The influence of internet use frequency, family atmosphere, and academic performance on adolescent depression: Based on the chain mediating effect of self-adjustment and campus deviant behavior.

Introduction: Depression has become a prominent psychological problem among young people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between the frequency of Internet use, family atmosphere, academic performance, self-adjustment, campus deviant behavior, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Methods: Based on the survey data of the fifth wave (2017~2018) and the sixth wave (2019~2020) of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study used LISREL8.8 software to analyze 1,577 10~15 data on adolescents. Results: In this study, the mean score of self-adjustment was 42.40 (SD = 6.79), the mean score of campus deviant behavior was 12.59 (SD = 4.00), the mean score of depressive symptoms in 2018 was 11.88 (SD = 3.04), and the mean score of depressive symptoms in 2020 was 7.64 (SD = 2.20). Secondly, the frequency of Internet use had no direct effect on the depressive symptoms of adolescents, family atmosphere was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.005), and academic performance was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.005). Depressive symptoms in 2020 had a direct effect (ß = 0.37, p < 0.001), and also had a negative effect on depressive symptoms in 2020, with a total effect of-0.07 (p < 0.001); self-adjustment had no direct effect on depressive symptoms in adolescents in 2018, However, the total effect was -0.14 (p < 0.001), which had a significant positive effect on 2020 depressive symptoms, and the total effect was 0.18 (p < 0.001), and self-adjustment had a significant negative effect on adolescent campus deviant behavior (ß = -0.38, p < 0.001); in addition, the frequency of Internet use, family atmosphere, and academic performance all had indirect effects on adolescents' 2020 depressive symptoms, with total effects of -0.60, 0.01, and 0.02 (p < 0.001), respectively. This study also found depressive symptoms in adolescents have a certain persistence in time. Discussion: Based on this study, it is necessary to pay more attention to the depression of adolescents, strengthen the training of self-adjustment, improve the anti-frustration ability and psychological resilience, and reduce the campus deviant behavior of adolescents. It is recommended to try to start from emotional self-adjustment to promote the personality health of adolescents.

The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer.

Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.

Review on emergency medical response against terrorist attack.

Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks (for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).

[Changes in Ca(2+)concentration and caspase-3 expression and their relationship in Raji cells exposed to electromagnetic radiation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP), S-band high power microwave (S-HPM), and X-band high power microwave (X-HPM) on the Ca(2+) concentration and caspase-3 expression in Raji cells and the relationship between Ca(2+) concentration and caspase-3 expression, and to investigate the regulatory mechanism of electromagnetic radiation damage. METHODS: Raji cells were cultured conventionally. Some cells were irradiated by EMP, S-HPM, and X-HPM in the logarithmic growth phase for 6 hours and then collected; others received sham irradiation as a control. The Ca(2+) concentration in the cells was measured by laser scanning confocal microscope; the caspase-3 expression in the cells was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the control group (Ca(2+) fluorescence intensity = 43.08 ± 2.08; caspase-3 expression level = 0.444 ± 0.13), the EMP,S-HPM, and X-HPM groups had significantly increased Ca(2+) concentrations, with Ca(2+) fluorescence intensities of 69.56 ± 1.71, 50.06 ± 1.89, and 70.68 ± 1.59, respectively (P < 0.01), and had upregulated caspase-3 expression, with expression levels of 0.964 ± 0.12, 0.586 ± 0.16, and 0.970 ± 0.07, respectively (P < 0.01). Each of the EMP and X-HPM groups had significantly higher Ca(2+) fluorescence intensity and caspase-3 expression level than the S-HPM group (P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between the EMP and X-HPM groups. The linear regression analysis showed that the caspase-3 expression was upregulated as the Ca(2+) concentration increased, with a positive correlation between them (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EMP, S-HPM, and X-HPM cause damage probably by increasing the Ca(2+) concentration in cells and in turn inducing caspase-3 overexpression.

[Serological survys on anti-H1N1 IgG of blood donors in Dongguan].

