Increased Dissemination of Aflatoxin- and Zearalenone-Producing Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. during Wet Season via Houseflies on Dairy Farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Crops contamination with aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) threaten human and animal health; these mycotoxins are produced by several species of Aspergillus and Fusarium. The objective was to evaluate under field conditions the influence of the wet season on the dissemination of AF- and ZEA-producing fungi via houseflies collected from dairy farms. Ten dairy farms distributed in the semi-arid Central Mexican Plateau were selected. Flies were collected in wet and dry seasons at seven points on each farm using entomological traps. Fungi were isolated from fly carcasses via direct seeding with serial dilutions and wet chamber methods. The production of AFs and ZEA from pure isolates was quantified using indirect competitive ELISA. A total of 693 Aspergillus spp. and 1274 Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained, of which 58.6% produced AFs and 50.0% produced ZEA (491 ± 122; 2521 ± 1295 µg/kg). Houseflies and both fungal genera were invariably present, but compared to the dry season, there was a higher abundance of flies as well as AF- and ZEA-producing fungi in the wet season (p < 0.001; 45.3/231 flies/trap; 8.6/29.6% contaminated flies). These results suggest that rainy-weather conditions on dairy farms increase the spread of AF- and ZEA-producing Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. through houseflies and the incorporation of their mycotoxins into the food chain.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND NEOSPORA CANINUM INFECTION IN GOATS FROM AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO.

The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection by estimating seroprevalence and its association with certain risk factors in goats from Aguascalientes, Mexico. A total of 150 blood samples was taken from 10 farms and serum samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indirect test to detect T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies; the association between seroprevalence and some potential risk factors was estimated through logistic regression analysis. The general seroprevalence for T. gondii was 12.6%, observed in the farms in a range of 6.6 to 60%, finding seropositive animals in 80% of them; for N. caninum the seroprevalence was 3.3% and in farms a range of 6.6 to 13.3% was identified and 30% of them had at least 1 seropositive animal. The coinfection was 0.66%. The risk analysis for T. gondii identified a history of abortions (odds ratio 9.25) as a factor associated with seroprevalence; for N. caninum, no risk factor was identified.

Determination of the discriminant doses to identify resistance to fipronil, flumethrin and coumaphos, in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) from Mexico.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. is an intra- and peridomiciliary tick of medical and veterinary importance, whose control is carried out through the application of various ixodicides, to which it can develop resistance. The objective of this work was to determine the discriminant doses (d.d.) to identify resistance against three ixodicides - fipronil, flumethrin and coumaphos - in R. sanguineus s.l. larvae originating from Mexico. Engorged ticks were collected from naturally infested dogs residing in rural communities in five Mexican states; the dogs had no history of recent treatment with ixodicides. All ticks were identified as R. sanguineus s.l. They were incubated for 25 days and their progeny was used in the larval package test (LPT) to be exposed to d.d. as determined in Rhipicephalus microplus, and those that were susceptible were analyzed using the LPT with six concentrations, for fipronil from 0.1 to 0.003125%, for flumethrin from 0.02 to 0.000625% and for coumaphos from 0.4 to 0.0125%. Mortality was analyzed with Probit methodology, to calculate the 50 and 99% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99). The d.d. was determined as a consensus value by multiplying the LC99 value × 2. Nine double susceptible samples (fipronil + flumethrin) and one triple susceptible sample (fipronil + flumethrin + coumaphos) were found; the d.d. determined were fipronil 0.05%, flumethrin 0.01% and coumaphos 0.43%. These doses can be used to rapidly and inexpensively identify resistant populations in samples collected in the field.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Different Populations of Dogs from Aguascalientes, Mexico.

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: This work aimed to study the seroprevalence of natural infection by T. gondii in different population segments of dogs from Aguascalientes, Mexico as well as its possible association with some risk factors. METHODS: The study included 210 clinically healthy dogs from three population segments: rural, stray and pet. A blood serum sample was collected on a single occasion and processed by indirect immunofluorescence considering a dilution of 1:16 as a positive reaction; the association between the presence of antibodies and the potential risk factors was estimated with logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the studied population was 59% (123/210; CI 95% 51-65) being different between population segments, in rural dogs 74% (59/80; CI 95% 62-82), in stray dogs 60% (48/80; CI 95% 48-70) and in pet dogs 32% (16/50; CI 95% 19-46), the titers of the positive sera were in a range of 1:16-1:128. In rural dogs the seroprevalence according to the municipality was in a range of 55% to 100% finding positive dogs in all the studied municipalities. The zootechnical function of guarding the property in rural dogs was identified as a risk factor (OR 2.4), while in pet dogs it was living with cats (OR 7) as well as sharing the drinking water container (OR 4); in stray dogs it was not possible to identify any risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents the wide presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the population groups examined, this being more important in rural dogs.

