Effect of an experimental desensitizing gel on bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity after in-office bleaching-a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS), and the efficacy of in-office bleaching after applying an experimental desensitizing gel composed of 10% calcium gluconate, 0.1% dexamethasone acetate, 10% potassium nitrate, and 5% glutaraldehyde. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a split-mouth, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 50 participants had their upper hemiarches randomized into experimental and placebo groups. Desensitizing and placebo gels were applied for 10 min before in-office bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide, 1 × 50 min; two bleaching sessions; 1-week interval). TS was recorded immediately after bleaching, 1, 24, and 48 h after each session, with a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS) and a five-point numerical rating scale (NRS). The color was recorded in all groups at baseline, 1 week after each session, and 1 month after the end of bleaching using shade guide units (ΔSGUs) and a spectrophotometer (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID). RESULTS: Most participants (96%) felt some discomfort during treatment regardless of the study group. The odds ratio for pain was 0.65 (95% CI 0.1 to 4.1; p = 1.0). The intensity of TS did not differ between groups (p > 0.31), and it was only 0.34 VAS units lower in the experimental group. A significant color change occurred in both groups regardless of the group. CONCLUSIONS: The desensitizing experimental gel applied before in-office bleaching did not reduce the risk and the intensity of TS and did not affect color change. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the experimental desensitizing agent with varying mechanisms of action did not jeopardize the color change, it did not reduce the risk or intensity of in-office bleaching. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: RBR-7T7D4D.

Use of infrared photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy for reduction of bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity after in-office bleaching: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of infrared photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (PBM) to reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS) after in-office bleaching. Eighty-three participants were randomized in blocks into two groups. In the experimental group, the patients received an application after each session of in-office bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide, 1 × 50 min; 2 sessions with 1-week interval), while the laser application was simulated in the control group. The PBM system was operated in continuous mode, using 3 J of energy. A dose of 100 J/cm2 was applied for 30 s with 808 nm (100 mW of power) in the middle third of the crown. The risk and intensity of TS were recorded immediately after bleaching, 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h after each bleaching session, with a visual scale analog (0-10) and a five-point numerical scale (0-4). The color was recorded at the beginning, weekly, and 1 month after the end of the bleaching (VITA Classical, VITA Bleachedguide, and digital spectrophotometer). The risk of TS was 98% (95% CI 88 to 99%) for the laser group and 95% (95% CI 83 to 99%) for the control (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; p = 1.0). Similarly, no difference in the intensity of TS was detected for both pain scales (p > 0.65). Improvement in color change, regardless of the group, was observed (p > 0.15). The application of an PBM did not reduce the risk and intensity of TS when applied after the procedure using the parameters recommended by the manufacturer.Trial registration number and date of registration: RBR-4HCVSG-04/06/2019.

Topical application of Otosporin® before in-office bleaching: a split mouth, triple-blind, multicenter randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if the topical application of Otosporin® before in-office bleaching with a 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel reduces the risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS), as well as the bleaching effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants were selected for this split mouth, triple-blind, multicenter randomized clinical trial. Before each bleaching session, the placebo was applied in the patient's hemi-arch and the other half received the Otosporin®, according to the randomization procedure. Both products were applied topically for 10 min. The 35% HP was applied in two sessions with a 1-week interval. The risk and intensity of TS were assessed using the Numerical Scale (NRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The bleaching effectiveness were evaluated with the visual scales and with a digital spectrophotometer. The absolute risk of TS was compared by McNemar's test. To compare the intensity of TS, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate the NRS, while the paired t test was used to evaluate VAS. Bleaching effectiveness (ΔSGUs and ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID) was compared between groups using the paired t-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No significant difference at risk (p = 1.0) and intensity of TS (p > 0.59; VAS and p = 1.00 for NRS) was detected between groups. For both groups, a significant bleaching was observed after 30 days of evaluation (p < 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: The previous application of Otosporin® in the in-office bleaching did not reduce the risk and intensity of TS and did not affect the effectiveness of the bleaching. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The application of Otosporin® before in-office bleaching with 35% HP was not able to reduce the risk and intensity of TS.