OBJECTIVE: To access the sustained immune effect in influenza A H1N1 vaccine vaccinated-blood donors as well as the level of anti-H1N1 IgG in unvaccinated-blood donors in order to provide reference for preventing and treating influenza A H1N1. METHODS: Anti-H1N1 IgG was detected in 1166 vaccinated-blood donors as well as 1265 unvaccinated-blood donors by ELISA method in Dongguan from January 2010 to June 2010. RESULTS: The mean positive rate and high-titer rate of anti-H1N1 IgG were 78.82% and 46.57% respectively, both of which were sustained at relatively high level after reaching their peak at vaccination time of 71-90 d. The mean positive rate of anti-H1N1 IgG in unvaccinated-blood donors was 26.01%. No difference was found in the positive rate of anti-H1N1 IgG among different gender or age groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The influenza A H1N1 vaccine, with good sustained immune effect, plays an important role in preventing and treating influenza A H1N1. The positive rate of anti-H1N1 IgG in influenza A HIN1 vaccine unvaccinated-blood donors is low. Vaccination should be strengthened.

Transplantation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells improves survival rates in a rat model of acute hepatic necrosis.

INTRODUCTION: Stem cell-based therapies are emerging as important and promising methods in the treatment of end-stage liver disease. This study is aimed to evaluate the effects of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (HUCBMSC) transplantation in acute hepatic necrosis (AHN). METHODS: Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled HUCBMSCs were injected into the liver of rats in which AHN was induced by carbon tetrachloride, and the migration of these cells in liver slices was evaluated from 48 hours to 4 weeks post-transplantation. The transdifferentiation status of the HUCBMSCs was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and survival rates were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Dispersed GFP fluorescence was observed along the portal area 48 hours after transplantation. One week post-transplantation, GFP-positive cells were found in necrotic liver areas, and GFP-positive cells persisted after 4 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that transplanted HUCBMSCs expressed several human liver tissue-specific markers in rats with AHN. Statistical analysis revealed that rats with AHN that were transplanted with HUCBMSCs had significantly lower death rates after 48 hours than those receiving no HUCBMSCs. CONCLUSION: HUCBMSC transplantation can significantly improve the survival of rats with AHN. The underlying mechanisms involved may include the transdifferentiation of HUCBMSCs into hepatocyte-like cells and targeted migration of these cells to liver lesion sites.

[Construction of the recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3.0-RKIP and expression in PC12 cells].

AIM: To construct the eukaryotic expression vectors of RKIP plasmid and detect its expression in PC12 cells. METHODS: The coding sequence of RKIP was generated by nested-PCR using total RNA extracted from the root ganglion neurons of rats. RKIP gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.0. After restriction enzyme analysis and sequence identification, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into PC12 cells with non-liposome mediated method by Vigofect. The expression of RKIP was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The results of enzyme analysis and sequencing both identified DNA sequence of recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.0-RKIP correctly. The expression of RKIP increased obviously after transfection into PC12 cells. CONCLUSION: The eukaryotic expression plasmid of pcDNA3.0-RKIP was constructed successfully and it can be sustainly expressed in PC12 cells. This provides experimental basis for further study on the neurological function of RKIP.

[The construction and significance of the Chinese Museum of War Injuries].

The Chinese Museum of War Injuries is the only military medical museum in China which collects special weapons, conventional weapons, high-tech weapons and pathological specimens, materials and documents of human and animal injuries caused by military environments and military operations, amounting to 4,350 objects. The construction of the Chinese Museum of War Injuries played an important role in the aspects of military medical education and training, popularization of public health knowledge, preservation of military medical historical materials and opening up to the outside world etc, to which should priority attention should be paid to by the Chinese government and relevant military departments.

Diagnostic aspects for epidemic hemorrhagic fever in legal medical autopsy: report of 2 cases and review.

Epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is known also as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Hantaviruses, a notorious cause of EHF is spreaded by rodents or biting insects, can cause epidemic hemorrhagic fever. This report describes two rare medico-legal autopsy cases died from epidemic hemorrhagic fever. The victims were two male individuals aged 34 years and 29 years. The medico-legal autopsies were requested for alleged medical negligence. In both cases, autopsy reveals lesions to kidneys and lungs with multiple organ hemorrhage and edema, indicative of the generalized capillary damage. On admission to hospital, both patients had the symptom of fever, lumbago, renal failure and recent outdoor activities. The laboratory diagnosis results indicating multiple organ dysfunction syndrome are also important for certificating of EHF. Though the ELISA-based detection of virus-specific IgM antibody which has the highest titers between 8 and 25d after onset of disease is positive in the 34-year-old case and negative in 29-year-old case, the pathological findings and clinical laboratory analysis suggested the both victims died of EHF. In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis for Hantavirus antigen in lung or in tubular cells and PCR having been used increasingly in recent years contribute to the diagnosis of Hantavirus infection.

