Persistent left superior vena cava isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation: Selective or empirical?

BACKGROUND: Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most prevalent form of thoracic venous abnormality and can serve as a significant arrhythmogenic source in atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Among the 3950 patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation for AF between September 2014 to April 2020, 17 patients (mean age 59.4 ± 8.0 years, 64.7% male) with PLSVC were identified. Among them, nine patients (52.9%) had a prior history of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone. Eight out of nine patients who experienced AF recurrence underwent PLSVC isolation with or without pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection. For the remaining eight patients (47.1%), PVI plus PLSVC isolation were performed during the index procedure. Ectopy originating from PLSVC was documented in 11 patients (64.7%) and successful PLSVC isolation was achieved in 16 patients (94.1%). After a median follow-up of 28.3 months, freedom from AF/ atrial tachycardia (AT) was observed in 13 patients (76.5%). CONCLUSION: Empirical PLSVC isolation beyond PVI appears to be a feasible and safe strategy to prevent AF recurrence in patients with concomitant PLSVC.

Scar-related atrial macroreentries: Different arrhymogenic basis generates different reentry type.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation is an established therapeutic strategy to treat scar-related macroreentry atrial tachycardia (MAT). However, the scar properties and arrhythmogenicity and the reentry type have not been clearly defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 122 patients with scar-related MAT were enrolled in this study. The atrial scars were classified into two categories: spontaneous scars (Group A: n = 28) and iatrogenic scars (Group B: n = 94). According to the relationship between scar location and the reentry circuit, MAT was described as scar pro-flutter MAT, scar-dependent MAT, and scar-mediated MAT. The reentry type of MAT was significantly different between Groups A and B: pro-flutter (40.5% vs. 62.0%, p = 0.02), scar-dependent AT (40.5% vs. 13.0%, p < 0.001), and scar-mediated AT (19.0% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.42). After a median follow-up of 25 months, 21 patients with AT recurrence were observed. Compared with the spontaneous group, there was a lower recurrence rate of MAT in the iatrogenic group (28.6% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Scar-related MAT has three reentry types, and the proportion of each type varies with the scar properties and its arrhythmogenic basis. Optimization of the ablation strategy based on the scar properties to improve the long-term outcome of catheter ablation of MAT is necessary.

[Analysis of three Chinese pedigrees affected with recurrent hydatidiform mole due to variants of NLRP7 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology of recurrent hydatidiform mole (RHM) and provide accurate guidance for reproduction. METHODS: Peripheral venous blood samples of the probands with RHM and members from 5 unrelated pedigrees were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted by using routine method, and whole exome sequencing was carried out to detect variants of RHM-associated genes including NLRP7 and KHDC3L. Sanger sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to validate the candidate variants and delineate their parental origin. RESULTS: Homozygous or compound heterozygous variants of the NLRP7 gene were identified in four patients from three pedigrees, which included a homozygous deletion of exon 1 to 4 of NLRP7 in patient P1 and her elder sister, compound heterozygous variants of NLRP7 c.939delG (p.Q314Sfs*6) pat and c.1533delG (p.N512Tfs*4) mat in patient P2, and compound heterozygous variants of NLRP7 c.2389_2390delTC (p.A798Qfs*6) pat and c.2165A>G (p.D722G) mat in patient P4. All variants were interpreted as pathogenic or likely pathogenic according to the American College of Medical and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Among these, NLRP7 exons 1 to 4 deletion, c.939delG (p.Q314Sfs*6), c.1533delG (p.N512Tfs*4) and c.2389_2390delTC (p.A798Qfs*6) were unreported previously. CONCLUSION: Variants of the NLRP7 gene probably underlay autosomal recessive RHM in the three pedigrees, and definitive molecular diagnosis is beneficial for accurate genetic counseling. Above finding has also enriched the spectrum of the NLRP7 variants underlying RHM.

Genetic findings in patients with primary fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy.

