscle status as predictors of morbidity and mortality, focusing on their association with cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. Notably, adults in the best quartile of CRF and muscle status have as low as one-fourth the risk of developing some of the most common chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases than those in the poorest quartile. The physiological mechanisms that underlie these epidemiological associations are addressed. These mechanisms include the fact that both CRF and muscle status reflect an integrative response to the body function. Indeed, muscle plays an active role in the development of many diseases by regulating the body's metabolic rate and releasing myokines, which modulate metabolic and cardiovascular functions. We also go over the most relevant techniques for assessing peak oxygen uptake as a surrogate of CRF and muscle strength, mass, and quality as surrogates of muscle status in adults. Finally, a clinical case of a middle-aged adult is discussed to integrate and summarize the practical aspects of the information presented throughout. Their clinical importance, the ease with which we can assess CRF and muscle status using affordable techniques, and the availability of reference values, justify their routine evaluation in adults across primary healthcare settings.

In vivo absolute quantification of carnosine in the vastus lateralis muscle with 1H MRS using a surface coil and water as internal reference.

OBJECTIVE: To standardize a method for 1H MRS intramuscular absolute quantification of carnosine in the thigh, using a surface coil and water as internal reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Carnosine spectra were acquired in phantoms (5, 10, and 15 mM) as well as in the right gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and right vastus lateralis (VLM) muscles of young team sports athletes, using volume (VC) and surface (SC) coils on a 3 T scanner, with the same receiver gain. Water spectra were used as internal reference for the absolute quantification of carnosine. RESULTS: Phantom's experiments showed a maximum error of 7%, highlighting the validity of the measurements in the study setup. The carnosine concentrations (mmol/kg ww, mean ± SD) measured in the GM were 6.8 ± 2.2 with the VC (CcarVC) and 10.2 ± 3.0 with the SC (CcarSC) (P = 0.013; n = 9). Therefore, a correction was applied to these measurements (CcarVC = 0.6582*CcarSC), to make coils performance comparable (6.8 ± 2.2 for VC and 6.7 ± 2.0 for SC, P = 0.97). After that, only the SC was used to quantify carnosine in the VLM, where a concentration of 5.4 ± 1.5 (n = 30) was found, with significant differences between men (6.2 ± 1.3; n = 15) and women (4.6 ± 1.2; n = 15). The error in quantitation was 5.3-5.5% with both coils. CONCLUSION: The method using the SC and water as internal reference can be used to quantify carnosine in voluminous muscles and regions of the body in humans, where the VC is not suitable, such as the VLM.

Validity and reproducibility of a method to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness in college adults / Validez y reproducibilidad de un método para estimar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adultos universitarios

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Its assessment in different groups has clinical and public health usefulness. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a no-exercise method [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) method] to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx) in college adults. Materials and methods: This study included 94 healthy individuals of both sexes (18-55 years). The gold standard was ergospirometry. The validity and reproducibility were evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. Results: Among the participants, we found a mean age of 30.54 ± 9.33 years and a VO2máx of 41.29 ± 9.54 ml O2.kg-1.min-1; 48.9 % were women. A mean difference of VO2máx between ergospirometry and that estimated by the NASA method of 3.41 ± 5.64 ml O2.kg-1.min-1 was found. The concordance between the two methods was good, with an ICC of 0.858 (CI95% 0.672-0.926). The percentage of error was 29.70 %. The reproducibility of the two estimates by the NASA method was excellent, with an ICC of 0.986 (CI95% 0.927-0.995). Conclusions: The NASA method is valid and reproducible to estimate VO2máx in college adults. In addition, it is safe and easy to apply. Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness is recommended to improve screening in cardiometabolic risk programs and to implement timely interventions.