[Effects of electromagnetic radiation on RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in rats hippocampus].

AIM: To study the development of changes for signaling molecules related to Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in hippocampus of rats after electromagnetic radiation, and investigate the mechanisms of radiation injury. METHODS: Rats were exposed to X-HPM, S-HPM and EMP radiation source respectively, and animal model of electromagnetic radiation was established. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Raf-1, phosphorylated Raf-1 and phospholylated ERK. RESULTS: The expression of Raf-1 down-regulated during 6 h-14 d after radiation, most significantly at 7 d, and recovered at 28 d. There was no significant difference between the radiation groups. The expression of phosphorylated Raf-1 and phosphorylated ERK both up-regulated at 6 h and 7 d after radiation, more significantly at 6 h, and the two microwave groups were more serious for phosphorylated ERK. During 6 h-14 d after S-HPM radiation, the expression of phosphorylated Raf-1 increased continuously, but phosphorylated ERK changed wavily, 6 h and 7 d were expression peak. CONCLUSION: Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway participates in the hippocampus injury induced by electromagnetic radiation. The excessive activation of ERK pathway may result in the apoptosis and death of neurons, which is the important mechanism of recognition disfunction caused by electromagnetic radiation.

[The role of RKIP mediated ERK pathway in hippocampus neurons injured by electromagnetic radiation].

AIM: To study the effects of electromagnetic radiation on RKIP and phosphorylated ERK in primary cultured hippocampus neurons. The inhibitor of MEK U0126 was applied to investigate the role of RKIP mediated ERK pathway in radiation injury. METHODS: Primary hippocampus neurons were cultured in vitro. X-HPM, S-HPM and EMP were taken as radiation source respectively to establish three cell models exposed to electromagnetic radiation. RKIP and phosphorylated ERK were measured by immunofluorescent labelling and laser scanning confocal microscope. Apoptosis and death fraction of the cells were detected by Annexin V-PI double labelling and flow cytometry. RESULTS: After three kinds of electromagnetic radiation, the expression of RKIP in hippocampus neurons decreased but the expression of phosphorylated ERK increased, and its nuclear translocation occurred. No significant differences were seen between radiation groups. Apoptosis and death fraction of the neurons in U0126 pretreatment groups was significantly lower than that in radiation groups but they were still higher than those in sham-radiation group. CONCLUSION: The excessive activation of RKIP mediated ERK pathway is one of the important mechanisms for the apoptosis and death of hippocampus neurons induced by electromagnetic radiation. U0126 have some protective effects on radiation injury.

[Effects of SB203580 and WP631 on Smad signal transduction pathway in lung fibroblasts after irradiation].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Radiation pulmonary fibrosis (RPF) is characterized by fibroblast proliferation and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is a switch factor in the initiation and development of RPF and serves as a therapeutic target. Blocking TGFbeta1 signal transduction pathway might alleviate RPF. This study was to investigate the effects of two Smad pathway inhibitors, SB203580 and WP631, on Smad signal transduction pathway in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) after irradiation. METHODS: HLFs were pretreated with 25 micromol/L SB203580 or 5 nmol/L WP631, then irradiated with 3 Gy 60Co gamma rays and stimulated by 10 microg/L TGFbeta1. The transcriptional activity of SP1 and AP1 were measured using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Expressions of Smad3, Smad4, Smad7, p-Smad3 and P21(WAF1/CIP1) were detected by Western blot. The expression of type Iplasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) was detected by immunohistochemical staining The cell cycle was measured by FACS. RESULTS: After irradiation. with 3 Gy gamma rays and stimulation by TGFbeta1, HLFs pre-incubated with SB203580 or WP631 were increased in G2-M phase and decreased in S phase as compared with cells without pretreatment. p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p-Smad3 were decreased in HLFs pretreated with SB203580, while PAI-1 was decreased in HLFs pretreated with WP631. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of SP1 and AP1 was inhibited by WP631. CONCLUSIONS: SB203580 and WP631 can abrogate excessive proliferation, expressions of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and PAI-1 induced by gamma rays and TGFbeta1 in HLFs through blocking Smad signal transduction pathway.