Primary fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy (PF-ACM) is a novel type of cardiomyopathy characterized by primary atrial fibrosis with arrhythmogenicity and increased stroke risk without ventricular myocardium involvement. However, genetic analysis regarding PF-ACM and genotype-phenotype correlations is lacking. A cohort of PF-ACM patients was recruited and followed up. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was applied, and genes were screened using a cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related gene panel. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were performed. The pathogenicity of the identified mutations was evaluated using in silico analysis. Thirty-three unrelated patients were referred for WES. Thirty-three rare variants of 19 CVD-related genes were identified in 21 patients, with 10 patients harboring more than one variation. TTN was the most frequent gene observed. Further analysis demonstrated that variations in sarcomeric (SV) or non-sarcomeric (NSV) genes were found in 16 and 10 patients, respectively. Patients carrying variants regardless of SV or NSV had larger left atrial dimensions determined by echo and larger left atrium areas determined by CMR. There was no discrepancy in disease severity between SV carriers and NSV carriers. Our genetic investigation into PF-ACM has identified several genetic culprits, providing further insight into its underlying pathophysiology and emphasizing a potential role for genetic testing for this condition.

Genetic etiologic analysis in 74 Chinese Han women with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency by combined molecular genetic testing.

PURPOSE: To identify the disease-causing genes of Chinese Han women with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). METHODS: Seventy-four Chinese Han women with idiopathic POI were collected to analyze the genetic etiology. Triplet repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction (TP-PCR) was performed to screen the FMR1 (CGG)n premutation, and then 60 POI-related genes were sequenced by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in POI patients with normal FMR1. RESULTS: A total of one patient (1/74) with FMR1 premutation was identified. Targeted NGS revealed that 15.07% (11/73) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of Mendelian genes (FOXL2, EIF2B2, CYP17A1, CLPP, MCM9, GDF9, MSH5, ERCC6, POLG). Ten novel variants in six Mendelian genes were identified, such as CLPP c.355A>C (p.I119L) and c.688A>C (p.M230L), MCM9 c.1157C>T (p.T386M) and c.1291A>G (p.M431V), GDF9 c. 238C>T (p.Q80X), MSH5 c.604G>C (p.G202R) and c.2063T>C (p.I688T), ERCC6 c.C1769C>T (p.P590L), POLG c.2832G>C (p.E944D), and c.2821A>G (p.I941V). CONCLUSION: This study suggested targeted NGS was an efficient etiologic test for idiopathic POI patients without FMR1 premutation and enriched the variant spectrum of POI-related genes.

A novel mutation in KCNH2 yields loss-of-function of hERG potassium channel in long QT syndrome 2.

Mutations in hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) potassium channel are closely associated with long QT syndromes. By direct Sanger sequencing, we identified a novel KCNH2 mutation W410R in the patient with long QT syndrome 2 (LQT2). However, the electrophysiological functions of this mutation remain unknown. In comparison to hERGWT channels, hERGW410R channels have markedly decreased total and surface expressions. W410R mutation dramatically reduces hERG channel currents (IKr) and shifts its steady-state activation curve to depolarization. Moreover, hERGW410R channels make dominant-negative effects on hERGWT channels. Significantly, we find hERG channel blocker E-4031 could partially rescue the function of hERGW410R channels by increasing the membrane expression. By using in silico model, we reveal that hERGW410R channels obviously elongate the repolarization of human ventricular myocyte action potentials. Collectively, W410R mutation decreases the currents of hERG channel, because of diminished membrane expression of mutant channels, that subsequently leads to elongated repolarization of cardiomyocyte, which might induce the pathogenesis of LQT2. Furthermore, E-4031 could partially rescue the decreased activity of hERGW410R channels. Thus, our work identifies a novel loss-of-function mutation in KCNH2 gene, which might provide a rational basis for the management of LQT2.

Functional Deletion/Insertion Promoter Variants in SCARB1 Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Lipid Profile Abnormalities and Coronary Heart Disease.

