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In 2022, just before the COVID-19 pandemic ended, many countries noticed a viral monkeypox outbreak. Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic pathogen, causes a febrile illness in humans and resembles smallpox. Prevention strategies encompass vaccination, strict infection control measures, and avoiding contact with infected persons. As monkeypox and related poxviruses continue to pose challenges, ongoing surveillance, early diagnosis, prompt isolation, and effective control measures are crucial for limiting transmission and mitigating the impact of outbreaks on public health. This review provides valuable insights into the evolution of the monkeypox virus and its various modes of transmission, including postmortem transmission, and offers an overall perspective on the guidelines issued by the Government of India to prevent and effectively control the spread of this disease.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers account for one-fourth of the global cancer incidence and are incriminated to cause one-third of cancer-related deaths. GI cancer includes esophageal, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, mostly diagnosed at advanced stages due to a lack of accurate markers for early stages. The invasiveness of diagnostic methods like colonoscopy for solid biopsy reduces patient compliance as it cannot be frequently used to screen patients. Therefore, minimally invasive approaches like liquid biopsy may be explored for screening and early identification of gastrointestinal cancers. Liquid biopsy involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of certain cancer-specific biomarkers in body fluids such as blood, serum, saliva, and urine to predict disease progression, therapeutic tolerance, toxicities, and recurrence by evaluating minimal residual disease and its correlation with other clinical features. In this review, we deliberate upon various tumor-specific cellular and molecular entities such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, and exosome-derived biomolecules and cite recent advances pertaining to their use in predicting disease progression, therapy response, or risk of relapse. We also discuss the technical challenges associated with translating liquid biopsy into clinical settings for various clinical applications in gastrointestinal cancers.
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T-cell malignancy is a broad term used for a diverse group of disease subtypes representing dysfunctional malignant T cells transformed at various stages of their clonal evolution. Despite having similar clinical manifestations, these disease groups have different disease progressions and diagnostic parameters. The effective diagnosis and prognosis of such a diverse disease group demands testing of molecular entities that capture footprints of the disease physiology in its entirety. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of genes and, while doing so, leave behind specific miRNA signatures corresponding to cellular expression status in an altered stage of a disease. Using miRNAs as a diagnostic tool is justified, as they can effectively distinguish expressional diversity between various tumors and within subtypes of T-cell malignancies. As global attention for cancer diagnosis shifts toward liquid biopsy, diagnosis using miRNAs is more relevant in blood cancers than in solid tumors. We also lay forward the diagnostic significance of miRNAs that are indicative of subtype, progression, severity, therapy response, and relapse. This review discusses the potential use and the role of miRNAs, miRNA signatures, or classifiers in the diagnosis of major groups of T-cell malignancies like T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The review also briefly discusses major diagnostic miRNAs having prominent metabolic roles in these malignancies to highlight their importance among other dysregulated miRNAs.
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The immune function of normal T cells partially depends on the maneuvering of lipid metabolism through various stages and subsets. Interestingly, T-cell malignancies also reprogram their lipid metabolism to fulfill bioenergetic demand for rapid division. The rewiring of lipid metabolism in T-cell malignancies not only provides survival benefits but also contributes to their stemness, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Owing to distinctive lipid metabolic programming in T-cell cancer, quantitative, qualitative, and spatial enrichment of specific lipid molecules occur. The formation of lipid rafts rich in cholesterol confers physical strength and sustains survival signals. The accumulation of lipids through de novo synthesis and uptake of free lipids contribute to the bioenergetic reserve required for robust demand during migration and metastasis. Lipid storage in cells leads to the formation of specialized structures known as lipid droplets. The inimitable changes in fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are in dynamic balance in T-cell malignancies. FAO fuels the molecular pumps causing chemoresistance, while FAS offers structural and signaling lipids for rapid division. Lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer provides molecules having immunosuppressive abilities. Moreover, the distinctive composition of membrane lipids has implications for immune evasion by malignant cells of T-cell origin. Lipid droplets and lipid rafts are contributors to maintaining hallmarks of cancer in malignancies of T cells. In preclinical settings, molecular targeting of lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer potentiates the antitumor immunity and chemotherapeutic response. Thus, the direct and adjunct benefit of lipid metabolic targeting is expected to improve the clinical management of T-cell malignancies.
