Efficient and Selective Extraction of Rhamnogalacturonan-I-Enriched Pectic Polysaccharides from Tartary Buckwheat Leaves Using Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Techniques.

Tartary buckwheat green leaves are considered to be among the most important by-products in the buckwheat industry. Although Tartary buckwheat green leaves are abundant in pectic polysaccharides, their potential applications in the food industry are quite scarce. Therefore, to promote their potential applications as functional or fortified food ingredients, both deep-eutectic-solvent-assisted extraction (DESE) and high-pressure-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (HPDEE) were used to efficiently and selectively extract pectic polysaccharides from Tartary buckwheat green leaves (TBP). The results revealed that both the DESE and HPDEE techniques not only improved the extraction efficiency of TBP but also regulated its structural properties and beneficial effects. The primary chemical structures of TBP extracted using different methods were stable overall, mainly consisting of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectic regions. However, both the DESE and HPDEE methods could selectively extract RG-I-enriched TBP, and the proportion of the RG-I pectic region in TBP obviously improved. Additionally, both the DESE and HPDEE methods could improve the antioxidant and anti-glycosylation effects of TBP by increasing its proportion of free uronic acids and content of bound polyphenolics and reducing its molecular weight. Moreover, both the DESE and HPDEE methods could partially intensify the immunostimulatory effect of TBP by increasing its proportion of the RG-I pectic region. These findings suggest that DES-based extraction techniques, especially the HPDEE method, can be promising techniques for the efficient and selective extraction of RG-I-enriched TBP.

OTSC assisted EFTR for the treatment of GIST: 40 cases analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To verify the safety and efficacy of over-the-scope clip (OTSC)-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) for the excision of stromal tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients with gastric stromal tumors treated in the Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital from December 2015 to March 2017 were included in this study. The surgical procedures included marking the lesion boundaries, cutting open the top surface of the lesion, installing an OTS, sucking the lesion into the transparent cap of the anatomical clip which was then released, application of an endoloop for EFTR, and confirming the complete resection and pathological examination of the lesion. Statistical analysis of the tumor site and size, operation time, success rates, complications, pathological examination results, and follow-up status was performed. RESULTS: The average operation duration was 38.40 ± 24.9 min. Three cases had an incomplete resection, but the lesion was later found to have fallen off together with the OTSC. Therefore, the treatment success rate was 100%. Postoperative pathological examination revealed leiomyomas in four cases and stromal tumors in the remaining 36 cases. CONCLUSIONS: OTSC-assisted EFTR is safe and effective for resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, especially for those <20 mm in size.

Validity of Chinese Version of Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Health Care Teams Scale.

OBJECTIVE: Effective teamwork can provide safe and effective care in various medical systems. Thus, there is increasing recognition of the value of interprofessional collaborative practice. The Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Health Care Teams Scale (ATIHCTS) has been applied to a wide variety of health professions for evaluating attitudes toward health care teams. The ATIHCTS has been widely used internationally, but no Chinese version has been developed. The aim of this study was to adapt a Chinese version of the ATIHCTS among Chinese health care professionals and to test its validity. METHODS: The English version of the ATIHCTS was translated into Chinese, back-translated, and modified for cultural adaptation according to Brislin's guideline. A total of 306 health professionals in a Shanghai tertiary hospital were investigated using the Chinese version of the ATIHCTS to test its validity. RESULTS: The Chinese version of the ATIHCTS was adjusted based on expert review and pilot testing. According to expert opinions, the text that did not conform to the Chinese language habits and the Chinese medical environment was adjusted. A total of five adjustments were made. After the pilot testing, minor corrections were made to improve the sentence structure of the scale instructions to make it easier to understand. Factor analysis was subsequently conducted with 306 respondents. The Chinese version of the ATIHCTS had 14 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted two common factors, quality of care and time constraints, with the cumulative variance contribution rate reaching 70.011% and the load value of each entry on its common factor > 0.4. In addition, for scale confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio (X2/df) was 1.46, the normed fit index (NFI) was 0.97, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) was 0.99, the incremental fit index (IFI) was 0.99, the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.99, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.04. The fitting values all met the judgment criteria, and the scale had good structural validity. Cronbach's α of the Chinese version of the ATIHCTS was 0.861, and the Cronbach's α values of each factor were 0.949 and 0.838, respectively. The split-half reliability was 0.644, and the Guttman split-half coefficients of each factor were 0.904 and 0.779, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of the ATIHCTS has good validity. It is a valuable tool for evaluating attitudes toward interprofessional health care teams among the health care professionals in China.