Determination of a Discriminant Dose to Identify Resistance to Amitraz in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) from Mexico.

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., is considered the most widely distributed three-host tick in the world and has medical and veterinary importance; the control of infestation is carried out with acaricides, towards which it can develop resistance. This study aimed to determine the discriminant dose (d.d) of amitraz to identify resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. larvae natives from Mexico and to evaluate its application in field-collected ticks. Engorged ticks were collected from naturally infested dogs residing in rural communities and were incubated for 25 days, and their progeny was used in a larval immersion test (LIT) to be exposed to the d.d. determined in Rhipicephalus microplus, and those that were susceptible were analyzed using the LIT in six concentrations. Mortality was analyzed through probit methodology to calculate the lethal concentration (LC) 50 and 99. The d.d. was determined as a consensus value by multiplying the LC99 × 2, and then, we proceeded to evaluate it in in-field samples by using the LIT technique. The d.d. calculated was 4 ppm. The in-field evaluation found 64% of the resistant samples to amitraz with mortality percentages between 98.3% and 0.35%. This dose can be used to rapidly and inexpensively identify resistant populations in samples collected in the field.

Presence of the toxigenic fungi Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. in Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from dairy farms.

The objective of the study was to identify the presence of toxigenic fungi Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. in domestic flies collected from dairy farms. We selected 10 dairy farms distributed in the central valley of the state of Aguascalientes, México. The flies were trapped using entomological traps with an olfactory attractant in 7 sites of the farm (silo-cutting surface, feed store, milking parlor, 3 feeders, and the rearing room). The fungi were cultivated in Sabouraud agar through direct sowing by serial dilutions to obtain the isolates, and a taxonomical identification was carried out under the microscope. The aflatoxins and zearalenone production capacity of the pure isolates were quantified using the ELISA test. The flies were present in all of the capture sites (45.3 flies, 567 mg, trap per day). We obtained 50 isolates of Aspergillus spp. genus, 12 of which produced aflatoxins (327 ± 143 µg/kg), whereas from 56 of the Fusarium spp. isolates, 10 produced large quantities of zearalenone (3,132 ± 665 µg/kg). These results suggest that the presence of domestic flies on dairy farms can constitute a source of dissemination for toxigenic fungi that can eventually contaminate grains and forage that are part of the daily cattle diet.

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection and parasite DNA in free-range chickens in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-range chickens in Aguascalientes, Mexico, its association with certain risk factors, and the frequency of parasite DNA in the heart. Eighty-one small rural family farms were included, and blood and heart samples were taken from 150 clinically healthy, adult, free-range chickens. Serum samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test considering a dilution of 1:16 as a positive reaction, while the DNA detection was done by PCR. The correlation between the presence of antibodies and the potential risk factors was estimated with logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence in the examined populations was 67%, with a range from 33% to 100% among municipalities, and 78% of the farms having at least one seropositive bird. The PCR test identified the presence of parasite DNA for one case only. Among the variables, the presence of cats and the presence of other animal species on the farm were the ones that had the highest values, while the presence of feral cats and the presence of noxious fauna were also identified as potential risk factors. The results indicate high soil contamination by T. gondii oocysts, which implies the active role of cats living on the farms.

Epidemiology of Neospora caninum infection in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in north central Mexico.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of natural infection by N. caninum in free-range chickens from Aguascalientes, Mexico, through identifying the presence of antibodies, its association with certain risk factors, and estimate the frequency of parasite DNA detection in the brain. The study included 150 clinically healthy chickens from 81 small family farms distributed throughout the state, from which blood and brain samples were taken. Serum samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence considering a dilution of 1:50 as a positive reaction, while the DNA detection was done by PCR; the association between the presence of antibodies and the potential risk factors was estimated through logistic regression. The general anti-N. caninum presence of antibodies in the studied population was 46% (69/150, CI 95% 38-54), with titers of 1:50 in 38, 1:100 in 24, and 1:200 in 7, finding positive cases in 49% of the farms and in 91% of the municipalities that integrate the state. The presence of antibodies found in the municipalities was estimated in a range of 20 to 75%. The frequency of DNA detection was 6% (9/150, CI 95% 2-11). The grain supplementation was identified as the unique risk factor for infection (OR = 2.82; 95% CI, 1.18-6.73, p < 0.019).

