RESUMEN
Insulin resistance and defects in other related glycemic traits are common findings in the context of Metabolic Syndrome. Although genetic factors are clearly implied in susceptibility, and some gene variants have been identified mainly in populations of European ancestry, little is known about this aspect in admixed populations. The association of insulin resistance, ß-cell function, fasting insulin and glucose levels with 48 gene variants, previously related to metabolic syndrome components, and with the ancestral genetic composition, estimated on 50 ancestry informative markers, was evaluated in 417 individuals from the Colombian admixed population. The Native American genetic ancestry was associated with a low ß-cell function (odds ratio (OR) of 1.73 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.07-2.81, pâ¯=â¯0.026). Significant genotypic associations were obtained (q-valueâ¯<â¯0.05) for gene variants in ACE (rs4340; OR (95% CI): 2.79 (1.58-4.91), insulin resistance; mean difference (95% CI): 0.273 (0.141; 0.406), fasting insulin), ADIPOR2 (rs11061971; OR (95% CI): 0.14 (0.04-0.48), low ß-cell function), MTNR1B (rs10830963; mean difference (95% CI): 0.032 (0.013; 0.051), fasting glucose) and GCK (rs4607517; mean difference (95% CI): 0.038 (0.020;0.056) and rs1799884; mean difference (95% CI): 0.027 (0.013-0.041), fasting glucose). Also the well-known gene variants rs7903146 in TCF7L2, and rs17817449 in FTO, were nominally associated with hyperglycemia (rs7903146), as well as with higher fasting insulin levels (rs17817449). Our findings indicate that gene variants in ACE, ADIPOR2, MTNR1B, GCK, TCF7L2 and FTO, are associated with glycemic traits in the admixed Colombian population, while a higher Native American genetic component is related to lower ß-cell function.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética/genética , Índice Glucémico/genética , Indígenas Norteamericanos/genética , Proteínas/genética , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato/genética , Colombia , Femenino , Genotipo , Quinasas del Centro Germinal , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Masculino , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Receptor de Melatonina MT2/genética , Receptores de Adiponectina/genética , Proteína 2 Similar al Factor de Transcripción 7/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition favored by metabolic and endocrine changes experienced by adipose tissue in the context of obesity. The prevalence and the presentation of both IR and obesity vary among the populations, and may be affected by ancestral genetic composition among other factors. The aim of this study was to compare the presence of IR and obesity in Amerindians of the Embera-Chamí ethnicity and Colombian mestizo population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 630 individuals, 471 mestizos and 159 Amerindians of the Embera-Chamí ethnicity, from the general population of Colombia were studied. For each participant, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, as well as blood pressure and the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) of IR and ß-cell function (%B) were recorded. These values were compared between the two populations. RESULTS: While prevalence of central obesity was similar in both populations (48.7% and 42.6% in the mestizo and Embera groups respectively; p=0.148), body mass index (BMI) values suggested a higher prevalence of overweight in the Embera than in mestizo population (43.4% Embera, 31.8% mestizo; p=0.027). Despite the similarities in the prevalence of HOMA-IR and HOMA-%B status between both populations, the Embera population had a significantly greater pancreatic ß-cell function, higher insulin levels, and better glucose control, across BMI and central obesity categories, than the mestizo population. CONCLUSION: There are differences in aspects related to energy metabolism between the samples of the mestizo and Amerindian populations analyzed.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad/etnología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Resistencia a la Insulina/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometría , Glucemia/análisis , Presión Sanguínea , Niño , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Células Secretoras de Insulina/fisiología , Matrimonio , Síndrome Metabólico/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad Abdominal/etnología , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background and objective: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition favored by metabolic and endocrine changes experienced by adipose tissue in the context of obesity. The prevalence and the presentation of both IR and obesity vary among the populations, and may be affected by ancestral genetic composition among other factors. The aim of this study was to compare the presence of IR and obesity in Amerindians of