Integrative analysis identifies the association between CASZ1 methylation and ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight potential epigenetic risk factors for blood pressure (BP) and ischemic stroke (IS) in loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). METHODS: We detected DNA methylation for BP (317,756 individuals from UK Biobank) and IS (521,612 individuals from MEGASTROKE) in Europeans by using the summary data-based mendelian randomization (SMR) method. We selected the most relevant gene to validate the association in 1,207 patients with hypertensive IS and 1,269 controls from the Chinese populations. RESULTS: We first identified 173 CpG sites in 90 genes, 337 CpG sites in 142 genes, and 9 CpG sites in 7 genes that were significantly associated with systolic, diastolic BP, and IS, respectively. The methylation level of cg12760995 in CASZ1 was associated with systolic (P SMR = 1.74 × 10-12), diastolic BP (P SMR = 2.48 × 10-10), and IS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.94]; P SMR = 2.28 × 10-8) in Europeans. The methylation levels of 17 sites in the promoter of CASZ1 were measured in the Chinese individuals, and 10 of them were significantly associated with IS. The higher methylation level of CASZ1 was associated with a lower risk of IS (adjusted OR = 0.97 [95% CI: 0.96-0.99]). CASZ1 seemed to be hypomethylated in hypertensive cases, and the level was negatively correlated with BP. Systolic and diastolic BP mediated approximately 61.2% (p = 3.49 × 10-6) and 45.0% (p = 0.0029) of the association between CASZ1 methylation and IS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified DNA methylations that were associated with BP and IS. CASZ1 was hypomethylated in Chinese patients with hypertensive IS.

Efficacy and safety of nebivolol in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: Our meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebivolol compared with other second-generation ß blockers for hypertensive patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Clinical Trials.gov databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The efficacy endpoints included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), reduction of SBP and DBP, heart rate (HR), and adverse events (AEs). FINDINGS: Eight RCTs with 1514 patients met the inclusion criteria. HR was significantly lower in patients receiving other second-generation ß blockers compared with patients receiving nebivolol. There was no difference the reduction of blood pressure (SBP and DBP) or the reduction of SBP or DBP between the groups. The incidence of AEs was lower in patients taking nebivolol compared with patients taking other second-generation ß blockers. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was demonstrated between nebivolol and other second-generation ß blockers in the reduction of blood pressure, SBP, and DBP. The tolerability of nebivolol was significantly better compared with other second-generation ß blockers, and nebivolol was also associated with a stable HR and a lower risk of AEs compared with other second-generation ß blockers.

Effects of media reporting on mitigating spread of COVID-19 in the early phase of the outbreak.

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is running rampantly in China and is swiftly spreading to other countries in the world, which causes a great concern on the global public health. The absence of specific therapeutic treatment or effective vaccine against COVID-19 call for other avenues of the prevention and control measures. Media reporting is thought to be effective to curb the spreading of an emergency disease in the early stage. Cross-correlation analysis based on our collected data demonstrated a strong correlation between media data and the infection case data. Thus we proposed a deterministic dynamical model to examine the interaction of the disease progression and the media reports and to investigate the effectiveness of media reporting on mitigating the spread of COVID-19. The basic reproduction number was estimated as 5.3167 through parameterization of the model with the number of cumulative confirmed cases, the number of cumulative deaths and the daily number of media items. Sensitivity analysis suggested that, during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, enhancing the response rate of the media reporting to the severity of COVID-19, and enhancing the response rate of the public awareness to the media reports, both can bring forward the peak time and reduce the peak size of the infection significantly. These findings suggested that besides improving the medical levels, media coverage can be considered as an effective way to mitigate the disease spreading during the initial stage of an outbreak.