[Study about seroconversion of HBV NAT screening-positive crowd from blood donors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of seroconversion of HBV NAT screening-positive crowd from blood donors in Dongguan city and provide reference for the safety of blood transfusion and disease prevention. METHODS: With retrospective survey, Nucleic acid testing (NAT) was used to analyze 28800 HBsAg-negative samples by ELISA from blood donors in Dongguan city from August, 2006 to August, 2007 with Roche Cobas AmpliScreen systems; and follow-up research including NAT for HBV-DNA, ELISA for HBsAg and multiple factors analysis for HBV infection was carried out on HBV NAT screening-positive crowd. RESULTS: 10 positive pooling were screened from 28800 samples; after further detection, 2 of these positive pooling were HBV-DNA negative and 8 HBV-DNA positive samples were found.The 10-week follow-up research on these 8 blood donors showed that 6 were HBV-DNA positive and HBsAg-negative at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks respectively, 1 was not HBsAg positive until 2 weeks and was positive on follow-up, and considered in "window period", 1 was HBV-DNA negative, HBsAg-negative on follow-up. Of these 8,7 were not only migrant laborers with poor condition of work, life and health but also in high risk of secondary infection for HBV, in addition they had little idea of therapy or prevention measures of HBV infection and the other 1 was HBV-DNA negative, HBsAg-negative on follow-up, who was in better condition than the above 7 donors. CONCLUSION: NAT is more sensitive than ELISA in screening HBV, but the probability of being false positive of NAT can not be ignored at the same time. On the hand, only screening HBsAg for HBV is relative limitation in high infection region of China. Some factors would have effect on the serum conversion of blood donors including the quality of work and life, therapy or prevention measures.

[Influence of electromagnetic radiation on raf kinase inhibitor protein and its related proteins of hippocampus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the development of changes for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and its mRNA in rats hippocampus after electromagnetic radiation. METHODS: Rats were exposed to X-band high power microwave (X-HPM), S-band high power microwave (S-HPM) and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radiation source respectively. The animal model of electromagnetic radiation was established. Western blot was used to detect the expression of RKIP, and RT-PCR was applied to detect the expression of RKIP mRNA. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 was measured with co-immunoprecipitation method, and the expression of cerebral choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of RKIP significantly down-regulated at 6 h after radiation, and recovered at 1 d in group EMP, but the down-regulation continued during 1 approximately 7 d after radiation in the two microwave groups. The expression of RKIP mRNA changed wavily during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, which showed down-regulation at 6 h, and up-regulation at 3 d. The interaction of RKIP and Raf-1 decreased during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, most significantly at 7 d, and the two microwave groups were more significant. The expression of CHAT decreased continuously during 6 h approximately 7 d after radiation, and generally recovered on 14 d. CONCLUSION: The down-regulation of RKIP and its related proteins of hippocampus is induced by electromagnetic radiation.

[Study on the declining physical functions and its influencing factors among the Chinese elderly aged 65 years and over].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the declining pattern of physical activities on daily living (PADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and its influencing factors among the Chinese elderly aged 65 years and over. METHODS: Using data from 2002 and 2005 of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Study (CLHLS), 6761 Chinese elderly with fully independent PADL in 2002 and 3556 Chinese elderly with fully independent IADL in 2002 were studied. RESULTS: Data showed that the male elderly with fully dependent IADL at baseline in 2002 declined to 59.3% but kept the IADL in full independent in 2005, while that of female elderly were 51.8% still keeping the IADL full independent in 2005. Male elderly who at baseline with the PADL fully dependent in 2002 declined to 87.1% but kept the PADL full independent in 2005, while that of female elderly were 81.5% keeping the PADL full independent in 2005. There were only 70.0%, 47.0%, 24.0% and 15.0% elderly keeping the IADL full independent among the age groups of 65 - 74, 75 - 84, 85 - 94 and 95 - 105, respectively, from 2002 to 2005; while there were 95.0%, 87.0%, 74.0% and 55.0% elderly keeping the PADL full independent among the above age groups of 65 - 74, 75 - 84, 85 - 94 and 95 - 105, from 2002 to 2005. Age, numbers of episodes that suffering from serious illness in the past two years and cognitive ability were significantly associated with IADL or PADL had a decline after controlling for sex, socioeconomic factors in the multinomial logistical regression analysis among the Chinese elderly aged 65 years and older, during the period from 2002 to 2005. CONCLUSION: The declining physical functional status among the 65 and older elderly went severe with age in China, with IADL more severe than that of PADL. Chinese female elderly suffered more in PADL or IADL than that of male elderly. Age, numbers of episode that suffering from serious illness in the past two years and cognitive ability were considered as predictive factors of functional status among the Chinese elderly. However, gender, living conditions, education background and marital status that appearing to be the significant predictors only seen in partial IADL/PADL declining models.

