The Rurikids: The First Experience of Reconstructing the Genetic Portrait of the Ruling Family of Medieval Rus' Based on Paleogenomic Data.

The Rurikids were the reigning house of Rus', its principalities and, ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, for seven centuries: from the IX to the end of the XVI century. According to the Primary Chronicle (the Tale of Bygone Years), the main chronicle of Rus', the Rurik dynasty was founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, invited to reign in Novgorod in 862, but still there is no direct genetic evidence of the origin of the early Rurikids. This research, for the first time, provides a genome-wide paleogenetic analysis of bone remains belonging to one of the Rurikids, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (?-1294), the son of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1221-1263). It has been established that his Y chromosome belongs to the N1a haplogroup. Most of the modern Rurikids, according to their genealogies, belonging to the N1a haplogroup, have the most similar variants of Y chromosomes to each other, as well as to the Y chromosome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. Genome-wide data of the medieval and modern Rurikids unequivocally indicates that they belong to the N1a haplogroup of the Y chromosome, starting at least from the XI century (since the time of Prince Yaroslav the Wise). All the other alleged Rurikids, both ancient and modern, being carriers of other haplogroups (R1a, I2a), possess high heterogeneity of the sequence of Y chromosomes, meaning that we cannot confirm their common ancestry. The most probable ancestors of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich in the male line were the men who left the burial ground Bolshoy Oleny Island on the coast of the Kola Peninsula about 3,600 years ago. The reconstruction of the genome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich indicates the contribution of three ancestral components to his origin: (1) the early medieval population of the east of Scandinavia from the island of Oland, (2) representatives of the steppe nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes of the Iron Age or the early medieval population of central Europe (steppe nomads from the territory of Hungary), and (3) the ancient East-Eurasian component. Reliable statistics were also obtained when the Scandinavians were replaced with the Medieval Russian Slavic populations of the XI century. Thus, for the first time, we have shown the complex nature of interethnic interactions in the formation of the nobility of medieval Rus' on the example of the ancient Rurikid.

[Hemodynamic aspects of endogenous intoxication in patients with acute intestinal obstruction]. / Gemodinamicheskie aspekty éndogennoi intoksikatsii u bol'nykh s ostroi kishechnoi neprokhodimost'iu.

Central hemodynamic and medium-size molecular intoxication parameters have been determined in 104 patients with acute ileus (AI). It has been found that maximum indexes were characteristic of patients with low cardiac index and high peripheral vascular resistance. It has been proved that neuroleptanalgesia in patients with AI is accompanied by an increase in medium-size molecule level, which, in its turn, depends on the initial volumic disturbances.

[The therapeutic characteristics of massive blood loss in puerperae with gestosis]. / Osobennosti terapii massivnoi krovopoteri u rodil'nits s gestozom.

A regimen of fluid and transfusion therapy has been developed on the basis of clinical and laboratory evaluation of postresuscitation course and outcomes of parturients with massive blood loss and a history of gestosis. An early introduction and systematic use of proteolytic inhibitors were beneficial. Surgical hemostasis warrants a radical approach and requires ligation of internal abdominal arteries and uterus extirpation.

[Long-term results of truncal and selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty]. / Otdalennye rezul'taty stvolovoi i selektivnoi proksimal'noi vagotomii s piloroplastikoi.

The work is based on the results of analysis of clinical material concerning patients who were treated by operation for duodenal ulcer 3-5 years earlier. Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TV + P) was performed in 166 and selective proximal vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SPV + P) in 195 patients. The authors found the long-term results to be similar in both groups and did not reveal any advantages of SPV + P over TV + P, in view of which they do not find it necessary in principle to decline from conducting TV + P at the present time.

[Comparative evaluation of parameters of human oculomotor responses in a state of fatigue and in the presence of local brain lesions]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka parametrov glazodvigatel'noi reaktsii cheloveka v sostoianii utomleniia i pri lokal'nykh porazheniiakh golovnogo mozga.

Difference between saccades of the right and left eyes (saccades asymmetry) was studied in man in the state of fatigue and following local brain lesions. It has been found that external and internal influences disturbing the brain blood supply evoke an asymmetry of oculogram signals, expressed in their divergence in phase, form and amplitude. A common asymmetry coefficient has been found, which points to already existent or beginning pathological shifts of the psychophysiological state.

[Active oculography as a method of diagnosing the psychophysiologic condition of a man]. / Aktivnaia okulografiia kak metod diagnostiki psikhofiziologicheskogo sostoianiia cheloveka.

The effect of stress factors on the oculomotor reactions of electric train drivers with various degrees of fatigue was studied in a modelled accidental situation. The spatio-temporal parameters of oculomotor reactions were shown to characterize not always correctly the state of a driver. More informative were found to be the values of asymmetry of saccades obtained by separate recordings of the right and left eye movements. A comparison between the character of the phase saccade disturbances of tired operators and that of patients with a deficiency in cerebral blood supply showed that the latter may be used as a model.

[Problems in treating duodenal ulcer by selective proximal vagotomy]. / Nekotorye voprosy lecheniia iazvy dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki selektivnoi proksimal'noi vagotomiei.

The gastric secretion after different types of vagotomy was studied in experiments on dogs and in clinic. The ordinary selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and the truncal vagotomy were successively performed in one and the same animal and the secretion of the Pavlov and Heidenhein stomachs was investigated. The cerebral phase of secretion proved to be inhibited similarly after all the types of vagotomy. As to the ventricular phase, it was most of all decreased following SPV without a draining operation. The clinical part of the work covers 148 patients with duodenal ulcers subjected to SPV without a draining operation (51 patients) and in combination with pyloroplasty (97 patients). The investigation of gastric secretion in these patients has shown the greatest decrease of it to occur after SPV without a draining operation. The same findings show that after SPV without a draining operation the damping syndrome and diarrhea are observed rarer than after all types of vagotomy combined with pyloroplasty.