A bioactivity-oriented modification strategy for SDH inhibitors with superior activity against fungal strains.

In this work, a total of 36 novel 5-(nicotinamido)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized successfully by introducing a carboxyl group based on the N-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-6-methoxynicotinamide. Among them, the growth inhibition assays on agar plates showed that compound 5IV-d(5-(2-chloronicotinamido)-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) exhibited the significant antifungal activity against four important fruit and main crop disease fungi (i.e., Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Helminthosporium maydis and Rhizoctonia cerealis) with EC50 values of 22.6, 14.5, 17.6 and 18.2 µM, respectively. In addition, 5IV-d showed the excellent inhibitory effect against SDH enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 9.4 to 15.6 µM. In vivo bioassay and molecular docking were applied to explore the potential in practical application and combination of modified structure and SDH. The results of structure-activity relationships indicates that the methoxy substitution at the benzene ring attached to the pyrazole ring and a wide variety of substituents could be responsible for the promising antifungal efficacy of the designed compounds. This study demonstrated that the compound 5IV-d can act as the most potent SDH inhibitor in the reported series of compounds.

MiR-429 Involves in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer via Directly Targeting LATS2.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death around the world whose recurrence and metastasis rate is high. Due to the underlying unclear pathogenesis, it is hard so far to predict the tumorigenesis and prevent its recurrence. YAP/TAZ has been reported to be activated and functioned as a potential oncogene in multiple cancer types and proved to be essential for the carcinogenesis of most solid tumors. In the present study, we found that YAP/TAZ was markedly upregulated in CRC tissues comparing with the adjacent noncancerous tissues due to the downregulation of LATS2, the main upstream regulator. We further identified miR-429 as a direct regulator of LATS2-YAP/TAZ activation, suggesting that the miR-429-LATS2-YAP/TAZ might be novel effective diagnostic axis and therapeutic targets for CRC.

Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in colorectal cancer and its association with genomic alterations.

BACKGROUND: Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is suggested to be an early and important step in tumor progression toward metastasis, but its prognostic value and genetic mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been well investigated. AIM: To investigate the prognostic value of LVI in CRC and identify the associated genomic alterations. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 1219 CRC patients and evaluated the prognostic value of LVI for overall survival by the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis. We also performed an array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 47 fresh CRC samples to examine the genomic alterations associated with LVI. A decision tree model was applied to identify special DNA copy number alterations (DCNAs) for differentiating between CRCs with and without LVI. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses were conducted to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of LVI. RESULTS: LVI was detected in 150 (12.3%) of 1219 CRCs, and the presence was positively associated with higher histological grade and advanced tumor stage (both P < 0.001). Compared with the non-LVI group, the LVI group showed a 1.77-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.40-2.25, P < 0.001) increased risk of death and a significantly lower 5-year overall survival rate (P < 0.001). Based on the comparative genomic hybridization data, 184 DCNAs (105 gains and 79 losses) were identified to be significantly related to LVI (P < 0.05), and the majority were located at 22q, 17q, 10q, and 6q. We further constructed a decision tree classifier including seven special DCNAs, which could distinguish CRCs with LVI from those without it at an accuracy of 95.7%. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed that the genomic alterations related to LVI were correlated with inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. CONCLUSION: LVI is an independent predictor for survival in CRC, and its development may correlate with inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling.