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Two proinflammatory cytokines, IL17A and IL18, are observed to be elevated in the serum of gout patients and they play a crucial role in the development and worsening of inflammation, which has severe effects. In present study, we have combined molecular docking, molecular dynamics studies and MM-PBSA analysis to study the effectiveness of ethoxy phthalimide pyrazole derivatives (series 3a to 3e) as potential inhibitors against cytokines IL17A and IL18 as a druggable targets. The binding energy of the docked series ranges from -13.5 to -10.0 kcal/mol and extensively interacts with the amino acids in the active pocket of IL17A and IL18. Compound 3e had the lowest binding energy with IL17A at -12.6 kcal/mol compared to control allopurinol (3.32 kcal/mol). With IL18, compound 3a seems to have the lowest binding energy of -9.6 kcal/mol compared to control allopurinol (3.18 kcal/mol). In MD simulation studies, compound 3a forms a stable and energetically stabilized complex with the target protein. Depending on properties of the bound IL17A-3a and IL18-3a complexes was compared by means of MM-PBSA analysis. These derivatives can be used as a scaffold to develop promising IL17A and IL18 inhibitors to assess their potential for gouty arthritis and other related diseases. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Antineoplásicos , Artritis Gotosa , Humanos , Interleucina-18 , Artritis Gotosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Interleucina-17 , Alopurinol , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Citocinas , Ftalimidas/farmacología , Pirazoles/farmacología , Simulación de Dinámica MolecularRESUMEN
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) has been recently identified to play a crucial role in the progression of many cancers. PDE5 promotes tumorigenesis by dysregulating various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion and migration. Interestingly, multiple studies have reported the promising chemosensitizing potential of PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil in breast, colon, prostate, glioma, and lung cancers. However, to date, the chemosensitizing action of sildenafil is not evaluated in T cell lymphoma, a rare and challenging neoplastic disorder. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to examine the chemosensitizing potential of sildenafil against T cell lymphoma along with elucidation of possible involvement of altered apoptosis and glucose metabolism. The experimental findings of this study showed that sildenafil enhances the cytotoxic ability of cisplatin by apoptosis induction through altering the levels of apoptosis regulatory molecules: Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt c), cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These molecular alterations were possibly driven by sildenafil through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sildenafil deregulates glucose metabolism by markedly lowering the expression of glycolysis regulatory molecules, namely glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), hexokinase II (HKII), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) via suppressing hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expression. Hence, sildenafil potentiates the tumor cell killing ability of cisplatin by augmenting ROS production through switching the glucose metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Overall, our study demonstrates that sildenafil might be a promising adjunct therapeutic candidate in designing novel combinatorial chemotherapeutic regimens against T cell lymphoma.
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Cisplatino , Linfoma de Células T , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucólisis , Humanos , Linfoma de Células T/metabolismo , Masculino , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Citrato de Sildenafil/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This research aims to find out whether the 1, 2, 4-triazine and its derivatives have antifungal effects and can protect humans from infection with Candida albicans. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation are widely used in modern drug design to target a particular protein with a ligand. We are interested in using molecular docking and molecular dynamics modeling to investigate the interaction between the derivatives of 1, 2, 4-triazine with enzyme Lanosterol 14-demethylase (CYP51) of Candida albicans. The inhibition of Candida albicans CYP51 is the main goal of our research. The 1, 2, 4-triazine and its derivatives have been docked to the CYP51 enzyme, which is involved in Candida albicans Multidrug Drug Resistance (MDR). Autodock tools were used to identify the binding affinities of molecules against the target proteins. Compared to conventional fluconazole, the molecular docking results indicated that each drug has a high binding affinity for CYP51 proteins and forms unbound interactions and hydrogen bonds with their active residues and surrounding allosteric residues. The docking contacts were made using a 10 ns MD simulation with nine molecules. RMSD, RMSF, hydrogen bonds, and the Rg all confirm these conclusions. In addition, these compounds were expected to have a favorable pharmacological profile and low toxicity. The compounds are being offered as scaffolds for the development of new antifungal drugs and as candidates for future in vitro testing.