the Embera-Chamí ethnicity and Colombian mestizo population. Patients and methods: A sample of 630 individuals, 471 mestizos and 159 Amerindians of the Embera-Chamí ethnicity, from the general population of Colombia were studied. For each participant, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, as well as blood pressure and the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) of IR and β-cell function (%B) were recorded. These values were compared between the two populations. Results: While prevalence of central obesity was similar in both populations (48.7% and 42.6% in the mestizo and Embera groups respectively; p=0.148), body mass index (BMI) values suggested a higher prevalence of overweight in the Embera than in mestizo population (43.4% Embera, 31.8% mestizo; p=0.027). Despite the similarities in the prevalence of HOMA-IR and HOMA-%B status between both populations, the Embera population had a significantly greater pancreatic β-cell function, higher insulin levels, and better glucose control, across BMI and central obesity categories, than the mestizo population. Conclusion: There are differences in aspects related to energy metabolism between the samples of the mestizo and Amerindian populations analyzed (AU)
Antecedentes y objetivo: La resistencia a la insulina (RI) es una condición favorecida por las alteraciones metabólicas y endocrinológicas experimentadas por el tejido adiposo en el contexto de obesidad. Tanto la prevalencia como la presentación de RI y obesidad varían entre las poblaciones y puede ser afectada, entre otros factores, por la composición genética ancestral. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la presentación tanto de RI como de obesidad entre amerindios de la etnia embera-chamí y población mestiza colombiana. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudió una muestra de 630 individuos de la población general mestiza colombiana (471 individuos) y de amerindios de la etnia embera-chamí (159 individuos). Para todos los participantes se registraron tanto medidas antropométricas, bioquímicas así como de presión arterial y el índice homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) para la RI y función de la célula β, valores que fueron comparados entre las poblaciones. Resultados: Mientras que ambas poblaciones mostraron una prevalencia de obesidad central similar (48,7% en mestizos, 42,6% en embera; p=0,148), los embera presentaron mayor exceso de peso de acuerdo al índice de masa corporal que los mestizos (43,4% en embera, 31,8% en mestizos; p=0,027). A pesar de las similitudes en la prevalencia de HOMA2-RI y HOMA2- %B entre ambas poblaciones, los embera presentan una función significativamente mayor de las células β del páncreas, niveles de insulina comparativamente mayores y un mejor control glucémico que los mestizos. Conclusión: Existen diferencias en aspectos del metabolismo energético entre las muestras de población mestiza y amerindia analizadas (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Resistencia a la Insulina , Obesidad/complicaciones , Antropometría/métodos , Adiposidad , Indígenas Sudamericanos/clasificación , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
El uso de estatinas para combatir la dislipidemia se asocia con un espectro de síntomas musculares que van desde mialgias con o sin aumento de la creatina-fosfoquinasa (CPK), hasta rabdomiólisis fatal. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la elevación de la CPK en pacientes que toman estatinas y determinar los posibles factores de riesgo asociados al aumento de la CPK en estos pacientes. Métodos: estudio observacional de corte transversal en el que se evaluaron las alteraciones de la CPK en una población de 503 pacientes con tratamiento con estatinas para el control de la dislipidemia, y que asisten al Laboratorio Clínico Hematológico en Medellín, Colombia por razones diferentes a la medición de la CPK. Mediante un cuestionario aplicado a los pacientes se obtuvieron los datos demográficos, los antecedentes personales y el tipo de estatina utilizada. Resultados: 56 (11,1 por ciento) pacientes presentaron aumento de la CPK por encima del rango de referencia normal; 7 pacientes (1,4 por ciento) tenían un aumento dos veces por encima del valor superior normal, y de ellos 3 (0,6 por ciento) tenían un aumento tres veces por encima del valor superior normal. Se encontró asociación significativa entre niveles altos de la CPK con el sexo masculino y con el uso de inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina (ISRS). No se encontró asociación con otros factores de riesgo previamente descritos en otros estudios como son el ejercicio, el consumo de alcohol, el hipotiroidismo y la dosis de estatinas, entre otros. En cuanto a síntomas musculares, el 28,4 por ciento relató dolor muscular con el uso de estatinas, 26 por ciento cansancio y 15,9 por ciento debilidad muscular. Conclusión: los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que el aumento asintomático de la CPK en pacientes que toman estatinas para la reducción por ciento del colesterol, es mayor al previamente reportado y confirma que el sexo masculino y el uso de fármacos tipo ISRS se relacionan con un aumento de la CPK. También se encontró que el porcentaje de pacientes con síntomas musculares, especialmente dolor y cansancio, es mucho mayor a lo reportado en la literatura mundial. Desde el punto de vista clínico se desconocen las repercusiones que pueda tener el aumento asintomático de la CPK, lo que requeriría estudios de seguimiento a largo plazo.