Combined Effects of A Body Shape Index and Serum C-reactive Protein on Ischemic Stroke Incidence among Mongolians in China.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of a high body shape index (ABSI) and a high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level on the incidence of ischemic stroke in a Mongolian population in China. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 2,589 participants from June 2002 to July 2012 in Inner Mongolia, China. The participants were categorized into 4 groups according to their level of ABSI and CRP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke among all groups. RESULTS: The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke for high ABSI and high CRP level were 1.46 (0.89-2.39) and 1.63 (0.95-2.79), respectively. Compared with the low ABSI/low CRP level group, the multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) of ischemic stroke in the low ABSI/high CRP, high ABSI/low CRP, and high ABSI/high CRP groups were 1.04 (0.46-2.35), 1.06 (0.58-1.95) and 2.52 (1.27-5.00), respectively. The HR of ischemic stroke for the high ABSI/high CRP level group was the highest and most statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We found that participants with simultaneously high ABSI and high CRP levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke in the Mongolian population. Our findings suggest that the combination of high ABSI and high CRP levels may increase the risk of ischemic stroke.

Survival Mechanisms and Influence Factors of Circulating Tumor Cells.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells shed from either the primary tumor or its metastases that circulate in the peripheral blood. The CTCs are regarded as the source of tumor recurrence and metastasis and speculated as the indicators of residual tumors, thereby indicating a poor prognosis. Although CTCs play a vital role in tumor metastasis and recurrence, little is known about the underlying survival mechanisms in the blood circulation. The accumulating evidence has revealed that CTCs might survive in the peripheral blood by overcoming the mechanical damage due to shear stress, resistance to anoikis, evasion of immune destruction, and resistance to chemotherapy. The present review addresses the putative survival mechanisms underlying the formation and migration of CTCs according to their biological characteristics and blood microenvironment. In addition, the relationship between CTCs and microenvironment is illustrated, and the influencing factors related to the interactions of CTCs with various components in the peripheral blood are reviewed with respect to the platelets, immune cells, cytokines, and circulating tumor microemboli (CTM). Furthermore, the recent advances in the new treatment strategies targeting the survival mechanisms of CTCs are also discussed.

Design, synthesis, and antifungal activity of novel cinnamon-pyrazole carboxamide derivatives.

Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery To discover succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors with a novel structure, we introduced cinnamic acid structure to optimize the lead structure 1 and synthesized four series of cinnamon-pyrazole carboxamide derivatives. The bioassay data showed that compounds (E)-N-(1-[4-chlorophenyl]-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl) acrylamide (5III-d) and (E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-[4-chlorophenyl]-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) acrylamide (5III-f) showed the significant antifungal activity against three fungi. In addition, 5III-d and 5III-f exhibited the excellent inhibitory effect against succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 19.4 to 28.7 µM. The study demonstrates that the chlorine substituent group is present on both the phenyl and pyrazole rings that have a very good effect on the antifungal effect, and the compounds 5III-d and 5III-f can act as potential SDH inhibitors (SDHI) and throw a sprat for a new generation of SDHI.

Validation of the China-PAR Equations for Cardio-cerebrovascular Risk Prediction in the Inner Mongolian Population.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the China-PAR equations in predicting the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Inner Mongolians population. A population-based, prospective cohort of 2,589 Mongolians were followed up from 2003 to 2012. Participants were categorized into 4 subgroups according to their 10-year CVD risks calculated using the China-PAR equations: < 5%, 5%-9.9%, 10%-19.9%, and ⪖ 20%. The China-PAR equations discriminated well with good C statistics (range, 0.76-0.86). The adjusted hazard ratios for CVD showed an increasing trend among the 4 subgroups (P for trend < 0.01). However, the China-PAR equations underestimated the 10-year CVD risk in Mongolians, and the calibration was unsatisfactory (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 19.98, P < 0.01 for men, χ2 = 46.58, P < 0.001 for women). The performance of the China-PAR equations warrants further validation in other ethnic groups in China.