Background: Genetic variants in Scavenger receptor Class B Type 1 (SCARB1) influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk were identified by recent genome-wide association studies. Further study of potential functional variants in SCARB1 may provide new ideas of the complicated relationship between HDL-C and CHD. Methods: 2000 bp in SCARB1 promoter region was re-sequenced in 168 participants with extremely high plasma HDL-C and 400 control subjects. Putative risk alleles were identified using bioinformatics analysis and reporter-gene assays. Two indel variants, rs144334493 and rs557348251, respectively, were genotyped in 5,002 CHD patients and 5,175 control subjects. The underlying mechanisms were investigated. Results: Through resequencing, 27 genetic variants were identified. Results of genotyping in 5,002 CHD patients and 5,175 control subjects revealed that rs144334493 and rs557348251 were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD [odds ratio (OR): 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09 to 1.52, p = 0.003; OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.66-4.24, p = 4.4 × 10-5). Subsequent mechanism experiments demonstrated that rs144334493 deletion allele attenuated forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) binding to the promoter region of SCARB1, while FOXA1 overexpression reversely increased SR-BI expression. Conclusion: Genetic variants in SCARB1 promoter region significantly associated with the plasma lipid levels by affecting SR-BI expression and contribute to the susceptibility of CHD.

Circumferential pulmonary vein antrum ablation for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether the curative result of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is a result of pulmonary vein (PV) isolation, PV antrum modification (PVAM), or both. We hypothesized that sufficient antrum modification (PVAM) is as important as PV isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF) control and that PVAM can be evaluated by quantified lesion deployment using a force-sensing catheter. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients of symptomatic PAF were randomly assigned 2:1 into a PVAM group or a circumferential PV isolation (CPVI) group. In the PVAM group, circumferential quantitative ablation evaluated by automatical VisiTag module was performed. In the CPVI group, conventional circumferential ablation was performed to achieve the end point of all-PV isolation. In total, 180 patients with PAF were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the PVAM group (n = 120) or the CPVI group (n = 60). A total of 179 patients successfully underwent ablation. In the PVAM group, 68 patients achieved all PVI (PVAM-PVI), while 51 did not (PVAM-non-PVI). At 18 months, there was no significant difference in the maintenance of sinus rhythm between the PVAM and CPVI groups (84.9 vs 79.7%, P = .382). The PVAM-PVI subgroup demonstrated a higher arrhythmia-free survival compared with the PVAM-non-PVI subgroup (92.6 vs 74.5%, P = .006) and the CPVI group (92.6 vs 79.7%, P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: The trial shows that sufficient force-sensing guided PVAM can result in satisfying outcomes in PAF patients. Notably, sufficient PVAM with all-PV isolated will further increase the success rate.

A targeted sequencing approach to find novel pathogenic genes associated with sporadic aortic dissection.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a heterogeneous genetic disease of the aorta with high mortality and poor prognosis. However, only few genetic causes of AD have been explored till date. After conducting a broad literature review focused on identifying potential pathogenic pathways, we designed a panel containing 152 AD-associated genes to conduct massively parallel targeted next-generation sequencing of 702 sporadic aortic dissection patients and 163 matched healthy controls. After validation by Sanger sequencing, we identified 21 definitely pathogenic and 635 likely pathogenic variants in 61.25% (430/702) of patients. In these patients, 34.88% (150/430) harbored more than one variant that was either definitely or likely to be pathogenic. Among the candidate genes, we identified 546 likely pathogenic variants in 47.72% (335/702) of patients. Importantly, we identified 94 loss-of-function (LOF) variants in 45 genes in AD patients, but only five LOF variants in the controls (P=1.34×10-4). With a burden test, we highlighted RNF213 as an important new gene for AD pathogenesis. We also performed transcriptome sequencing of human aorta tissues to evaluate the expression levels of these newly identified genes. Our study has compiled a comprehensive genetic map of sporadic AD in the Han Chinese population. We believe it will facilitate risk predicting and genetic diagnosis of this severe disease in the future.

