Five million years of Antarctic Circumpolar Current strength variability.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) represents the world's largest ocean-current system and affects global ocean circulation, climate and Antarctic ice-sheet stability1-3. Today, ACC dynamics are controlled by atmospheric forcing, oceanic density gradients and eddy activity4. Whereas palaeoceanographic reconstructions exhibit regional heterogeneity in ACC position and strength over Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles5-8, the long-term evolution of the ACC is poorly known. Here we document changes in ACC strength from sediment cores in the Pacific Southern Ocean. We find no linear long-term trend in ACC flow since 5.3 million years ago (Ma), in contrast to global cooling9 and increasing global ice volume10. Instead, we observe a reversal on a million-year timescale, from increasing ACC strength during Pliocene global cooling to a subsequent decrease with further Early Pleistocene cooling. This shift in the ACC regime coincided with a Southern Ocean reconfiguration that altered the sensitivity of the ACC to atmospheric and oceanic forcings11-13. We find ACC strength changes to be closely linked to 400,000-year eccentricity cycles, probably originating from modulation of precessional changes in the South Pacific jet stream linked to tropical Pacific temperature variability14. A persistent link between weaker ACC flow, equatorward-shifted opal deposition and reduced atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods first emerged during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). The strongest ACC flow occurred during warmer-than-present intervals of the Plio-Pleistocene, providing evidence of potentially increasing ACC flow with future climate warming.

A contracting Intertropical Convergence Zone during the Early Heinrich Stadial 1.

Despite the fact that the response of tropical hydroclimate to North Atlantic cooling events during the Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) has been extensively studied in African, South American and Indonesia, the nature of such responses remains debated. Here we investigate the tropical hydroclimate pattern over the Indo-Asian-Australian monsoon region during the HS1 by integrating hydroclimatic records, and examining a δ18Oseawater record from Globigerinoides ruber (white) in the tropical Indian Ocean. Our findings indicate that tropical hydrological conditions were synchronously arid in both hemispheres during the early HS1 (~18.3-16.3 ka) in the Indo-Asian-Australian monsoon region, except for a narrow, wet hydrological belt in northern low latitudes, suggesting the existence of a contracted tropical precipitation belt at that time. This study reveals that the meltwater discharge and resulting changes in global temperatures and El Niño exerted a profound influence on the tropical hydroclimate in the Indo-Asian-Australian monsoon region during the early HS1.

A Triassic tritrophic triad documents an early food-web cascade.

Endophytic oviposition behavior, the insertion of eggs into plant tissues, represents a sophisticated reproductive strategy of insects.1 This process is accomplished by employing a specialized egg-laying device, the ovipositor, that effectively protects eggs through plant tissue concealment.2,3 Endophytic oviposition behavior is currently common in many lineages of several major, extant insect orders, principally Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), Orthoptera (katydids and grasshoppers), Hemiptera (cicadas, aphids, scale insects, whiteflies, leafhoppers, and bugs), Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths), and Hymenoptera (sawflies).3,4 Based on the occurrences of egg insertion damage and associated scar tissue expressed in fossil plant stems and leaves, endophytic ovipositional behavior is presumed to have emerged as early as the Early Pennsylvanian Period.5 However, for impression fossils, egg morphology and surrounding scar tissue can be difficult to discern on plants, often resulting in ovipositional damage that may be assigned to exophytic (eggs laid on plant surfaces) or to endophytic behavior.6,7,8,9 This ambiguity is due to the spatial relationships and histological mingling of ovipositional damage and enveloping scars with adjoining plant-host tissues. Here, we describe body fossils of insect eggs within ginkgophyte leaves from the Upper Triassic of China. Feeding damage from an egg-predatory insect commonly occurs on these eggs, as some eggs bear up to several feeding punctures. We provide exceptional body-fossil evidence for resource use of a host plant by an ovipositing insect and unravel the earliest-known tritrophic cascade of a host plant, an ovipositing insect, and an egg-predatory insect.