Introducción. La capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria es un predictor de mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular y por todas las causas. Su diagnóstico en diferentes grupos tiene utilidad clínica y en salud pública. Objetivo. Evaluar la validez y reproducibilidad de un método sin ejercicio implementado por la NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), para estimar el volumen máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) consumido en adultos universitarios. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de validación de una prueba que incluyó 94 individuos sanos de ambos sexos (18 a 55 años). La prueba de referencia fue la ergoespirometría. La validez y la reproducibilidad se evaluaron mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, CCI) y el método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Del total de los individuos incluidos en el estudio, 48,9 % fueron mujeres. La media de edad de los participantes fue de 30,54 ± 9,33 años y, la del VO2máx, fue de 41,29 ± 9,54 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. Se encontró una diferencia de medias de VO2máx entre la ergoespirometría y el estimado por el método implementado por la NASA de 3,41 ± 5,64 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. La concordancia entre los dos métodos fue buena, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,858 (IC95% 0,672-0,926). El porcentaje de error fue del 29,70 %. La reproducibilidad de las dos estimaciones por el método implementado por la NASA fue excelente, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,986 (IC95% 0,927-0,995). Conclusiones. El método NASA es válido y reproducible para estimar el VO2máx en adultos universitarios; además, es seguro y de fácil aplicación. Se recomienda la estimación de la capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria para mejorar la tamización en los programas de riesgo cardiometabólico e implementar intervenciones oportunas.

Validez y reproducibilidad de un método para estimar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adultos universitarios / Validity and reproducibility of a method to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness in college adults

Introducción. La capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria es un predictor de mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular y por todas las causas. Su diagnóstico en diferentes grupos tiene utilidad clínica y en salud pública. Objetivo. Evaluar la validez y reproducibilidad de un método sin ejercicio implementado por la NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), para estimar el volumen máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) consumido en adultos universitarios. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de validación de una prueba que incluyó 94 individuos sanos de ambos sexos (18 a 55 años). La prueba de referencia fue la ergoespirometría. La validez y la reproducibilidad se evaluaron mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, CCI) y el método de Bland-Altman. Resultados. Del total de los individuos incluidos en el estudio, 48,9 % fueron mujeres. La media de edad de los participantes fue de 30,54 ± 9,33 años y, la del VO2máx, fue de 41,29 ± 9,54 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. Se encontró una diferencia de medias de VO2máx entre la ergoespirometría y el estimado por el método implementado por la NASA de 3,41 ± 5,64 mlO2.kg-1.min-1. La concordancia entre los dos métodos fue buena, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,858 (IC95% 0,672-0,926). El porcentaje de error fue del 29,70 %. La reproducibilidad de las dos estimaciones por el método implementado por la NASA fue excelente, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,986 (IC95% 0,927-0,995). Conclusiones. El método NASA es válido y reproducible para estimar el VO2máx en adultos universitarios; además, es seguro y de fácil aplicación. Se recomienda la estimación de la capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria para mejorar la tamización en los programas de riesgo cardiometabólico e implementar intervenciones oportunas.

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Its assessment in different groups has clinical and public health usefulness. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a no-exercise method [National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) method] to estimate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx) in college adults. Materials and methods: This study included 94 healthy individuals of both sexes (1855 years). The gold standard was ergospirometry. The validity and reproducibility were evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. Results: Among the participants, we found a mean age of 30.54 ± 9.33 years and a VO2máx of 41.29 ± 9.54 ml O2kg-1-min-1; 48.9 % were women. A mean difference of VO2máx between ergospirometry and that estimated by the NASA method of 3.41 ± 5.64 ml O2.kg-1. min-1 was found. The concordance between the two methods was good, with an ICC of 0.858 (CI95% 0.672-0.926). The percentage of error was 29.70 %. The reproducibility of the two estimates by the NASA method was excellent, with an ICC of 0.986 (CI95% 0.927-0.995). Conclusions: The NASA method is valid and reproducible to estimate VO2máx in college adults. In addition, it is safe and easy to apply. Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness is recommended to improve screening in cardiometabolic risk programs and to implement timely interventions.

