Elucidation of toxic effects of 1,2-diacetylbenzene: an in silico study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to explore the metabolite products of 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB) and investigate their harmful effects, physicochemical properties, and biological activities, along with those of DAB itself. METHODS: Key approaches included MetaTox, PASS online, ADMESWISS, ADMETlab 2.0, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation to identify metabolites, toxic effects, Lipinski's rule criteria, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties, interactions with cytochrome (CYP) 450 isoforms, and the stability of the DAB-cytochrome complex. RESULTS: A total of 13 metabolite products from DAB were identified, involving Phase I reactions (aliphatic hydroxylation, epoxidation, oxidative dehydrogenation, and hydrogenation) and Phase II reactions (oxidative sulfation and methylation). Molecular dynamics and modeling revealed a stable interaction between CYP1A2 and DAB, suggesting the involvement of CYP1A2 in DAB metabolism. All studied compounds adhered to Lipinski's rule, indicating their potential as inducers or activators of toxic mechanisms. The physicochemical parameters and pharmacokinetics of the investigated compounds were consistent with their harmful effects, which included neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, endocrine disruptor, and hepatotoxic consequences due to their high gastrointestinal absorption and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Various CYP450 isoforms exhibited different functions, and the compounds were found to act as superoxide dismutase inhibitors, neuropeptide Y2 antagonists, glutaminase inhibitors, and activators of caspases 3 and 8. DAB and its metabolites were also associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroendocrine disruption. CONCLUSION: The toxic effects of DAB and its metabolites were predicted in this study. Further research is warranted to explore their effects on other organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and to validate our findings.

An in silico investigation of the toxicological effects and biological activities of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and its metabolite products.

We aimed to elucidate the toxic effects and biological activities of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA) and its metabolite products.Numerous in silico methods were used to identify the toxic effects and biological activities of 3PBA, including PASS online, molecular docking, ADMETlab 2.0, ADMESWISS, MetaTox, and molecular dynamic simulation.Ten metabolite products were identified via Phase II reactions (O-glucuronidation, O-sulfation, and methylation).All of the investigated compounds were followed by Lipinski's rule, indicating that they were stimulants or inducers of hazardous processes.Because of their high gastrointestinal absorption and ability to reach the blood-brain barrier, the studied compounds' physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties matched existing evidence of harmful effects, including haematemesis, reproductive dysfunction, allergic dermatitis, toxic respiration, and neurotoxicity.The studied compounds have been linked to the apoptotic pathway, the reproductivity system, neuroendocrine disruptors, phospholipid-translocating ATPase inhibitors, and JAK2 expression.An O-glucuronidation metabolite product demonstrated higher binding affinity and interaction with CYP2C9, CYP3A4, caspase 3, and caspase 8 than 3PBA and other metabolite products, whereas metabolite products from methylation were predominant and more toxic.Our in silico findings partly meet the 3Rs principle by minimizing animal testing before more study is needed to identify the detrimental effects of 3PBA on other organs (liver, kidneys).Future research directions may involve experimental validation of in silico predictions, elucidation of molecular mechanisms, and exploration of therapeutic interventions.These findings contribute to our understanding of the toxicological profile of 3PBA and its metabolites, which has implications for risk assessment and regulatory decisions.

Key properties & pharmacokinetics of 3PBA & its metabolites were reportedMetabolite products from methylation were predominant and more toxicMain toxics: haematemesis, reproductive dysfunction, toxic respiration, dermatitis.

A theoretical study of the oxidation of benzene by manganese oxide clusters: formation of quinone intermediates.