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Creatina , Creatina Quinasa , Miopatías Nemalínicas , FosfocreatinaRESUMEN
OBJETIVOS: Identificar las principales características sociodemográficas, clínicas y conductuales de los pacientes que participaban en los programas de atención al diabético en Medellín, Colombia, y evaluar el cumplimiento de las metas de control metabólico y de los estándares de control en el diabético. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante el análisis de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes que asistían a los programas de atención al diabético desde al menos 6 meses en nueve instituciones de salud entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2003. Se tomaron datos sociodemográficos (edad y sexo), clínicos (tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, tipo y tratamiento de la diabetes y enfermedades concurrentes y su tratamiento), sobre los hábitos de vida (práctica de ejercicios físicos, hábito de fumar y consumo de azúcar y grasas) y sobre las complicaciones crónicas y los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio del último año. Todos los datos confusos o faltantes se registraron como ausentes. RESULTADOS: De las 3 583 historias clínicas evaluadas, se logró conocer el tipo de diabetes que padecían 3 554 pacientes, de ellos 95,1 por ciento correspondieron a pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. En general, 56,9 por ciento (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento [IC95 por ciento]: 55,2 a 58,6 por ciento) de los pacientes realizaban ejercicios periódicos; 15,1 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 13,9 a 16,3 por ciento) aún fumaba en el momento del corte, 17,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 16,4 a 19,0 por ciento) había dejado de fumar y 67,2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 65,6 a 68,8 por ciento) nunca había fumado. En total, 21,0 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 19,6 a 22,5 por ciento) de los pacientes consumía azúcar regularmente, mientras 24,8 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 23,3 a 26,3 por ciento) consumía grasas y solo 19,5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 17,8 a 21,3 por ciento) realizaba automonitoreo de la glucemia con una frecuencia semanal...
OBJECTIVES: To identify the principal sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of patients participating in diabetic care programs in the city of Medellín, Colombia, and to evaluate progress toward the goal of metabolic control and diabetic care standards. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done, analyzing the clinical records of patients who had been participating for at least 6 months in the diabetic care programs of nine health care centers in Medellín. The study period ran from January 2001 to December 2003. The following data were collected: sociodemographic (age and sex), clinical (time since disease onset, diabetes type and treatment, and concurrent illnesses and their treatment), lifestyle habits (exercise routine, smoking, and sugar and fat consumption), chronic complications, and laboratory test results from the prior year. Questionable or missing data were categorized as unavailable. RESULTS: Of the 3 583 clinical histories evaluated, we were able to confirm the form of diabetes for 3 554 patients. Of those 3 554, 95.1 percent had type 2 diabetes. Overall, 56.9 percent (95 percent confidence interval (95 percent CI): 55.2 percent to 58.6 percent) of the patients exercised regularly, 15.1 percent (95 percent CI: 13.9 percent to 16.3 percent) were current smokers, 17.7 percent (95 percent CI: 16.4 percent to 19.0 percent) were former smokers, and 67.2 percent (95 percent CI: 65.6 percent to 68.8 percent) had never smoked. In all, 21.0 percent (95 percent CI: 19.6 percent to 22.5 percent) of the patients consumed sugar regularly, while 24.8 percent (95 percent CI: 23.3 percent to 26.3 percent) consumed fats and only 19.5 percent (95 percent CI: 17.8 percent to 21.3 percent) were self-monitoring their glucose levels at least weekly. Among the type 2 diabetics, 68.8 percent had high blood pressure, and 98.2 percent had dyslipidemia. The average body mass index was 28.0 kg/m² (95 percent CI: 27.8 to...