Normative values for handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age: estimation using quantile regression

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is twofold: i) to estimate the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength, specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models and ii) to compare the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents with those in children and adolescents in different countries. Method: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 2647 youngsters. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The relative handgrip strength was estimated according to weight in kilograms. The normative values were estimated to handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95 developed independently for each sex. All analyses were adjusted for the expansion factor. Results: The values for handgrip strength were considerably higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Additionally, as age increased for both sexes, the values for handgrip strength increased. The percentiles by sex and age for relative handgrip strength show for males a proportional increase according to age; for females, this did not occur. Conclusions: When making comparisons with international studies, variability is observed in the methodologies used to evaluate handgrip strength and estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

Normative values for handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age: estimation using quantile regression.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is twofold: i) to estimate the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength, specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models and ii) to compare the normative values for handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents with those in children and adolescents in different countries. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 2647 youngsters. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The relative handgrip strength was estimated according to weight in kilograms. The normative values were estimated to handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P95 developed independently for each sex. All analyses were adjusted for the expansion factor. RESULTS: The values for handgrip strength were considerably higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Additionally, as age increased for both sexes, the values for handgrip strength increased. The percentiles by sex and age for relative handgrip strength show for males a proportional increase according to age; for females, this did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: When making comparisons with international studies, variability is observed in the methodologies used to evaluate handgrip strength and estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

Safety of High-Intensity, Low-Volume Interval Training or Continuous Aerobic Training in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of high-intensity, low-volume interval training (HIIT-low volume) compared with moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT) in adults with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This is a controlled, randomized, clinical trial in patients without history of ischemic heart disease or diabetes, who underwent a supervised, 3 sessions/week, 12-week treadmill exercise program. The HIIT-low volume (n = 29) sessions consisted of 6 intervals with 1-minute, high-intensity phases at 90% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). The MICT (n = 31) trained at 60% of VO2peak for 30 minutes. A new approach to record and classify all clinical events according to possible causality based on Naranjo's algorithm was developed. RESULTS: Patients were 50.8 ± 6.0 years old, 70% women, with body mass index of 30.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2 and VO2peak of 29.0 ± 6.3 mL·kg-1·min-1. In total, 60 clinical events were recorded in the HIIT-low volume group and 48 in the MICT group, with 59.3% classified as general disease. Only 21 events were classified as adverse reactions possibly related to exercise, without any serious adverse reactions. Both interventions had a similar incidence of musculoskeletal events (incidence rate ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.8), but HIIT-low volume had a higher incidence of cardiovascular events (incidence rate ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 0.4-22.8) after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (HIIT-low volume: chest pain [n = 1] and symptoms of venous insufficiency of lower limbs [n = 2]; MICT: chest pain [n = 1]). CONCLUSIONS: The HIIT-low volume and MICT are safe in patients with metabolic syndrome. We recommend a muscle-conditioning program prior to both and to avoid HIIT-low volume in treadmill in patients with venous insufficiency of the lower limbs.Trial registration number NCT03087721.

[Anthropometric and body composition characteristics associated with handgrip strength in children and adolescents. A scoping review]. / Características antropométricas y de composición corporal asociadas a la fuerza prensil manual en niños y adolescentes. Una Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria.

Handgrip strength is a robust indicator of the biological health of children and adolescents. Objecti ves: to identify the anthropometric characteristics and body composition related to handgrip stren gth, and to describe the main characteristics of the protocols used for its evaluation. METHODOLOGY: A scoping review was developed; the search was carried out in 1.) Medline; 2.) Web of Science; 3.) Science Direct; 4.) Scielo; and 5.) EBSCO's Sportdiscus. Original investigations were included if they have handgrip strength data, anthropometric characteristics, and body composition. RESULTS: 59 reports published between 2005 and 2020 were selected. Among them, nutritional classification was the most studied characteristic (n = 25; 42.3%), followed by body mass index (n = 23; 38.9%). In 47.5% (28 reports), the number of tests performed on each individual to estimate the handgrip strength value was not clear. The dynamometer brand Takei Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd. was the most used, with 49.2 %. The most widely used indicator was absolute handgrip (86.4%, 51 reports). CONCLUSIONS: There is a wide variety of protocols used for handgrip strength assessment with va riations in body position, arm and hand selection, number of repetitions, and intervals between measurements. A proportional pattern of values was found between absolute handgrip strength and body mass index, Σ skinfolds, however, when adjusted by mass (relative handgrip strength), the relationship is inverse.