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogenic bacterium that causes life-threatening outbreaks such as community-onset and nosocomial infections as emerging 'superbug'. Time and motion study of its virulent property developed resistance against most of the antibiotics such as Vancomycin. Thereby, to curb this problem entails the development of new therapeutic agents. Plant-derived antimicrobial agents have recently piqued people's interest, so in this research, 186 flavonoids compound selected to unmask the best candidates that can act as potent inhibitors against the Penicillin Binding Protein-2a (PBP-2a) of MRSA. Molecular docking performed using PyRx and GOLD suite to determine the binding affinities and interactions between the phytochemicals and the PBP-2a. The selected candidates strongly interact with the different amino acid residues. The 30 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with five top-ranked compounds such as Naringin, Hesperidin, Neohesperidin, Didymin and Icariin validated the docking interactions. These findings are also strongly supported by root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation and the radius of gyration. ADME/T analysis demonstrates that these candidates appear to be safer inhibitors. Our findings point to natural flavonoids as a promising and readily available source of adjuvant antimicrobial therapy against resistant strains in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Proteínas de Unión a las Penicilinas/químicaRESUMEN
Along with direct anticancer activity, curcumin hinders the onset of chemoresistance. Among many, high glucose condition is a key driving factor for chemoresistance. However, the ability of curcumin remains unexplored against high glucose-induced chemoresistance. Moreover, chemoresistance is major hindrance in effective clinical management of liver cancer. Using hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cells, the present investigation demonstrates that high glucose induces chemoresistance, which is averted by the simultaneous presence of curcumin. Curcumin obviated the hyperglycemia-induced modulations like elevated glucose consumption, lactate production, and extracellular acidification, and diminished nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Modulated molecular regulators are suggested to play a crucial role as curcumin pretreatment also prevented the onset of chemoresistance by high glucose. High glucose instigated suppression in the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drug doxorubicin and drug-induced chromatin compactness along with declined expression of drug efflux pump MDR-1 and transcription factors and signal transducers governing the survival, aggressiveness, and apoptotic cell death (p53, HIF-1α, mTOR, MYC, STAT3). Curcumin alleviated the suppression of drug retention and nuclear condensation along with hindering the high glucose-induced alterations in transcription factors and signal transducers. High glucose-driven resistance in cancer cells was associated with elevated expression of metabolic enzymes HKII, PFK1, GAPDH, PKM2, LDH-A, IDH3A, and FASN. Metabolite transporters and receptors (GLUT-1, MCT-1, MCT-4, and HCAR-1) were also found upregulated in high glucose exposed HepG2 cells. Curcumin inhibited the elevated expression of these enzymes, transporters, and receptors in cancer cells. Curcumin also uplifted the SDH expression, which was inhibited in high glucose condition. Taken together, the findings of the present investigation first time demonstrate the ability of curcumin against high glucose-induced chemoresistance, along with its molecular mechanism. This will have implication in therapeutic management of malignancies in diabetic conditions.
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The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the Coronaviridae family. In March 2019 the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic. COVID-19 patients typically have a fever, dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and anosmia. Some patients also report gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, as well as liver enzyme abnormalities. Surprisingly, many studies have found severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in rectal swabs and stool specimens of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. In addition, viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine-type 2, were also found to be highly expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 can dynamically infect and replicate in both GI and liver cells. Taken together these results indicate that the GI tract is a potential target of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present review summarizes the vital information available to date on COVID-19 and its impact on GI aspects.
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COVID-19/complicaciones , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Hepatopatías/terapia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Hepatopatías/complicacionesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Within a short period, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread all over the globe and became the first pandemic of the present century. Early diagnostic tools and effective drugs are urgently needed to effectively manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on current literature, we provide recent updates on SARS-CoV-2 biology, available diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options for the management of COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A literature survey was done using Google and PubMed and Web of Science to summarize the current updates on this topic. RESULTS: Current coronavirus diagnostic tests are reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) which detects the presence of specific genome sequence of virus. Existing antiviral drugs or new therapeutic options such as neutralizing antibody or plasma therapy are mostly used to restrict the virus growth with a limited success. CONCLUSION: As there is no specific treatment or vaccine available to limit the infection of SARS-CoV-2, we need to rely on the existing way to limit the disease. The first priority to fight COVID-19 is development of early diagnostic tools so that infected persons can be identified and further viral transmission can be blocked. Evaluation of existing drugs or identification of new therapeutic entities becomes the major challenge to deal with the present pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Pandemias/prevención & control , ARN Viral , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Transcripción Reversa , SARS-CoV-2 , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The consequences of COVID-19 are not limited to physical health deterioration; the impact on neuropsychological well-being is also substantially reported. The inter-regulation of physical health and psychological well-being through the psychoneuroendocrineimmune (PNEI) axis has enduring consequences in susceptibility, treatment outcome as well as recuperation. The pandemic effects are upsetting the lifestyle, social interaction, and financial security; and also pose a threat through perceived fear. These consequences of COVID-19 also influence the PNEI system and wreck the prognosis. The nutritional status of individuals is also reported to have a determinative role in COVID-19 severity and convalescence. In addition to energetic demand, diet also provides precursor substances [amino acids (AAs), vitamins, etc.] for regulators of the PNEI axis such as neurotransmitters (NTs) and immunomodulators. Moreover, exaggerated immune response and recovery phase of COVID-19 demand additional nutrient intake; widening the gap of pre-existing undernourishment. Mushrooms, fresh fruits and vegetables, herbs and spices, and legumes are few of such readily available food ingredients which are rich in protein and also have medicinal benefits. BRICS nations have their influences on global development and are highly impacted by a large number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The adequacy and access to healthcare are also low in BRICS nations as compared to the rest of the world. Attempt to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are praiseworthy in BRICS nations. However, large population sizes, high prevalence of undernourishment (PoU), and high incidence of mental health ailments in BRICS nations provide a suitable landscape for jeopardy of COVID-19. Therefore, appraising the interplay of nutrition and PNEI modulation especially in BRICS countries will provide better understanding; and will aid in combat COVID-19. It can be suggested that the monitoring will assist in designing adjunctive interventions through medical nutrition therapy and psychopsychiatric management.