Atrial remodeling and metabolic dysfunction in idiopathic isolated fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic isolated fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy (IIF-ACM) is a novel subtype of cardiomyopathy characterized by atrial fibrosis that does not involve the ventricular myocardium and is associated with significant atrial tachyarrhythmia. The mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are unknown. METHODS: Atrium samples were obtained from 3 patients with IIF-ACM via surgical intervention. Control samples were consisted of 3 atrium biopsies from patients with congenital heart disease and normal sinus rhythm, matched for gender, age and basic clinical characteristics. Comparative histology, immunofluorescence staining, electron microscopy and proteomics analyses were carried out to explore the unique pathogenesis of IIF-ACM. RESULTS: IIF-ACM atria displayed disordered myofibrils, profound fibrosis and mitochondrial damages compared to the control atria. Proteomics profiling identified metabolic pathways as the most profound changes in IIF-ACM. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that metabolic changes in the atrial myocardium caused mitochondrial oxidative stress and potential cell damage, which further led to atrial fibrosis and myofibril disorganization, the characteristic phenotype of IIF-ACM.

Variants of genes encoding collagens and matrix metalloproteinase system increased the risk of aortic dissection.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a devastating, heterogeneous condition of aorta. The homeostasis between collagens and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) system in the extracellular matrix plays an important role for structure and functions of aorta. However, our knowledge on association between variants of genes in this system and pathogenesis of AD is very limited. We analyzed all yet known coding human genes of collagens (45 genes), MMPs/TIMPs (27 genes) in 702 sporadic AD patients and in 163 matched healthy controls, by using massively targeted next-generation and Sanger sequencing. To define the pathogenesis of potential disease-causing candidate genes, we performed transcriptome sequencing and pedigree co-segregation analysis in some genes and generated Col5a2 knockout rats. We identified 257 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants which involved 88.89% (64/72) genes in collagens-MMPs/TIMPs system and accounted for 31.05% (218/702) sporadic AD patients. In them, 84.86% patients (185/218) carried one variant, 12.84% two variants and 2.30% more than two variants. Importantly, we identified 52 novel probably pathogenic loss-of-function (LOF) variants (20 nonsense, 16 frameshift, 14 splice sites, one stop-loss, one initiation codon) in 11.06% (50/452) AD patients, which were absent in 163 controls (P=2.5×10-5). Transcriptome sequencing revealed that identified variants induced dyshomeostasis in expression of collagens-TIMPs/MMPs systems. The Col5a2 -/- rats manifested growth retardation and aortic dysplasia. Our study provides a first comprehensive map of genetic alterations in collagens-MMPs/TIMPs system in sporadic AD patients and suggests that variants of these genes contribute largely to AD pathogenesis.

Effect of burden and origin sites of premature ventricular contractions on left ventricular function by 7-day Holter monitor.

Recent studies have shown that premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) could enlarge the heart, but its risk factors are incompletely understood as a single 24-hour recording cannot reflect the true PVC burden due to day-to-day variability. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of burden and origin sites on left ventricular (LV) function in patients with PVCs by 7-day Holter electrocardiography (ECG). From May 2012 to August 2013, 112 consecutive patients with PVCs were recruited from the authors' affiliated hospital. All patients received 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, 12-lead routing ECG and 7-days Holter ECG. Serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured. A total of 102 participants with PVCs were included in the final analysis. Origin of PVCs from the tricuspid annulus had the highest burden and NT-proBNP level. LV papillary muscle had a higher LV ejection fraction (EF) level and a lower LV end-systolic dimension (ESD) than other PVC foci (P<0.05). The high burden group had a higher LV end-diastolic dimension (EDD) and LVESD but lower LVEF than the other two groups (P<0.05). Female, older age, physical work, and history of PVCs had a significantly positive correlation with symptoms. Male, older age, physical work, and high burden were positive predictors of enlarged LVEDD, LVESD and higher serum NT-proBNP level, but lower LVEF. Seven-day dynamic ECG Holter monitor showed the true PVC burden on patients with PVCs. PVCs with a lower burden or origin from the LV papillary muscle and the fascicle were relatively benign, while PVCs with a higher burden or origin from the tricuspid annulus may lead to cardiac dysfunction.