In-office bleaching with low/medium vs. high concentrate hydrogen peroxide: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To answer the following research question: "Dolow/medium hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentrations used for in-office bleaching in patients with permanent dentition have similar color change and bleaching sensitivity (BS) to high HP concentrations?" DATA: Randomized controlled trials that compared low/medium vs. high concentrate HP were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Meta-analyses were conducted for color change (ΔE*ab, ΔSGU/SGU), risk, and intensity of BS, using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochrane Q test, I2 statistics, and prediction interval. The GRADE assessed the certainty of the evidence. SOURCES: Search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, BBO, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature on 15th September 2018 (updated on 13th May 2020). STUDY SELECTION: 25 studies remained. Five were at low RoB; thirteen were at unclear RoB, and seven were at high RoB. The risk of having BS was, on average, 33 % lower (RR = 0.67; 95 % CI 0.51 to 0.86) for low/medium concentrate HP than high HP. No significant difference in color change was detected among groups, except from the subgroup low vs. high HP for the immediate color change, but this difference is not clinically relevant. The certainty of evidence for color change was low and very low, and moderate for the BS. CONCLUSIONS: Low and medium hydrogen peroxide concentrate products for in-office bleaching have lower risk and intensity of bleaching sensitivity than the high concentrate hydrogen peroxide group, with no difference in color change efficacy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of low concentrate hydrogen peroxide products may produce the same color change efficacy with the bonus of having lower risk and intensity of bleaching sensitivity. However, the ideal concentration at which this occurs is yet unknown and deserves further investigations. No funding. PROSPERO CRD42018108266.

Bleaching sensitivity with a desensitizing in-office bleaching gel: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This split-mouth study assessed the bleaching sensitivity (risk and intensity) and color change after in-office bleaching using a desensitizing-containing (5% potassium nitrate) and a desensitizing-free 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. The null hypothesis was that there would be no differences between study groups regarding bleaching sensitivity. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Sixty patients participated in this split-mouth study. The subjects received desensitizing-containing hydrogen peroxide in half of the maxillary arch, and the other half received a desensitizing-free hydrogen peroxide, defined by random sequence, in two dental bleaching sessions. The bleaching sensitivity was evaluated during bleaching and from 1 h to 48 h after each bleaching session using a visual analog scale and numeric rating scale; the McNemar test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the Student-Newman-Keuls test were used for statistical analysis. The color was measured at baseline and 30 days post-bleaching, evaluated with paired t tests (P = .05). RESULTS: Statistically similar risks of bleaching sensitivity were observed (P = 1.000), but the intensity of bleaching sensitivity was lower (P < .011) on average by 1.32 visual analog scale units in the group bleached with the desensitizer-containing gel during up to 24 h assessment times. No statistical difference in color change was observed between groups (P > .321). CONCLUSION: The incorporation of 5% potassium nitrate into in-office bleaching gels does not reduce the risk of bleaching sensitivity, but it reduces its intensity slightly without jeopardizing color change.

Staining Power of Natural and Artificial Dyes after At-home Dental Bleaching.

INTRODUCTION: Bleached enamel surfaces may undergo changes and retain more dye, which is a reason to recommend the reduction/suspension of foods with dyes during dental bleaching. AIM: Evaluate the effects of the action of natural and artificial dyes on the bleached enamel of extracted human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty human premolars were used, which were distributed in 5 groups (n = 10) according to the following staining solutions: GW (distilled water); GB (beet); Gca (caramel); GC (carmine); and GR (red 40). After the removal of the root and pulp section, the teeth were embedded in acrylic resin blocks, stored in artificial saliva, and kept at 37°C. At-home bleaching was performed using 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) for 3 hours daily for 3 weeks. After each daily session of bleaching, the specimens were exposed to the dye solution twice a day for 5 min; one of these exposures was performed immediately after bleaching. The color was recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIE Lab system (Δ E) for the following periods: baseline, during bleaching (after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week) and post-bleaching (after 1 week and 1 month). The color was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS: There was effective dental bleaching for all groups: GW (18.5 ± 6.1), GB (19.9 ± 4.4), Gca (18.9 ± 6.1), GC (20.2 ± 4.6), and GR (19.3 ± 4.2), p <0.01. No color rebound was observed after 1 week and 1 month (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: The exposure to beet, carmine, caramel, and red 40 dyes did not interfere with the effectiveness of dental bleaching using 16% CP. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dyes consumption during bleaching did not affect the effectiveness of dental bleaching.