Influence of temperature, humidity and rainfall on field population trend of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a semiarid climate in Mexico

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la influencia de la temperatura, humedad y la precipitación pluvial en la curva poblacional de campo de la mosca del establo, Stomoxys calcitrans, en un periodo de tres años en dos establos lecheros localizados en un clima semiárido en el estado de Aguascalientes, México. Los establos se visitaron semanalmente entre abril de 1999 y marzo del 2002, en cada ocasión se seleccionó al 10 por ciento de las vacas en lactancia realizando un conteo directo de moscas del establo que se observaran en el frente de las piernas. La ocurrencia de la mosca del establo en los conteos semanales fue dividido en cuatro fases: incremento poblacional fase I (primer pico), fase de fluctuación, incremento poblacional fase II (segundo pico) y fase de decremento poblacional, para cada año de estudio; se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson (P < 0,01) entre el promedio semanal de moscas por vaca y la temperatura promedio, humedad relativa promedio y precipitación pluvial registradas de una a cuatro semanas antes del conteo, en cada una de las fases poblacionales. En el incremento poblacional fase I (primavera-verano), la humedad relativa fue el único factor climático con índices de correlación significativos (r = 0,6 a 0,8), el primer pico ocurrió en septiembre, junio y agosto, respectivamente para cada año estudiado. La fase de decremento poblacional se observó en las últimas semanas del verano y en el otoño, detectando altos índices de correlación con la temperatura (r = 0,9). No se encontró ningún coeficiente significativo con la precipitación pluvial en el estudio.

Distribución anual de Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae) en Distribución anual de Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae) en tres establos lecheros de Aguascalientes, México / Annual distribution of Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae) in three dairies in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico

Con el objetivo de estudiar la distribución anual de la mosca hematófaga Haematobia irritans (L.) en ganado lechero estabulado de Aguascalientes, México, fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, tres establos que contaban con 92, 165 y 490 vacas Holstein en lactancia, mantenidas en estabulación libre y a las cuales no se les aplicó ningún insecticida durante el transcurso del estudio. Los establos fueron visitados una vez por semana durante el periodo de febrero de 1997 a febrero de 1998, en cada ocasión se eligió al azar 10 por ciento de los animales en lactancia realizando un conteo visual directo del total de moscas H. irritans, observadas alimentándose o descansando sobre ambos lados del cuerpo del animal. Se elaboraron las curvas descriptivas del número promedio semanal de moscas por animal y del porcentaje promedio semanal de infestación en cada establo. La distribución anual en el periodo de estudio fue estacional, del inicio de la primavera al inicio del invierno (nueve meses), presentando una curva bimodal con picos poblacionales en el verano (28 de julio al 10 de agosto) y en otoño (29 de septiembre al 5 de octubre), siendo el periodo verano-otoño el de más alta infestación y en donde se observaron niveles de parasitosis no tolerables para ganado lechero. La diapausa se presentó en el invierno y tuvo una duración aproximada de 60 días.

Presencia de Haematobia irritans (L)(Diptera:Muscidae) en ganado lechero estabulado de Aguascalientes, México: Informe preliminar / Precence of Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera:Muscidae) in confined dairy cattle in Aguascalientes, Mexico: preliminary report

Con el objetivo de detectar la presencia de la mosca hematófaga Haematobia irritans en ganado bovino de la región lechera del estado de Aguascalientes, México, fueron seleccionados al azar 60 establos, los cuales se visitaron una vez por mes durante el periodo de mayo a julio de 1997; los establos mantienen al ganado, de raza Holstein, en confinamiento bajo el sistema de estabulación libre. En cada visita se eligieron al azar 10 vacas en producción, se sujetaron y con una trampa entomológica se colectaron moscas del dorso, costado y frente de las piernas, los especímenes se trasladaron al laboratorio para su posterior identificación taxonómica. Se encontró a Haematobia irritans en la totalidad de los establos y en el periodo de estudio; además se colectaron sobre el cuerpo de los animales ejemplares de Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca domestica, Fannia canicularis y Muscina stabulans. La presencia de Haematobia irritans en ganado lechero estabulado en una región semiárida es un hallazgo importante, aunado al hecho de que convive con Stomoxys calcitrans, especie hematófaga común en los establos. Se concluye que Haematobia irritans se encuentra presente y ampliamente distribuida parasitando al ganado bovino lechero estabulado de Aguascalientes