Combined Effects of Family History of Cardiovascular Disease and Serum C-reactive Protein Level on the Risk of Stroke: A 9.2-year Prospective Study among Mongolians in China.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the combined effect of a family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) on the stroke incidence in an Inner Mongolian population in China. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted from June 2002 to July 2012, with 2,544 participants aged 20 years and over from Inner Mongolia, China. We categorized participants into four groups based on the family history of CVD and CRP levels. RESULTS: We adjusted for age; sex; smoking; drinking; hypertension; body mass index; waist circumference; and blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Compared with the group with no family history of CVD/low CRP levels, the group with family history of CVD/high CRP levels had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-3.07; P = 0.039] of stroke, and an HR of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.09-4.20; P = 0.027) of ischemic stroke. The HRs of hemorrhagic stroke for the other three groups were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Participants with both a family history of CVD and high CRP levels had the highest stroke incidence, suggesting that high CRP levels may increase stroke risk, especially of ischemic stroke, among individuals with a family history of CVD.

C-reactive Protein Level, Apolipoprotein B-to-apolipoprotein A-1 Ratio, and Risks of Ischemic Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease among Inner Mongolians in China.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the cumulative effect of high CRP level and apolipoprotein B-to-apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoB/ApoA-1) ratio on the incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) or coronary heart disease (CHD) in a Mongolian population in China. METHODS: From June 2003 to July 2012, 2589 Mongolian participants were followed up for IS and CHD events based on baseline investigation. All the participants were divided into four subgroups according to C-reactive protein (CRP) level and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the IS and CHD events in all the subgroups. RESULTS: The HRs (95% CI) for IS and CHD were 1.33 (0.84-2.12), 1.14 (0.69-1.88), and 1.91 (1.17-3.11) in the 'low CRP level with high ApoB/ApoA-1', 'high CRP level with low ApoB/ApoA-1', and 'high CRP level with high ApoB/ApoA-1' subgroups, respectively, in comparison with the 'low CRP level with low ApoB/ApoA-1' subgroup. The risks of IS and CHD events was highest in the 'high CRP level with high ApoB/ApoA-1' subgroup, with statistical significance. CONCLUSION: High CRP level with high ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio was associated with the highest risks of IS and CHD in the Mongolian population. This study suggests that the combination of high CRP and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio may improve the assessment of future risk of developing IS and CHD in the general population.

Glutamine ameliorates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion Injury in rats by activating the Nrf2/Are signaling pathway.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-mediated intestinal mucosal injury is usually induced by oxygen-derived toxic free radicals from the xanthine oxidase system after reperfusion, but the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying glutamine protection is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether glutamine prevents damage to the intestinal mucosa after I/R in rats and to investigate signaling by the Nrf2/ARE pathway induced by GLN in a rat model. Our results revealed that Glutamine pretreatment reduced jejunum injury and microvascular hyper-permeability induced by I/R. MDA level significantly increased while the SOD and GSH-Px levels decreased in the I/R group compared to the sham group and the GLN-I/R group. Both the mRNA and protein levels of the Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly elevated by GLN pretreatment when compared to the I/R group. GLN treatment also elevated Bcl-2 levels, and accordingly suppressed apoptotic damage in the jejunum cells shown by decreased cleaved caspase-3 level. Mechanistic investigation revealed that GLN treatment augmented binding of Nrf2 onto Bcl2 gene promoter. These results indicate that glutamine has protective effects on I/R in vivo by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to inhibit ROS production and reduce intestinal apoptosis.