Efficacy of high-intensity interval- or continuous aerobic-training on insulin resistance and muscle function in adults with metabolic syndrome: a clinical trial.

PURPOSE: We carried out a randomized, clinical trial in adults of both sexes with metabolic syndrome (MS) to assess the efficacy of high-intensity, low-volume interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on insulin resistance (IR), muscle mass, muscle activation, and serum musclin. METHODS: Fasting glycemia, insulinemia, and glycated haemoglobin were determined by conventional methods, IR by Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), lean mass by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, muscle activation through carnosine by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, and musclin by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay before and after a supervised, three-times/week, 12-week treadmill programme. HIIT (n = 29) consisted of six intervals with one-minute, high-intensity phases at 90% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). MICT (n = 31) trained at 60% of VO2peak for 30 min. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 50.8 ± 6.0 years, body mass index of 30.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, and VO2peak of 29.0 ± 6.3 mL.kg-1.min-1. Compared to MICT, HIIT was not superior at reducing Ln HOMA-IR (adjusted mean difference: 0.083 [95%CI - 0.092 to 0.257]), carnosine or musclin or at increasing thigh lean mass. HIIT increased carnosine by 0.66 mmol/kg.ww (95% CI 0.08-1.24) after intervention. Both interventions reduced IR, body fat percentage and increased total lean mass/height2 and VO2peak. Musclin showed a non-significant reduction with a small effect size after both interventions. CONCLUSION: Compared to MICT, HIIT is not superior at reducing IR, carnosine or musclin or at increasing skeletal muscle mass in adults with MS. Both training types improved IR, muscle mass and body composition. NCT03087721, March 22nd, 2017. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03087721. Registered March 22nd, 2017.

Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training Compared with Continuous Training on Regional and Global Body Composition in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A post hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition in adults with metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: This is a post hoc analysis of the randomized clinical trial Intraining-MET. Sixty adults (40-60 years old) were randomized to an MICT (n = 31) or HIIT (n = 29) supervised programme 3 days/week for 12 weeks. MICT sessions were conducted for 36 min at 60% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). HIIT sessions included 6 intervals at 90% VO2peak for 1 min, followed by 2 min at 50% VO2peak. Body composition was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Body weight did not change from pre- to post-training in either MICT (78.9 ± 15.6 kg; 77.7 ± 16.5 kg, p = 0.280) or HIIT groups (76.3 ± 13.4 kg; 76.3 ± 13.7 kg, p = 0.964). Body fat percentage and fat mass (FM) decreased post-training in the MICT (-0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.27 to -1.47 and -0.7 kg; 95% CI: -0.12 to -1.30) and HIIT groups (-1.0%; 95% CI: -0.32 to -1.68 and -0.8 kg; 95% CI: -0.17 to -1.47). Compared to the HIIT programme, MICT significantly reduced android FM (-0.14 kg; 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.26). Lean mass (LM) increased post-training in MICT (+0.7 kg; 95% CI: 0.01-1.41) and HIIT groups (+0.9 kg; 95% CI: 0.12-1.64), but only HIIT increased the trunk LM (+0.6 kg; 95% CI: 0.06-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Both MICT and HIIT reduced FM without changing body weight in adults with MS. MICT had additional benefits by reducing the android FM, whereas HIIT seemed to increase LM. Given the characteristics of the post hoc analysis, further research is required to confirm these results.

Musclin Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Body Composition, but Not to Body Mass Index or Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Adults.