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Aminoácidos/deficiencia , COVID-19/complicaciones , Enfermedades Carenciales/complicaciones , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Trastornos de Ansiedad/sangre , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , COVID-19/sangre , Enfermedades Carenciales/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/sangreRESUMEN
The severity of the recent pandemic and the absence of any specific medication impelled the identification of existing drugs with potential in the treatment of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Curcumin, known for its pharmacological abilities especially as an anti-inflammatory agent, can be hypothesized as a potential candidate in the therapeutic regimen. COVID-19 has an assorted range of pathophysiological consequences, including pulmonary damage, elevated inflammatory response, coagulopathy, and multi-organ damage. This review summarizes the several evidences for the pharmacological benefits of curcumin in COVID-19-associated clinical manifestations. Curcumin can be appraised to hinder cellular entry, replication of SARS-CoV-2, and to prevent and repair COVID-19-associated damage of pneumocytes, renal cells, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, etc. The modulation and protective effect of curcumin on cytokine storm-related disorders are also discussed. Collectively, this review provides grounds for its clinical evaluation in the therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Curcumina/farmacología , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Betacoronavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Betacoronavirus/fisiología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Curcumina/efectos adversos , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/virología , SARS-CoV-2 , SeguridadRESUMEN
Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the circulating Swine flu virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the unique blending strain of influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) is a pandemic affecting several geographical regions, including India. Previous literature indicates that children are "drivers" of influenza pandemics. At present, satisfactory data were not available to accurately estimate the role of children in the spread of influenza (in particular 2009 pandemic influenza). However, the role of children in the spread of pandemics influenza is unclear. Several studies in children have indicated that the immunization program decreased the occurrence of influenza, emphasizing the significance of communities impacted by global immunization programs. This article provides a brief overview on how children are a key contributor to pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) and we would like to draw your attention to the need for a new vaccine for children to improve disease prevention and a positive impact on the community.
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Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Vacunas contra la Influenza , Gripe Humana , Niño , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Curcumina/farmacología , Depresión , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/psicología , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/inmunología , Depresión/virología , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional de Asia Oriental/métodos , Neuroinmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/etiología , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/inmunología , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/psicología , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Curcumin has been demonstrated to affect the chemoresistance in cancer cells of various origins. However, its ability to modulate lactate-induced chemoresistance remains unclear. The Present investigation demonstrates that curcumin inhibits the survival of HepG2 and HuT78 cells and can modulate chemo-susceptibility of HepG2 cells. Experimental simulation of simultaneous and pre-treatment suggest cooperatively between curcumin and anticancer drugs as well as the modulation of molecular regulators. Inhibition of glucose consumption, lactate production, extracellular acidity and augmented level of Nitric oxide were observed. DAPI staining revealed hyper condensation of chromatin in curcumin-treated HepG2 cells. Curcumin also diminished the lactate-induced chemoresistance against doxorubicin in hepatic cancer cells along with down regulation of lactate receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor-1; HCAR-1/GPR81). Alteration of the extracellular milieu along with inhibited expression of genes (hif-1α, ldh-a, mct-1, mdr-1 and stat-3) and proteins (HIF-1α and HCAR-1) are indicated to be involved in curcumin-induced reversal of chemoresistance in HepG2 cells. Findings of present investigation contribute to knowledge of curcumin mediated chemosensitization and its mechanism.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Curcumina/farmacología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatina/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatina/metabolismo , Cisplatino/farmacología , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Glucosa/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Lactato Deshidrogenasa 5/genética , Lactato Deshidrogenasa 5/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/genética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ratas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Simportadores/genética , Simportadores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pancreatic cancer is one of the fastest-growing fatal solid tumors across the world. The challenges with pancreatic cancer are delayed diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies. Pancreatic cancer is expected to become the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in high-income countries in the coming decade. In most cases, patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, due to a lack of early symptoms, whereby the tumor is unresectable. Imaging, histopathology, and biomarker approaches are currently used for pancreatic cancer diagnosis. Imaging modalities for pancreatic cancer diagnosis include endoscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography scanning. Along with imaging, histopathology helps in the identification of cancer stages and in therapeutic decisions. The multidisciplinary treatment option is the most common choice for pancreatic cancer and includes surgery, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and supportive care. Immunotherapy is the emerging approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancers. The present review summarizes the current literature and provides an overview of both the diagnostic and therapeutic options for the effective management of pancreatic carcinoma.