Manganese oxides (MnxOy) have been widely applied in various chemical industrial processes owing to their long lifetime, low cost and high abundance. They have been used as co-reactants for the elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); however, their oxidation mechanism is not clearly established. In this theoretical study, interaction capacities between benzene (C6H6) and MnxOy clusters, which were modeled with MnO2 and Mn2O3 molecules, were investigated by quantum chemical computations using density functional theory (DFT) with the PBE-D3 functional. The interaction capacity between C6H6 and MnxOy was evaluated, and the probing of the initial stage of the C6H6 oxidation at a molecular level offers an in-depth oxidation reaction path. Interaction energies computed in several spin states, along with the analysis of the electron distribution using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, natural bond orbital and Wiberg bond index techniques as well as local softness values and MO energies of fragments, point out that the interaction between C6H6 and Mn2O3 is stronger than that with MnO2, amounting to -43 and -35 kcal mol-1, respectively, and the metal atom is identified as the primary active site. During the oxide cluster-assisted oxidation, benzene firstly undergoes an oxidation reaction by active oxygen to generate intermediates such as hydroquinone and benzoquinone. The pathway involving p-benzoquinone as the product (noted as PR1) is the most energetically favored one through a transition structure lying at 19 kcal mol-1, below the energy reference of the reactants, leading to an energy barrier significantly lower than that of 36 kcal mol-1 found for the gas phase oxidation reaction with molecular oxygen without the assistance of the oxide clusters. Potential energy profiles illustrating the reaction paths and molecular mechanisms were described in detail.

CRIF1 siRNA-Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles Suppress Tumor Growth in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system dysfunction in cancer cells has been exploited as a target for anti-cancer therapeutic intervention. The downregulation of CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1), an essential mito-ribosomal factor, can impair mitochondrial function in various cell types. In this study, we investigated whether CRIF1 deficiency induced by siRNA and siRNA nanoparticles could suppress MCF-7 breast cancer growth and tumor development, respectively. Our results showed that CRIF1 silencing decreased the assembly of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes I and II, which induced mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and excessive mitochondrial fission. CRIF1 inhibition reduced p53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) expression, as well as NADPH synthesis, leading to additional increases in ROS production. The downregulation of CRIF1 suppressed cell proliferation and inhibited cell migration through the induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Similarly, the intratumoral injection of CRIF1 siRNA-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibited tumor growth, downregulated the assembly of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes I and II, and induced the expression of cell cycle protein markers (p53, p21, and p16) in MCF-7 xenograft mice. Thus, the inhibition of mitochondrial OXPHOS protein synthesis through CRIF1 deletion destroyed mitochondrial function, leading to elevated ROS levels and inducing antitumor effects in MCF-7 cells.

IDH2 Deficiency Promotes Endothelial Senescence by Eliciting miR-34b/c-Mediated Suppression of Mitophagy and Increased ROS Production.

Endothelial senescence impairs vascular function and thus is a primary event of age-related vasculature diseases. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) plays an important role in inducing alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) production and preserving mitochondrial function. However, the mechanism and regulation of IDH2 in endothelial senescence have not been elucidated. We demonstrated that downregulation of IDH2 induced accumulation of miR-34b/c, which impaired mitophagy and elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by inhibiting mitophagy-related markers (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, LC-II/LC3-I, and p62) and attenuating Sirtuin deacetylation 3 (Sirt3) expression. The mitochondrial dysfunction induced by IDH2 deficiency disrupted cell homeostasis and the cell cycle and led to endothelial senescence. However, miR-34b/c inhibition or α-KG supplementation restored Sirt3, PINK1, Parkin, LC-II/LC3-I, p62, and mitochondrial ROS levels, subsequently alleviating endothelial senescence. We showed that IDH2 played a crucial role in regulating endothelial senescence via induction of miR-34b/c in endothelial cells.

The relative isoform expression levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase in breast cancer: IDH2 is a potential target in MDA-MB-231 cells.

PURPOSE: The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) family plays an essential role in metabolism and energy production. The relative expression levels of IDH isoforms (IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3) have prognostic significance in several malignancies, including breast carcinoma. However, the IDH isozyme expression levels in different cancer stages and types have not been determined in breast carcinoma tissues. METHODS: We analyzed the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of IDH (IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3A) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in 59 breast carcinoma tissues. RESULTS: The mRNA level of IDH2 was significantly increased at stages 2 and 3 in triple-negative and (ER-/PR-/HER+) breast cancers. However, the elevated α-KG level was only observed in stages 2 and 3, with no differences in the various breast carcinoma types. Western blotting analysis showed that IDH2 protein expression increased in the patient tissues and cell lines. An in vitro study showed IDH2 downregulation in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 that inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that different from IDH1 and IDH3, IDH2 is more highly expressed in stages 2 and 3 breast cancer tissues, especially in triple-negative breast cancer. IDH2 potentially serves as a target to detect unknown mechanisms in breast cancer.