RESUMEN
Knowing the level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is crucial for decision-making on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) handling. Guidelines for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to estimate seroprevalence are conceptually straightforward and internationally available. However, challenges exist for developing countries with limited laboratory capacity, diverse geographical topography, fragmented health information systems and limited resources such as Indonesia. One year after the first case was confirmed in Indonesia, approximately ten infections were undiagnosed or underreported for every reported case. Under those circumstances, we described the method and lessons learned in conducting nationwide cohort COVID-19 serology surveys in a nation with limited resources, such as Indonesia. â¢Strong cross-sectoral collaboration between ministries and levels of governance (central and subnational) enables strategic use of civil registration database for efficient sampling.â¢All agglomeration districts (highly dense population and urban area) were selected as study sites, and additional non-agglomeration districts were selected using probability-proportional-to-size (PPS).â¢Involving the experienced phlebotomist in community health service provider and district laboratory cut down preparation time.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The use of Method Information Index (MII) indicates whether women contraceptive users receive adequate information about all available contraceptive methods, side effects of the methods, and how to deal with the side effects if experienced-at method initiation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the level of MII scores or the amount of information received by married women users of five modern contraceptives at the time of initiation and changes of its determinants based on the Indonesian Demographic and Health data between 2007 and 2017. METHODS: Data of married women who used most common five modern contraceptive methods (the pill, injectables, implants, IUD, and female sterilization), comprised of a total unweighted sample of 35,412 users out of the 32,895; 45,607 and 49,627 women aged 15-49 in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), respectively. The Method Information Index (MII) scores were calculated based on responses to three questions (whether women were told about method-specific side effects, advised what to do if they experienced them, and informed about other available methods). Multivariable logistic regressions with 'time' as an interaction variable were used to assess the influence of time upon the MII scores and its determinants. RESULTS: The MII scores were 23.84% in 2007, 24.60% in 2012 and 28.65% in 2017. Obviously, over 70% of reproductive-age women contraceptive users were not receiving complete information about modern contraceptives at the time of initiation. After 5 years (2012), only living in the Java Bali region (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.09-1.66) compared to living in other islands, and currently using injectables (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.10-1.87) and currently using implants (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.07-2.63) compared to currently using pills had significantly higher odds of receiving MII information. After 10 years (2017), only one variable (the 'richest' in the wealth quintile category (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.99) compared to the 'poorest') still showed a significant association with receipt of complete MII information. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that the MII scores increased gradually across the years, interaction with 'survey time' showed that the likelihood of receiving complete MII information was not statistically different in the 5 years (2007-2012) and in the 10 years (2007-2017) period from the reference category in 2007. The authors recommend use of the MII score as an objective measure to evaluate access to MII essential information and to monitor an increase in the informed population in Indonesia.