Whole-exome sequencing identify a new mutation of MYH7 in a Chinese family with left ventricular noncompaction.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a genetic cardiomyopathy results from the failure of myocardial development during embryogenesis. Previous reports show that defects in TAZ, SCN5A, TPM1, YWHAE, MYH7, ACTC1 and TNNT2 are associated with LVNC. Sequencing of individuals using family-based design is a powerful approach for hereditary disease. In this study, we used whole-exome sequencing to screen potentially novel causal mutations in a Chinese Han family with LVNC. METHODS: DNA from 3 individuals belonging to the same family was extracted and sequenced based on standard whole-exome sequencing protocol. The exome sequence data was analyzed using BWA, PICARD and Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK v2.8). Non-silent single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were further selected if they exist in both LVNC patients and not in the health control. A web-based software Snv Prioritization via the INtegration of Genomic data (SPRING), was used to prioritize the causal SNV by calculating a q-value which indicates the statistical significance that a variant is causative for a query disease. RESULTS: From the LVNC family in which the mother and son were affected, a novel single nucleotide variant c.C1492G in exon 15 of MYH7 was identified probably to be the causal SNV of the family with P-value of 3.45E-05 and q-value of 4.65E-03 by SPRING. The SNV was predicted as deleterious in SIFT, PolyPhe2 and MutatioTaster database. Another 12 SNVs were also identified with P-value less than 0.05 by SPRING. CONCLUSIONS: A novel genetic variant in the coding regions of MYH7 gene was identified in a Chinese LVNC-family. The results support the previous evidence that MYH7 is a pathogenic gene for LVNC.

Pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy due to a heterozygous mutation of the TNNI3 gene.

Pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy is rare and most commonly idiopathic in origin. Here, we applied a candidate gene approach and identified a missense mutation in the cardiac troponin I gene in a 12-year-old Chinese girl with restrictive cardiomyopathy. This study indicates that mutation in sarcomere protein genes may play an important role in idiopathic pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy.

[Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of three pediatric patients with idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy].

OBJECTIVE: Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is rare in children, and little is known about the molecular basis of RCM. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and myopathological characteristics and to detect mutations on cardiac sarcomere protein genes in three idiopathic pediatric RCMs. METHODS: Detailed clinical characteristics and familiar history were obtained in three idiopathic pediatric RCMs. One hundred healthy pediatric individuals were recruited as controls. Histological evaluation was performed with heart tissue retrieved at catheterization in case-1 and case-2. The entire coding sequences of four cardiac sarcomere protein genes, including cardiac troponin T (TNNT2), cardiac troponin I(TNNI3), ß-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), and α-actin (ACTC)were screened for mutations. Sequence variants were then tested in the family as well as in 100 healthy control DNAs. RESULTS: All three index cases were diagnosed as primary RCMs without family history, and their clinical conditions deteriorated rapidly. Case-1 was in combination with ventricular septal defect. Case-2 was in combination with mid- and inferoseptal hypertrophy. In case-1, myocardial biopsies displayed extensive an isomorphism and disarray of cardiomyocytes; electron microscopy showed large stacks of severely dysmorphic megamitochondria and focal Z-disc streaming. In case-2, endomyocardial biopsy revealed moderate myocyte hypertrophy with mild interstitial fibrosis; transmission electron microscopy showed misalignment of Z-bands and unequal Z-Z band distances. Genetic analysis identified two heterozygous missense mutations in TNNI3, with R204H in case-1 and R192H in case-3 respectively. A de novo heterozygous deletion in TNNT2 (p. Asn100_Glu101del) was identified in case-2. Sequence analysis shows that all three mutations are located in a position highly conserved across many species. The three mutations were negative for their parents and controls. CONCLUSION: The clinical conditions in all three index cases are deteriorated rapidly after diagnosed as primary RCM. Three heterozygous mutations including two in TNNI3 and one in TNNT2 gene are identified in the three RCMs respectively, which are considered as causative mutations. These findings provide new insights into the molecular etiology responsible for pediatric RCM.