Didática no ensino superior: desafios e perspectivas dos docentes de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa / Didactics in higher education: challenges and perspectives of Dentistry teachers of the State University of Ponta Grossa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de docentes do curso de Odontologia quanto as principais dificuldades enfrentadas e as habilidades imprescindíveis para o exercício do magistério superior. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com 47 professores do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, divididos em dois grupos: a) tempo de atuação docente inferior a 5 anos; b) tempo de atuação docente maior que 5 anos. Após a validação do questionário, este foi encaminhado para os participantes da pesquisa responderem questões abertas sobre o exercício do magistério no ensino superior. Posteriormente à coleta dos dados, foi feita a análise descritiva das informações, exploração do material e interpretação dos resultados. Nos desafios enfrentados, os docentes com mais de 5 anos de atuação citaram a responsabilidade em formar um profissional, dificuldade em motivar os alunos e aquisição de segurança para docência como os principais. Por outro lado, docentes com atuação inferior a 5 anos apontaram o relacionamento com o aluno, insegurança profissional e obtenção do equilíbrio entre a teoria e a prática como principais desafios. Com relação às dificuldades enfrentadas atualmente, as respostas foram semelhantes para os dois grupos, sendo a falta de interesse dos alunos, falta de infraestrutura e de material de apoio para ministrar as aulas, as mais citadas. As habilidades mais mencionadas pelos professores como essenciais para o exercício da profissão incluíram a paciência, didática e necessidade de constante atualização. Pôde-se concluir que os professores enfrentam dificuldades na prática docente, independentemente do tempo de atuação (AU).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of teachers of the Dentistry course regarding the main difficulties faced and the skills essential for the exercise of the higher education teaching profession. For that, a qualitative research was carried out with 47 professors of the Dentistry course at the State University of Ponta Grossa, divided into two groups: a) less than 5-year teaching experience; b) over 5-year teaching experience. After the validation of the questionnaire, it was sent to the participants of the research to answer open questions about teaching in higher education. After data collection, a descriptive analysis of the information, exploration of the material and interpretation of the results were carried out. Among the challenges faced, teachers with more than 5 years of work experience cited the responsibility to train a professional, difficulty motivating students and developing selfconfidence for teaching as the main points. On the other hand, teachers with less than 5 years of experience pointed out the relationship with the student, professional insecurity and obtaining a balance between theory and practice as the main challenges. With regard to the difficulties currently faced, the responses were similar for the two groups, namely, students' lack of interest, lack of infrastructure and support material to teach classes were the most cited. The most mentioned skills by the teachers as essential to the practice of the profession included patience, didactics and the need for constant updating. The results led to the conclusion that teachers face difficulties in teaching practice regardless of the time of performance (AU).

Tooth sensitivity with a desensitizing-containing at-home bleaching gel-a randomized triple-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Desensitizing agents are usually included in the composition of bleaching agents to reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS). This randomized clinical trial (RCT) evaluated the risk and intensity of TS and color change after at-home bleaching with a desensitizing-containing (3% potassium nitrate and 0.2% sodium fluoride) and desensitizing-free 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel (Whiteness Perfect, FGM). METHODS: A triple-blind, within-person RCT was conducted on 60 caries-free adult patients. Each participant used the gel in a bleaching tray for 3 h daily for 21 days in both the upper and lower dental arches. The absolute risk and intensity of TS were assessed daily through the 0-10 VAS and NRS scale for 21 days. Color change was recorded using shade guides (Vita Classical and Vita Bleachedguide) and the Easyshade spectrophotometer at baseline, weekly and 30 days after the end of the bleaching. The risk and intensity of TS were evaluated by the McNemar and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests, respectively. Color change (ΔSGU and ΔE) were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test and a paired t-test, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No difference in the TS and color change was observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride in 10% carbamide peroxide at-home bleaching gel tested in this study did not reduce the TS and did not affect color change (RBR-4M6YR2).

Pre- and postoperative dexamethasone does not reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity: A randomized, triple-masked clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Tooth sensitivity (TS) is the most common side effect of dental bleaching therapies. Dexamethasone has been used with tooth bleaching to reduce TS. The efficacy of dexamethasone for this purpose has not been well studied. METHODS: The authors conducted a triple-masked, randomized, clinical trial with a parallel design involving 63 healthy participants who received either a placebo or dexamethasone. The placebo or dexamethasone (8 milligrams) was administered 1 hour before the in-office bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide) and extra doses of 4 mg were administered every 6 hours for a total of 48 hours. TS was recorded on 2 scales: visual analog scale (0-10) and numeric rating scale (0-4) in different periods. The color evaluations were performed before and 1 month after dental bleaching with visual shade guides VITA Classical (VITA Zahnfabrik) and VITA Bleachedguide 3D-MASTER (VITA Zahnfabrik), and for a shade guide evaluation, the authors used a digital spectrophotometer, VITA Easyshade (VITA Zahnfabrik). The absolute risk of TS was evaluated by a Fisher exact test. Data of TS intensity using the NRS scale for the 2 groups were compared with Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, whereas data from the visual analog scale were evaluated by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The color changes between groups were compared using a t test (α = .05). RESULTS: In both groups, the authors detected a high risk of TS, which was approximately 90%. No significant difference was observed in terms of TS intensity. A whitening of approximately 3 shade guide units of the VITA Classical was detected in both groups, which were statistically similar. CONCLUSIONS: The use of dexamethasone before bleaching did not reduce the risk and intensity of bleaching-induced TS. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The use of the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone was not capable of preventing TS arising from in-office dental bleaching.