[Influence of serum storage on the laboratory results of prostate-specific antigen].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of serum storage on the laboratory results of serum T-PSA, F-PSA and FPSA%. METHODS: Using automated chemiluminescence, we detected and compared the values of serum T-PSA, F-PSA and F-PSA% in the serum stored in different conditions. RESULTS: When the serum was stored at 4 degrees C or at the room temperature (22 - 26 degrees C), FPSA was unstable as compared with T-PSA. Compared with the initial value, after 4 hours at the room temperature, F-PSA was decreased to (0.392 +/- 0.246) microg/L (P < 0.01), while T-PSA and F-PSA% to (1.522 +/- 1.085) microg/L and (25.03 +/- 5.94)%, respectively, with no significant difference; after 8 hours at the room temperature, T-PSA and F-PSA were reduced to (1.513 +/- 1.083) and (0.389 +/- 0.247) microg/L (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). At 4 degrees C, T-PSA, F-PSA and F-PSA% were decreased to (9.418 +/- 7.965) microg/L, (2.168 +/- 1.558) micro/L and (26.6 +/- 6.63)%, respectively, after 2 days (P < 0.05), and to (9.203 +/- 7.736) microg/L, (2.047 +/- 1.478) microg/L and (25.64 +/- 6.56)% after 1 week (P < 0.01). At -40 degrees C, T-PSA, F-PSA and F-PSA% were (4.532 +/- 4.393) microg/L, (1.178 +/- 1.034) microg/L and (24.45 +/- 8.81)% after 4 weeks. When the serum was stored at -40 degrees C and after 3 freeze-thaws, F-PSA and T-PSA were (5.982 +/- 5.314) and (1.341 +/- 1.029) microg/L, respectively, with no significant difference from the initial values. CONCLUSION: Different conditions of serum storage have different influences on the laboratory results of serum TPSA, F-PSA and F-PSA%, more on F-PSA than on T-PSA, while F-PSA% is relatively stable. At -40 degrees C, T-PSA and F-PSA may remain stable for a month at least. Repeated freeze-thaws of the serum do not affect the laboratory results of F-PSA and T-PSA.

[Z scores for growth and development, physical fitness, and the relationship between them in 362 preschool children in Yantai City, China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Z scores for growth and development, physical fitness, and the relationship between them in preschool children in Yantai City, China, and to provide scientific evidence for health care in children. METHODS: A total of 362 children aged 3 to 4 years, whose data were recorded in the National Physical Fitness Survey in Yantai in 2010, were included in the study. Z scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age and body mass index-for-age were calculated. The relationship between Z scores and physical fitness was determined by Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: The mean Z scores were all positive numbers. The prevalence rates of underweight and growth retardation were very low, but that of obesity was relatively high (up to 16.5% in 4-year-old boys). There were differences in physical fitness between children of different ages and between boys and girls (P<0.05). The Z scores showed correlation with some physical fitness indices (P<0.05), but they were not closely correlated as the value of r was not more than 0.30. CONCLUSIONS: Z scores for growth and development remain at relatively high levels in preschool children in Yantai. The physical fitness is associated with age and gender in these children. There are weak correlations between Z scores and some physical fitness indices. Effective measures should be taken to adjust dietary habits and promote exercise for children, thus preventing obesity and improving physical fitness.

[The phenotypes of a hypercholesterolemia family with low density lipoprotein receptor exon 13 A606T mutation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical phenotypes of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) caused by exon 13 A606T mutation in low density lipoprotein receptor. METHODS: Clinical data of the suffered family were collected and analyzed, as well as measurement of perivascular intima-medial thickness and follow-mediated-dilation function by ultrasonography. RESULTS: There were totally 11 sufferers including 4 males and 9 females, aged 8-90 years, with 2 homozygotes and 9 heterozygotes. Among them, one homozygote showed angina pectoris and hematuria, both homozygotes had skin xanthomata. TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C were (7.39 ± 1.30) mmol/L, (0.93 ± 0.36) mmol/L, (11.76 ± 1.10) mmol/L and (1.22 ± 0.17) mmol/L, respectively. The left/right sided intima-medial thickness of the common, internal, external and bulb carotid artery were (1.15 ± 0.45) mm/(1.30 ± 0.60) mm, (0.82 ± 0.30) mm/(1.00 ± 0.66) mm, (0.77 ± 0.28) mm/(0.78 ± 0.30) mm and (1.40 ± 0.59) mm/(1.46 ± 0.71) mm respectively. The brachial artery flow mediated dilation rate was (4.85 ± 4.80)%. Echocardiography revealed 2 patients with cardiac valvular disease and 3 with atrium septum aneurysm. CONCLUSION: FH patients show a variety of phenotypes including extraordinary hypercholesterolemia, subcutaneous xanthomata and premature coronary heart disease.