Establishment and evaluation of a swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion-ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest using the interventional technique.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular fibrillation is the main cause of sudden cardiac death among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Substantial benefits could be obtained by both researchers and practitioners if an AMI reperfusion-ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest model were established. METHODS: Twenty swine were anesthetized and underwent occlusion of the left anterior descending branch for 90 minutes prior to blood reperfusion. Throughout this process, continuous 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) was used to monitor heart rate, rhythm, and electrocardiogram alteration. Thereafter, AMI was confirmed by ECG and left ventricular angiography. Heart tissue was collected for pathological analysis, and for evaluation of the establishment of a model of AMI reperfusion. RESULTS: Seven swine died during the model establishment, and the 13 surviving swine were proven to have myocardial infarction; nine of those survivors had ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest after reperfusion based on the electrocardiograph and pathological examination. CONCLUSION: Blocking the left anterior descending branch by inflation of an over-the-wire coronary balloon catheter in swine can result in successful establishment of a swine model of AMI and reperfusion-ventricular fibrillation-cardiac arrest, with good reproducibility and a high survival rate.

Intramyocardial Injection of Pig Pluripotent Stem Cells Improves Left Ventricular Function and Perfusion: A Study in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the potential to differentiate to various types of cardiovascular cells to repair an injured heart. The potential therapeutic benefits of iPS cell based treatment have been established in small-animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesize that porcine iPS (piPS) cell transplantation may be an effective treatment for MI. After a 90-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in a porcine model, undifferentiated piPS cells or PBS were injected into the ischemic myocardium. Cardiac function, myocardial perfusion and cell differentiation were investigated. One week after piPS cell delivery, global left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly decreased in both the iPS group and the PBS group compared to the Sham group (p<0.05, respectively). Six weeks after piPS cell delivery, LVEF of the iPS group significantly improved compared to the PBS group (56.68% vs. 50.93%, p = 0.04) but was still lower than the Sham group. Likewise, the piPS cell transplantation improved the regional perfusion compared to the PBS injection (19.67% vs. 13.67%, p = 0.02). The infarct area was significantly smaller in the iPS group than the PBS group (12.04% vs. 15.98% p = 0.01). PiPS cells engrafted into the myocardium can differentiate into vessel cells, which result in increased formation of new vessels in the infarcted heart. Direct intramyocardial injection of piPS cells can decrease infarct size and improve left ventricular function and perfusion for an immunosuppressed porcine AMI model.

Circulating microRNAs, novel biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction: a systemic review.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (MiRNA) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression post-transcriptionally by cleavage or translational repression of their specific target miRNAs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating miRNAs are stable and abundant in blood and aberrantly expressed under pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. The implications of circulating miRNAs in acute myocardial infarction have recently been recognized. This review will highlight the potential role of miRNA as a novel class of biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: This systemic review is based on our own work and other related reports. RESULTS: During diseases circulating miRNAs are derived from not only circulating blood cells but also other tissues affected by ongoing diseases. These disease-related miRNAs in the blood can serve as potential biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The circulating miRNAs can be used as novel biomarkers potentially offering more sensitive and specific tests than those currently available for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Poly[[diaqua-tris[µ(4)-(p-phenyl-enedi-oxy)diacetato]didysprosium(III)] dihydrate].

The title dysprosium coordination polymer, {[Dy(2)(C(10)H(8)O(6))(3)(H(2)O)(2)]·2H(2)O}(n), was synthesized by reacting dysprosium(III) nitrate and the flexible ligand (p-phenyl-enedi-oxy)diacetic acid under hydro-thermal conditions. Each Dy(III) ion is coordinated by nine O atoms in a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. The DyO(9) polyhedra form layers parallel to the bc plane. The rigid benzene rings of the anions link the layers along the a axis, forming a three-dimensional framework.