Spatially and Temporally Resolved Measurements of NO Adsorption/Desorption over NOx-Storage Catalyst.

The two-dimensional (2D) temporal evolution of the NO-concentration over a NOx-storage catalyst is investigated in situ with planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in an optically accessible parallel wall channel reactor. Signal accumulated phase-correlated 2D-recordings of repetitive adsorption/desorption cycles are obtained by synchronizing the switching of the NO gas flow (on/off) with the laser and detection system, thereby significantly increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The gas compositions at the reactor outlet are additionally monitored by ex-situ analytics. The impacts of varying feed concentration, temperature and flow velocities are investigated in an unsteady state. Transient kinetics and the mass transfer limitations can be interpreted in terms of the NO concentration gradient changes. The technique presented here is a very useful tool to investigate the interaction between surface kinetics and the surrounding gas flow, especially for transient catalytic processes.

[Rituximab combined with EPOCH regimen for treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: analysis of 4 cases].

We treated 4 with a diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract with rituximab combined with adjusted dose EPOCH (R-DA-EPOCH) scheme based on a comprehensive analysis of the onset process, clinical and pathological features, and prognosis of the patients, and evaluated their treatment response. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 3 patients after the treatment and 1 patient with diabetes and hypertension died due to severe infection. R-DA-EPOCH regimen as the first-line treatment of gastrointestinal diffuse large B cell lymphoma has a good short-term efficacy, but its long-term efficacy awaits further evaluation in future studies with larger sample sizes.

[Evaluation of neutrophilic CD64 index as a diagnostic marker of bacterial infection in blood diseases].

This study was aimed to investigate the value of neutrophilic CD64 index (nCD64 index) as a diagnostic marker of bacterial infection in hematologic diseases. Experimental data of 232 patients with hematologic diseases were analyzed retrospectively. The nCD64 index was detected by flow cytometry and was compared with the levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reaction protein (CRP) and fibrinogen respectively. The results showed that the nCD64 index in clinical infection group were significantly higher than that in non-infection group and autoimmune disease group (P < 0.0001 respectively). The nCD64 index in blood culture positive group was also significantly higher than that in blood culture-negative group (P < 0.01). The result of ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal critical values of nCD64 index, ESR, CRP and Fib were 4.96, 21.5 mm/h, 8.56 mg/dl and 4.42 mg/dl, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 index were 0.928 and 0.933, while the sensitivities of ESR, CRP and Fib were 0.725, 0.754 and 0.594, and the specificities of CRP, ESR and Fib were 0.625,0.837 and 0.77, respectively. It is concluded that nCD64 index is possessed of much higher in sensitivity and specificity, compared with ESR, CRP and Fib in diagnosis of bacterial infection of hematologic diseases. nCD64 index can be used as an effective diagnostic marker for bacterial infection of hematologic diseases.

[Genetic characteristics of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Molt-4].

This study was aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Molt-4, and evaluate its application in measuring telomere length by Flow-FISH. Molt-4 cell line was cultured in suspension and subcultured regularly. Eight different passages of Molt-4 cells in exponential stage were selected.The growth curves were drawn by cell counting method, meanwhile calculating the population doubling times of cells,DNA ploidies were determined by flow cytometry,karyotypes were analyzed by G-banding and telomere lengths were measured by Southern blot. The results showed that the population doubling time of Molt-4 cell line was (1.315 ± 0.062) d, DNA ploidy index was (2.085 ± 0.0093) , and the telomere length was (32.05 ± 5.27) kb. There were no significant difference among different passages (P = 0.931,0.888 and 0.935 separately). The karyotypes showed that the chromosome numbers of Molt-4 cell line were from 91 to 99 in different metaphases, and the majority of them were hypertetraploid, and stable and recurrent structural abnormalities of chromosomes could be kept. It is concluded that the stable genetic characteristics and the longer telomere length of Molt-4 cell line makes it be a feasible control cells in measurement of telomere length by Flow-FISH.

Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation ameliorates elastin breakdown in a Kawasaki disease mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery damage from Kawasaki disease (KD) is closely linked to the dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EPCs transplantation in KD model. METHODS: Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD model in C57BL/6 mice was established. The model mice were injected intravenously with bone marrow-derived in vitro expanded EPCs. Histological evaluation, number of circulating EPCs and the function of bone marrow EPCs were examined at day 56. RESULTS: Inflammation was found around the coronary artery of the model mice after 14 days, Elastin breakdown was observed after 56 days. CM-Dil labeled EPCs incorporated into vessel repairing foci was found. At day 56, the number of peripheral EPCs in the KD model group was lower than in EPCs transplanted and control group. The functional index of bone marrow EPCs from the KD model group decreased in proliferation, adhesion and migration. Increased number of circulating EPCs and improved function were observed on the EPCs transplanted group compared with model group. CONCLUSION: Exogenously administered EPCs, which represent a novel strategy could prevent the dysfunction of EPCs, accelerate the repair of coronary artery endothelium lesion and decrease the occurrence of aneurysm.

Endothelial progenitor cell down-regulation in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications of Kawasaki disease (KD) are a common cause of heart disease in pediatric populations. Previous studies have suggested a role for endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in coronary artery lesions associated with KD. However, long-term observations of EPCs during the natural progression of this disorder are lacking. Using an experimental model of KD, we aimed to determine whether the coronary artery lesions are associated with down-regulation of EPCs. METHODS: To induce KD, C57BL/6 mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE; phosphate buffered saline used as control vehicle). Study groups included: group A (14 days following LCWE injection), group B (56 days following LCWE injection) and group C (controls). Numbers of circulating EPCs (positively staining for both CD34 and Flk-1 while staining negative for CD45) were evaluated using flow cytometry. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in vitro to expand EPCs for functional analysis. In vitro EPC proliferation, adhesion and migration were assessed. RESULTS: The model was shown to exhibit similar coronary artery lesions to KD patients with coronary aneurysms. Numbers of circulating EPCs decreased significantly in the KD models (groups A and B) compared to controls ((0.017 ± 0.008)% vs. (0.028 ± 0.007)%, P < 0.05 and (0.016 ± 0.007)% vs. (0.028 ± 0.007)%, P < 0.05). Proliferative, adhesive and migratory properties of EPCs were markedly impaired in groups A and B. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery lesions in KD occur as a consequence of impaired vascular injury repair, resulting from excess consumption of EPCs together with a functional impairment of bone marrow EPCs and their precursors.

Incipient Coombs' test negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia precedes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The cases of lymphoma accompanied or preceded by Coombs' test positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) have been reported. However, Coombs' test negative AIHA prior to the diagnosis of lymphoma was rarely described. Herein, this article reports a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) preceded about 1.5 years by Coombs test negative AIHA. A woman aged 69 was diagnosed with HA based on the history and laboratory tests. Further studies revealed that this patient was negative with Coombs' test for IgG, IgM, IgA and C3. After all possible causes of HA, especially malignancies were ruled out, the patient was diagnosed with Coombs' test negative AIHA and treated with prednisolone. The patient responded well initially to steroid treatment. Two recurrences of acute HA were presented at time of 10 months post steroid cessation, and immediately after an attempt to withdraw steroid, respectively, but the hemolysis was effectively controlled by reinstitution of prednisolone. At third recurrence, however, the patient was no longer responding to steroid, and was found with cervical lymphadenopathy. Coombs' test for IgG, IgM, IgA and C3 remained negative. B cell NHL was diagnosed by pathology. After receiving 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy, the patient was lymphoma free, but the hemolysis was not improved, however, which was effectively controlled by the following low dose-rituximab (RTX) therapy. The patient was still kept in a remission of lymphoma free of anemia. In conclusion, this report presented a very rare case of NHL with Coombs' test negative AIHA as initial major clinical manifestation.

[Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on endothelial progenitor cell for coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease mice model].

OBJECTIVE: Number and function of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) and coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease (KD) model were evaluated to investigate therapeutic efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). METHOD: C57BL/6 mice were injected with L. casei cell wall extract (LCWE); 48 mice were divided into 3 groups randomly: KD model group; G-CSF treated model group and control group, 16 in each. G-CSF was subcutaneously injected from day 5 to day 9 after injection of LCWE. Coronary artery lesion, number of circulating EPC and the function of bone marrow EPC were evaluated. RESULT: In model group, inflammatory infiltration was found around coronary artery at 14 days. The number of circulating EPC was significantly decreased in model group (0.017% ± 0.008%) compared to control (0.028% ± 0.007%) (t = 2.037, P < 0.05). Disruption of elastin was consistently observed at 56 days. Stimulated by G-CSF, inflammatory infiltration was found around the coronary artery at day 14, while the number of circulating EPC (0.042% ± 0.015%) was increased significantly compared to models (t = 4.629, P < 0.05). At the day 56, the number of circulating EPC was decreased slightly (0.029% ± 0.012%), but still higher than the model group (t = 2.789, P < 0.05), and have no significant difference compared to controls (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no elastin disruption in the G-CSF group. In model group, bone marrow EPC's proliferation ability of absorbance (A value) was 0.38 ± 0.09 in thiazolyl blue assay, less than controls (0.61 ± 0.14, P < 0.01). Adhesion and migration function were down-regulated compared to controls [(3.1 ± 0.6) cells/HPF and (3.3 ± 0.6) cells/HPF vs. (6.4 ± 1.2) cells/HPF and (6.2 ± 0.5) cells/HPF, both P < 0.01]. In the G-CSF treated group, proliferation ability (A 0.58 ± 0.10), adhesion [(6.17 ± 1.13) cells/HPF], migration [(6.29 ± 0.42) cells/HPF] function were increased significantly compared to the model group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: G-CSF can up-regulate EPC number and function to prevent coronary artery lesion in mice model of KD.

Clinical outcome of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in opticospinal and conventional forms of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in a Chinese population.

To evaluate clinical outcomes of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBCST) between opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) and conventional multiple sclerosis (CMS) during disease progressive stage in a Chinese population. Thirty-six secondary progressive MS patients, among whom 21 were with OSMS and 15 with CMS, underwent APBSCT and were followed up for an average of 48.92 months (range, 10-91 months). Peripheral blood stem cells were obtained by leukapheresis after mobilization with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Modified BEAM conditioning regimen (Tiniposide, melphalan, carmustin, and cytosine arabinoside) were administered. Outcomes were evaluated using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). No maintenance treatment was administered if there was no disease progression. No treatment-related mortality occurred. Among the 36 patients, one OSMS patient dropped during the follow-up. Among the 22 relapse-free patients, 20 were with continuous neurological improvement without any relapse events, and two remained in neurologically stable states. Among the 13 relapse patients, seven had experienced of neurological relapse, but with no progression during the follow-up period; and six experienced neurological deterioration after transplantation and needed further immunosuppressant treatment. The confirmed relapse-free survival rate was 62.9% and progression-free survival rate was 83.3% after 91 months according to Kaplan and Meier survival curves. Eleven of the 20 OSMS patients (55%) and two of the 15 CMS patients (13.3%) stayed in disease active group (P = 0.014). For the 20 OSMS patients, the overall EDSS score decreased significantly after transplantation (P = 0.016), while visual functions had no significant improvement (P = 0.716). Progressive OSMS has a higher relapse rate than CMS following APBSCT.