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Colombia , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To identify the principal sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of patients participating in diabetic care programs in the city of Medellín, Colombia, and to evaluate progress toward the goal of metabolic control and diabetic care standards. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done, analyzing the clinical records of patients who had been participating for at least 6 months in the diabetic care programs of nine health care centers in Medellín. The study period ran from January 2001 to December 2003. The following data were collected: sociodemographic (age and sex), clinical (time since disease onset, diabetes type and treatment, and concurrent illnesses and their treatment), lifestyle habits (exercise routine, smoking, and sugar and fat consumption), chronic complications, and laboratory test results from the prior year. Questionable or missing data were categorized as unavailable. RESULTS: Of the 3 583 clinical histories evaluated, we were able to confirm the form of diabetes for 3 554 patients. Of those 3 554, 95.1% had type 2 diabetes. Overall, 56.9% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 55.2% to 58.6%) of the patients exercised regularly, 15.1% (95% CI: 13.9% to 16.3%) were current smokers, 17.7% (95% CI: 16.4% to 19.0%) were former smokers, and 67.2% (95% CI: 65.6% to 68.8%) had never smoked. In all, 21.0% (95% CI: 19.6% to 22.5%) of the patients consumed sugar regularly, while 24.8% (95% CI: 23.3% to 26.3%) consumed fats and only 19.5% (95% CI: 17.8% to 21.3%) were self-monitoring their glucose levels at least weekly. Among the type 2 diabetics, 68.8% had high blood pressure, and 98.2% had dyslipidemia. The average body mass index was 28.0 kg/m(2) (95% CI: 27.8 to 28.2). The average number of medications that the patients were taking to treat type 2 diabetes was 1.3; to treat high blood pressure, 1.9; and to treat dyslipidemia, 0.6. There were no data on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in 44.8% of the clinical records, and no data on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in 16.4% of the records. Among the complications, the most common were ocular ones (31.8%; 95% CI: 30.1% to 33.5%), followed by renal ones (25.9%; 95% CI: 24.4% to 27.5%), and cardiovascular ones (22.5%; 95% CI: 21.1% to 23.8%). Cholesterol control achievement was inadequate for LDL (reached by only 14.2% of the patients), for triglycerides (36.9% of patients), and HDL (47.4% of patients). CONCLUSIONS: Among the study population in Medellín, the three chronic complications with the greatest impact on prognosis and health care costs of the diabetics were nephropathy, retinopathy, and dyslipidemia. The noticeable amount of unavailable data in the clinical records could be greatly reduced by standardizing the clinical record forms and by periodic quality checks of the records themselves.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Adulto , Anciano , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
El control de la diabetes mellitus requiere la evaluación continua y estricta de un gran número de factores que lo afectan, no solo desde el punto de vista de la glucemia sino de otros participantes en el trastorno metabólico por ella producida, de otras enfermedades asociadas a ella y de hábitos de salud que influyen en su control y en la aparición de diferentes complicaciones. Para identificar esta situación en el programa de diabetes del Centro de Atención Ambulatoria (CAA) central del Instituto del Seguro Social (ISS), seccional Antioquia se evaluaron el control de la diabetes, la presencia de enfermedades asociadas, los hábitos de salud, las complicaciones crónicas presentadas y el grado de control de los diferentes parámetros. METODOLOGÍA Entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2001, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple con reemplazo, se seleccionaron 304 de las 1.450 historias de pacientes inscritos en el programa de diabetes, que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión para hacer con ellas un estudio descriptivo de corte. A las 304 historias se les aplicó un formulario estructurado para evaluar las características clínicas principales, la presencia de enfermedades asociadas (hipertensión, dislipidemia y obesidad), los hábitos de salud más significativos, la presencia de complicaciones y la relación de los parámetros del control con respecto a los estándares internacionales. RESULTADOS De las 304 historias evaluadas, 278 (91%) eran de diabéticos tipo 2 y 195 (65%) eran de mujeres. Las