BACKGROUND: We studied whether musclin function in humans is related to glycemic control, body composition, and cardiorespiratory capacity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in sedentary adults with or without metabolic syndrome (MS). Serum musclin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle composition by measuring carnosine in the thigh, a surrogate of fiber types, through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through direct ergospirometry. RESULTS: The control (n=29) and MS (n=61) groups were comparable in age (51.5±6.5 years old vs. 50.7±6.1 years old), sex (72.4% vs. 70.5% women), total lean mass (58.5%±7.4% vs. 57.3%±6.8%), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (31.0±5.8 mL O2./kg.min vs. 29.2±6.3 mL O2/kg.min). Individuals with MS had higher body mass index (BMI) (30.6±4.0 kg/m2 vs. 27.4± 3.6 kg/m2), HOMA-IR (3.5 [95% confidence interval, CI, 2.9 to 4.6] vs. 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0]), and musclin (206.7 pg/mL [95% CI, 122.7 to 387.8] vs. 111.1 pg/mL [95% CI, 63.2 to 218.5]) values than controls (P˂0.05). Musclin showed a significant relationship with HOMA-IR (ß=0.23; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.33; P˂0.01), but not with VO2peak, in multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, lean mass, and physical activity. Musclin was significantly associated with insulin, glycemia, visceral fat, and regional muscle mass, but not with BMI, VCO2peak, maximum heart rate, maximum time of work, or carnosine. CONCLUSION: In humans, musclin positively correlates with insulinemia, IR, and a body composition profile with high visceral adiposity and lean mass, but low body fat percentage. Musclin is not related to BMI or cardiorespiratory capacity.

Efectividad de una unidad de dolor torácico en el primer nivel de atención en salud con telecardiología: un estudio cuasiexperimental de series de tiempo interrumpidas / Effectiveness of the chest pain unit at primary level of health care with telecardiology: a quasi-experimental study of interrupted time series

Resumen Introducción: Las unidades de dolor torácico disminuyen la morbimortalidad de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. No obstante, se desconoce su efectividad en el primer nivel de atención con el apoyo de la telecardiología. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las unidades de dolor torácico sobre los tiempos de atención, la concordancia diagnóstica y la frecuencia de reconsultas a urgencias y hospitalización. Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental de series de tiempo interrumpidas, robusto, que incluyó 20,412 pacientes que consultaron al servicio de urgencias por dolor torácico, antes y después de implementar una unidad de dolor torácico. Se analizaron los cambios en la pendiente, el nivel, la autocorrelación y la varianza de los desenlaces estudiados entre ambos periodos (previo y posterior a las unidades de dolor torácico) a 30 días. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 44.9 ± 17.6 años y el 45.8% fueron hombres. La proporción global de pacientes remitidos para hospitalización fue del 9.0%. La pendiente de las tasas de reconsultas a urgencias disminuyó (diferencia: −1.23; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: −2.46 a −0.01; p = 0.049) al comparar los dos periodos de observación. Igualmente, la proporción de pacientes remitidos sin síndrome coronario agudo y que finalmente tuvieron este diagnóstico en el tercer nivel de atención disminuyó en el periodo posterior a las unidades de dolor torácico con relación al previo (diferencia: −8.31; IC95%: −15.52 a −1.11; p = 0.020). Conclusiones: Las unidades de dolor torácico incrementaron los egresos de forma segura, con disminución de las reconsultas a urgencias en los siguientes 30 días por la misma causa. Además, mejoró la concordancia diagnóstica del síndrome coronario agudo, sin modificar los tiempos de atención ni la frecuencia de rehospitalización por enfermedad cardiovascular en el seguimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Chest pain units (CPU) decrease morbi-mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Nevertheless, its effectiveness at primary level of health care with telecardiology support is unknown. Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of CPU on times of observation, diagnostic agreement and emergency department re-admission and hospitalizations. Method: Quasi-experimental study of robust interrupted time series, which included 20,412 patients admitted to the emergency department for chest pain, before and after the implementation of a CPU. Changes in slope, level, autocorrelation and, variance between both periods (before-CPU and after-CPU) in outcomes at 30 day follow-up were analyzed. Results: Subjects had a mean age of 44.9 ± 17.6 years-old and 45.8% were men. The overall rate of hospital admission was 9.0%. The slope of emergency re-consultation rates decreased (difference: −1.23; 95% CI: −2.46 to −0.01; p = 0.049), when comparing the two observation periods. Also, the level of proportion of patients admitted without ACS who finally had an inpatient diagnosis of ACS decreased after-CPU implementation (difference: −8.31; 95% CI: −15,52 to −1.11; p = 0.020). Conclusions: The CPU increased patient discharge safely with a reduction of 30-day re-admissions. In addition, an improvement in the ACS diagnostic agreement without affecting the time of observation or the frequency of re-hospitalization for cardiovascular disease was obtained during the follow-up.