[Multiparameter flow cytometric evaluation of bone marrow involvement in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

The objective of study was to evaluate the clinical values of multiparameter flow cytometry (MPFC) and cytomorphology of bone marrow aspiration(BMA) in detecting bone marrow involvement in patients with B cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). 96 bone marrow samples from the patients with B-NHL were measured by MPFC using CD45/SSC and CD20/SSC gating strategy combined with anti-kappa and anti-lamda monoclonal antibodies, and then compared with results acquired by cytomorphologic analysis of BMA. The results showed that the bone marrow involvement was confirmed by MPFC in 38 cases (39.6%), while it was detected by cytomorphologic analysis of BMA only in 12 cases (12.5%). There was a significant difference between the two methods (p<0.05). 12 positive cases detected by cytomorphologic analysis of BMA were also positive by MPFC. There was no difference of 3-year overall survival rate between negative and positive cases detected by MPFC, but their 4-year overall survival rate was 73.18+/-6.65% and 44.13%+/-19.55% respectively (p<0.05). It is concluded that the MPFC is a more sensitive method for detecting bone marrow involvement in patients with B-NHL than cytomorphologic analysis of BMA. The 4-year overall survival rate of the patients without bone marrow involvement was significant higher than those of patients with bone marrow involvement. Bone marrow involvement in B-NHL detected by MPFC can be useful for clinical evaluation and prognosis prediction.

[Diagnostic significance of immunophenotyping of bone marrow cells in myelodysplastic syndrome without an increase of marrow blasts].

This study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of immunophenotypes in the patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) without an increase of marrow blasts, and to confirm their diagnostic significance. Marrow cells from 222 patients with pancytopenia, dysplastic changes in one or more hematopoietic lineages and blast cells less than 5% were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry(FCM). The abnormal immunophenotypes were evaluated in asynchronous antigen expression (CD34 or CD117 in mature granulocytes or mature monocytes, HLA-DR in mature granulocytes), in cross-lineage antigen expression (CD7 or CD56 in granulocytes or monocytes), in aberrant light-scatter (CD45/SSC in mature granulocyte or monocyte) and in abnormal expression of differentiation antigen (CD13/CD16 pattern in granulocytes and HLA-DR under-expression in monocytes). The sensitivity and specificity of abnormal immunophenotypes were determined on diagnosis. Among 222 cases, 127 cases were diagnosed as MDS by traditional diagnostic method and 95 cases were non-MDS (drug-related neutropenia, autoimmune cytopenia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia). In mature granulocyte gate, the sensitivity of asynchronous, cross-lineage antigen expression, aberrant light-scatter of CD45/SSC and abnormal expression of differentiation antigen were 31.5%, 30.7%, 49.6% and 60.6% respectively, and the specificity were 100%, 100%, 88.4% and 52.6% respectively. In monocyte gate, the sensitivity of asynchronous, cross-lineage antigen expression, aberrant light-scatter of CD45/SSC and abnormal expression of differentiation antigen were 2.3%, 11%, 37% and 12.6% respectively. The specificity was 100% in all of them. Among 8 above mentioned items, sensitivity of more than 2 abnormalities was 77.9%, and specificity was 95.8%. The positive predictive value was 96.1%. It is concluded that the abnormal expression of asynchronous, cross-lineage antigen expression, aberrant light-scatter of CD45/SSC have a high specificity and a low sensitivity for diagnosis of MDS. The abnormal expressions of differentiation antigens have a high sensitivity and a low specificity; however, the detection of multiple expression abnormalities possesses the high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of MDS.

[Abnormality of immunophenotyping in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome].