frecuencias de enfermedades asociadas fueron: hipertensión arterial 69%, dislipidemia 64% y obesidad 37%. En cuanto a los hábitos de vida se halló lo siguiente: 55% de los pacientes realizaban ejercicio, 41% eran ex fumadores, 12% eran fumadores, 27% consumían azúcar y 51% grasa; 8% realizaban automonitorización. Las frecuencias de las complicaciones crónicas fueron: 48% cardiovasculares, 58% oculares, 32% renales, 29% neuropatía y 24% pie diabético. Menos del 50% de los pacientes habían alcanzado las metas de control en los niveles de glucemia, HbA1c, colesterol total, colesterol HDL y presión sistólica. En el control de los triglicéridos y la presión diastólica el 62% y el 76.3%, respectivamente, habían alcanzado las metas de control. Al realizar pruebas de asociación entre diferentes variables solo se la encontró entre el tipo de diabetes y la presencia de hipertensión (p< 0.000) y enfermedad cardiovascular (p< 0.000). CONCLUSIONES En los diabéticos pertenecientes al programa de control de esta enfermedad en el CAA central, ISS seccional Antioquia, la diabetes se asocia en una gran proporción con otros componentes del síndrome metabólico; en un alto porcentaje (24- 58%) hay complicaciones crónicas, lo que aumenta la morbimortalidad y constituye una carga económica importante para el sistema de salud. Por esto se debe enfatizar en la detección temprana de esta enfermedad para hacer un control adecuado y oportuno y ejecutar estrategias terapéuticas y educativas que prevengan o retarden la aparición de complicaciones
Diabetes mellitus control requires a constant, continuous and strict evaluation of many factors that inherently affect its course, not only from the point of view of glycemia, but also from other aspects of the metabolic disorder produced by diabetes itself, by other diseases associated with it and by health habits that influence its control and the appearance of complications derived from it. In order to identify this particular situation in the Diabetes Program of the outpatient attention center of the Instituto de Seguro Social (ISS), we evaluated diabetes control, the presence of associated diseases, health habits, chronic complications and the degree of control of many parameters. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional trial in which, from the total of 1.450 medical charts of patients attending such program and by means of simple randomization and replacement, 304 medical charts were selected of patients that met the inclusion criteria from January 1998 to December 2001. A structured form was applied to all the selected charts in order to evaluate the main clinical features, the presence of associated disease (hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity), the most significant health habits, the presence of complications and the relationship of control parameters with international standards. Data were registered using Epi-Info 6.0; we processed data obtaining absolute and relative frequencies, and in order to do estimates of association we used contingency tables using Pearson's chi square with a p significance of < 0.05. RESULTS: of the 304 medical charts reviewed, 91% were from type 2 diabetics and 64% were from women. Diseases associated to diabetes were hypertension 69%, dyslipidemia 64%, obesity 37%. Patients' life style were as follows: 55% were exercising, 41% were former smokers, 12% were active smokers, 27% ate sugar, 51% ate fat and 8% performed selfmonitoring of blood glucose levels. Chronic complications were: cardiovascular 48,4%, eyerelated 57.4%, renal 31,5%, neuropathy 28,6% and diabetic foot 24%. Less than 50% of the patients had reached goals in controlling glycemia, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure. In the control of triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure, 62% and 76.3%, respectively had reached the goals of control. When association tests among different variables were performed, we only found association between the type of diabetes and the presence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (p <0.000 for both). CONCLUSIONS: in diabetic patients attending the outpatient diabetes control program of the iss sectional Antioquia, diabetes is associated to other metabolic syndrome components in high proportion; these patients have a high incidence of chronic complications which varies from 24 to 58%, thus enhancing their morbility and mortality and they represent an important burden to the health system. We emphasize on the need of early detection in order to do a proper control and to carry out therapeutic and educational strategies to prevent or slow down the appearance of complications
