CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM IN THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE UNDER LONG TERM MELATONIN INJECTIONS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To determine the influence of melatonin on the glucose level and content of malondialdehyde, activities of pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes in the blood; histochemical features of glycogen distribution in liver of rats with impaired glucose tolerance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Diabetes in rats was induced by intra-abdominal injection of a 5% solution of alloxan monohydrate at the rate of 170 mg/kg of body weight. Four days after animals were divided into rats with impaired glucose tolerance and melatonin-group with impaired glucose tolerance (5 mg/ kg «Sigma¼ USA, daily and intraperitoneal for 42 days starting from 5th day). Impaired glucose tolerance was determined by measurement of glucose profiles - fasting <5.6 mmol/l; postprandial (2h post-load) 7.8 - 11.0 mmol/l. Histochemical examination of the liver was performed according to the standard method of PAS-reaction staining. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10 StatSoft Inc. RESULTS: Results: Pyruvate kinase activity in erythrocytes and optical density of glycogen in hepatocytes of animals with impaired glucose tolerance decreased on 18% and 11%, activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of malondialdehyde increased on 35% and 23%, respectively compared with the control. We have reached the recovery of the pyruvate kinase and normalization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, malondialdehyde levels, glucose profiles in the blood as well as glycogen distribution in the liver caused by melatonin injections. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: We have determined that long term melatonin injections did better glucose tolerance in rats.

FEATURES OF PRENATAL MORPHOGENESIS AND PECULARITIES OF THE UTRICULUS PROSTATICUS FETAL ANATOMY.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To determine the peculiarities of the structural organization of the utriculus prostaticus (UP) in pre-fetuses and fetuses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study of macroscopic features and microscopic peculiarities of the prostate gland and the prostatic part of the urethra was carried out on 46 sections of human pre-fetuses and fetuses aged from 9 weeks to birth (31,0-375,0 mm PCL). The work uses the method of microscopic study of serial histological and topographic-anatomical specimens of the prostate gland, as well as the method of the thin preparation of the prostate part of the urethra in fetuses of different ages and morphometry. RESULTS: Results: In 58,0-66,0 mm PCL fetuses the paramesonephric ducts are reduced, except of their connected caudal part, which is a morphological substrate for the development of the UP. At 72,0-79,0 mm PCL fetuses, cavity is replaced by cellular mass. At the 85,0-120,0 mm PCL fetuses, the UP connects with the lumen of the urethra. The cavity of the UP intensivelly proliferates with cells. In fetuses of 125,0-135,0 mm PCL is presente dense arrangement of glandular elements, which are surrounded by fibrous-muscular membrane. In fetuses of 150,0-160,0 mm PCL, in the caudal direction, the cavity of the UP gradually narrows, it forms invaginations, especially in the middle and lower parts, or is divided into separate, interconnected chambers. In fetuses of 170,0-185,0 mm PCL, UP has elongated-oval or rounded-oval shape. In the caudal direction, the UP is directed ventral to the colliculus seminalis and is located slightly anterior and superior to the ejaculatory ducts. In 8-month-old fetuses, the lumen of the UP is lined with a pseudostratified cubical epithelium, outside of which there is a tunica muscularis. Ejaculatory ducts lined with a two-layer cuboidal epithelium are placed on both sides of the UP. A 270,0 mm PCL fetus has no UP at the apex of the colliculus seminalis. In fetuses 315,0-335,0 mm PCL, the process of cavity formation spreads to new areas of glandular formations of the prostate gland and their final branches. Most of the glandular formations open into the prostatic part of the urethra directly below the UP and the distal parts of the ejaculatory ducts. Microscopic examination of frontal sections of the prostate gland of a fetus with a 360,0 mm PCL revealed a septum in the UP which divides the cavity of the UP into the right and left halves of a round-oval shape. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The formation of utriculus prostaticus occurs from the paramesonephric ducts in the 11th week of fetal development. At the beginning of the 4th month of intrauterine development, it gradually decreases in size. From the middle of the 5th month of prenatal development, the utriculus prostaticus lengthens, and starting from the fetus of 7 months, both its length and width increase. At the end of the fetal period, the utriculus prostaticus acquires a round-oval shape, its length increases from 0,5 to 4,3 mm during prenatal ontogeny.

Genetic algorithm for making pharmacotherapy decision in the patients with multimorbidity: approaches for clinicians.

OBJECTIVE: Purpose of our investigation was to propose and verify the algorithm for making pharmacotherapy decision in the patients with multimorbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Material and methods: Object of investigation: patients with multimorbidity. Observations were conducted according to European Guidelines. We proposed and tested genetic algorithm for making pharmacotherapy decision for such patients. It is necessary to mention, that each person is representing a variant of treating with certain pathology. Chromosome of this variant is composed from genes, where each gene is certain group of drugs. The sequence of solutions of this problem comes down to the selection of drugs for the di-morbid conditions as the descendants of mono-morbidity. At the next stage of selection continues the most successful combinations of drugs for multimorbid conditions as descendants di-morbid and monomorbid conditions. When breeding pairs must take into account the mutual potentiating pathogenic and / or sanogenetic effects. RESULTS: Results: We had optimal patient's treatment as a result of crossing genes, groups of drugs and obtaining their offspring with the best combination without absolute contraindications and minimal relative contraindications. CONCLUSION: Conclusion: Thus, genetic algorithm for making pharmacotherapy decision in the patients with multimorbidity showed effectiveness of drugs choosing.