The study was aimed to investigate the abnormality of immunophenotypes in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and its role in the identification of MDS. The cell immunophenotypes of 136 patients with hypocytosis accompanied by abnormal hematopoiesis of bone marrow were detected by flow cytometry, the detected results were evaluated by flow cytometric scoring system (FCSS), and the sensitivity and specificity of positive results were determined by FCSS also. The correlation of results detected by FCSS to traditional diagnosis method was analysed. The results indicated that 111 out of 136 cases were diagnosed as MDS, and 25 were diagnosed as non-MDS. Among 111 MDS cases, 85 cases were FCSS positive, 18 cases were FCSS intermediate and 8 cases were FCSS negative, whereas in 25 non-MDS cases 24 cases were FCSS negative, 1 case was FCSS intermediate and no case was FCSS positive. The sensitivity of FCSS in identification of MDS was 76.6%, and the specificity of FCSS was 100%. There was a good correlation of FCSS to traditional method (R = 0.613, p = 0.000). It is concluded that the various abnormalities of immunophenotyping are found in patients with MDS, in which the main immunophenotype abnormality and the abnormality involving two cell lineages are key points to distinguish MDS from non-MDS.

[Prognosticating relapse risk based on multiparameter flow cytometric assessment of minimal residual disease in patients with acute myeloid leukemia].

The objective of this study was to investigate the prognosticating value of multiparameter flow cytometry in detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) and relapse risk of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Multiparameter flow cytometry (MPFC) analysis was used to detect the leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotype (LAIP) of the pretreated patients with AML and to assess the levels of MRD after remission induction (Post-Ind MRD) and consolidation therapy (Post-Cons MRD). The results showed that the definite LAIP could be detected in 94.3% of the patients (115/122) with AML (except APL). Among 115 cases only one LAIP was identified in 15 cases (13.0%), but two or more LAIP were identified in other 100 cases (87.0%). The most frequent LAIP identified was cross-lineage antigen expression (40.9%). The percentages of asynchronous antigen expression, antigen over-expression and antigen lack expression were 20.9%, 27.0%and 34.8% respectively. MRD frequency was monitored in 41 AML patients with CR after remission induction chemotherapy and 2 or more cycles of consolidation chemotherapy. 24 patients were Post-Ind MRD(+) and 17 patients were Post-Ind MRD(-). The percentages of relapse in cases of Post-Ind MRD(+) and Post-Ind MRD(-) were 75.0% (18/24) and 29.4% (5/17) respectively after consolidation chemotherapy. The relapse free survival (RFS) times of the patients with Post-Ind MRD(+) and Post-Ind MRD(-) were 49.06 +/- 6.53 months and 11.92 +/- 1.64 months (p < 0.0001) respectively. 18 patients were Post-Cons MRD(+) and 23 patients were Post-Cons MRD(-). The percentages of relapse in cases of Post-Cons MRD(+) and Post-Cons MRD(-) patients were 100% (18/18) and 21.7% (5/23) respectively after consolidation chemotherapy. The RFS times of the patients with Post-Cons MRD(+) and Post-Cons MRD(-) were 41.74 +/- 5.52 months and 10.06 +/- 1.72 months (p < 0.0001) respectively. It is concluded that the levels of post-Ind MRD and post-Cons MRD identified in the patients with AML was highly associated with their RFS. The detection of MRD by MPFC provides prognostic information in AML patients.

[Megakaryocytic dysplasia and leukemia associated phenotype in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia].

This study was purposed to investigate the megakaryocytic dysplasia and leukemia-associated phenotypes (LAP) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the elderly. The megakaryocytic dysplasia, lineage infidelity, asynchronous antigen expression, total WBC count, and karyotypes were observed in the 147 none M(3)-AML patients. Logistic regression were used to analyzed the difference between the elderly (age > or = 60) and the control. The results showed that out of the total 147 patients (66 elderly patients, and 81 younger patients) 124 patients accepted induction chemotherapy, in which 70 cases achieved complete remission (elderly 18, younger 52, p = 0.008); megakaryocytic dysplasia was found in 32 patients (21.8%); CD33 and CD19/CD7 (lineage infidelity) was co-expressed in 55 patients (37.4%), CD34 and CD11b (asynchronous antigen expression) was co-expressed in 65 patients (44.2%); white blood cell count > 25 x 10(9)/L was found in 52 patients (35.4%). By the Logistic regression, compared with the control, in the elderly patients there was difference in the megakaryocytic dysplasia, and the co-expression of CD33/CD19/CD7 and CD34/CD11b (OR = 4.315, 2.761, 0.397; p = 0.001, 0.006, 0.020), but there was no difference in the total WBC count and karyotypes (OR = 0.802, 1.096; p = 0.646, 0.813). It is concluded that the incidence of megakaryocytic dysplasia, such as lineage infidelity, and asynchronous antigen expression, in elderly patients is higher than that in younger patients.