[The inspiration of the development of National Museum of Health and Medicine of USA].

The National Museum of Health and Medicine, primary named Armed Medicine Museum, is subordinated to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, and is one of the few museums in the United States that collects archives and displays human remains. The museum was founded in 1862 to document the effects of war wounds and disease on the human body, the museum has a long history of collecting and preserving human remains from military and civilian sources. This collection provides a rich source of data for researchers in forensic medicine, anthropology, pathology and military medicine. The specimens comprising the anatomical collections are available for research, exhibition, and other educational purposes. The collections have attracted hundreds of domestic and foreign researchers.

[Effect of IL-2 on the growth and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells radiated by neutron and mechanisms of IL-2 on the injured IEC-6].

AIM: To observe the effect of neutron radiation on intestinal epithelial cells 6 (IEC-6), to study the effect of IL-2 on the proliferation and recovery of neutron-injured IEC-6, and to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of IL-2 on the injured IEC-6. METHODS: 4Gy-neutron-injured IEC-6 were treated by IL-2, with or without the blocking agent JAK(1) (A77-1726). The change of proliferative activity and death manner of the treated IEC-6 were detected by MTT colorimetry and flow cytometry at 10, 15, 30 minutes and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours respectively. The expression of IL-2Rbeta and the activation of JAK(1) of neutron-injured IEC-6 treated by IL-2 were detected by immunocytochemical stainning and Western blot. RESULTS: After IEC-6 were radiated by 4 Gy neutron for 24 hours, the proliferative activity of IEC-6 decreased markedly but increased strikingly after IL-2 treatment (P<0.05). The apoptosis of IEC-6 in IL-2-treated group decreased (P<0.05), but there was no obvious difference in necrotic cell number. After neutron-injured IEC-6 were treated by IL-2, JAK(1) was activated at 10 and 15 minutes, and the expression of IL-2Rbeta increased apparently at 24 hours. When treated by JAK(1) and IL-2, the proliferative activity of neutron-injured IEC-6 was much lower than that in IL-2-treated group. CONCLUSION: IL-2 can accelerate the proliferation of neutron-radiated IEC-6 and protect them from neutron injury. IL-2Rbeta and JAK(1) participate in the regulation of neutron-injured IEC-6 by IL-2.

[Study on the membrane protein conformational changes and mechanisms of myocardial cell irradiated by pulse microwave].

Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was applied to study the membrane protein conformational and functional changes of myocardial cell irradiated by pulse microwave. The results show that pulse microwave could influence the membrane protein structure markedly. The stretching vibration of lipid--CH2--, lecithoid C=O, amide I and II region was decreased or displaced. The secondary structures of membrane protein were also changed by irradiation. The percentage of alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet structure decreased remarkably, and the disordering of secondary membrane proteins increased. All the above changes are correlated with the irradiation dosage. The results indicated that the integrality of myocardial cell membrane was injured by pulse microwave, and the membrane fluidity and stability decreased. Multi-biochemically active structures were damaged. Then all the changes could make a biochemical foundation of pathologic effects, which included membrane function decline, cell morphological change, configuration injuring and apoptosis etc. This paper is from a new view of protein conformation to explore the molecular pathologic mechanism of the damage caused by pulse microwave irradiation.

[Comparison of homemade and imported HbsAg ELISA kits on screening blood samples].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate homemade and imported HbsAg ELISA kits on screening blood donors. METHODS: Samples for evaluation included 120 HbsAg serum plates for the golden criteria and 400 sets of serum from blood donors in Dongguan. The samples underwent blind screening with homemade and imported ELISA kits respectively. RESULTS: The sensitivity of homemade (Xinchuang) and imported (Diasorin) HbsAg ELISA kit were 85.71% (72/84) and 100% (84/84), respectively. Their specificity was 100% (436/436) and 96.55% (421/436) respectively. The consistency of two ELISA kits was 100%. CONCLUSION: The imported ELISA kit had the highest sensitivity, but its specificity was not as good as that of homemade ELISA kit. The two kinds of ELISA kits had good repetition. The combination of the two reagents may ensure the safety of blood transfusion.