[Aberrant immunophenotypes in 126 patients with acute leukemia].

The existence of leukemia aberrant immunophenotypes (LAIP) has been suggested to be a valuable tool for the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), as they could distinguish leukemic cells from normal hematopoietic progenitors. This study was purposed to analyze the characteristics of LAIP in acute leukemia and further explore the proportion of different types of LAIP in acute leukemia patients. Flow cytometry (FCM) with four color and CD45/SSC gating were used to detect the antigen expression in samples of bone marrow from 126 patients with acute leukemia. The results showed that definite LAIP could be detected in about 76% patients. The LAIP could be divided into four groups as cross-lineage antigen expression, asynchronous antigen expression, antigen overexpression and antigen lack expression. The percentages of these LAIPs were 39%, 46%, 21% and 29% respectively. About 11% out of analyzed cases showed the existence of only one aberrant phenotype while two or more of aberrant phenotypes could be detected in majority cases. It is concluded that the LAIP with four subgroups can be detected in the majority of patients with acute leukemia and immunophenotyping based on LAIP is applicable for the detection of MRD.

Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for severe multiple sclerosis.

We describe the results of a clinical trial to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) for patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Fifteen patients (all patients with secondary progressive MS) were enrolled. The median expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score at baseline was 6.0 (range, 4.5-7.5). Peripheral blood stem cells were obtained by leukapheresis after mobilization with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. In 9 patients, CD34+ cell selection was performed with a CliniMACS cell selection system, and 6 patients accepted infusion of unmodified peripheral blood stem cells. The modified BEAM (carmustine, teniposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) was the sole conditioning regimen used. The adverse effects included infections, mucositis, transient hepatotoxicity, and diarrhea. Three patients had flares of neurologic deterioration during mobilization, 8 patients had the same manifestation during transplantation, and 2 patients had similar flares within 3 months of transplantation. Six patients experienced continuous neurologic improvement after transplantation, 5 patients experienced neurologic progression, and 4 patients had stabilization of their disease. The confirmed progression-free rate was 63.8% at 49 months. The results of lymphocyte purging were no better than for no purging. Auto-HSCT proved to be safe and beneficial for some MS patients. Further studies are needed to establish the merit of this procedure for MS patients.

[Expansion ex vivo of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+ cells].

The aim was to study the roles that the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and cytokines play in cord blood CD34(+) cell expansion ex vivo and the influence of culture ex vivo on expression of the adhesive molecule of CD44. CD34(+) cells sorted from cord blood cells had been cultured in each well of 24 well culture plates containing culture medium supplemented with mesenchymal stem cells layer or/and cytokines for a week, and then all kinds of indexes of different groups were compared. The results showed that as for cord blood cell expansion, there was no significant difference between the groups with cytokines SDF-1alpha + SCF + TPO + FL and SCF + TPO + FL no matter if MSC layer existed or not. The groups with MSC layer and cytokines were superior to the corresponding groups without MSC layer. In addition, the expression of the adhesion molecule CD44 had no distinct change after culture. It is concluded that SDF-1alpha has no distinct influence on the effect of cytokines SCF + TPO + FL on cord blood cell expansion ex vivo. MSC enhance the effect of cytokines on cord blood cell expansion ex vivo. Such expansion ex vivo may not influence the expression of the adhesive molecule CD44 on cord blood cells.