Study on the mechanism of nitrapyrin microcapsule suspension effectively improving nitrification inhibition rate in black soil.

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been widely applied to inhibit nitrification and reduce N2O emissions in agriculture. However, there are still some shortcomings, e.g. short effective periods, large applying amounts, low effectiveness, easy deactivation and different effect. Thus, a nitrapyrin microcapsule suspension (CPCS) was used as a new experimental material to elaborate its effects on nitrogen transformation and microbial response mechanisms in black soil by cultivation experiments with six treatments of no fertilization (CK), urea, urea+ 0.2 % CPES, urea+ 0.1 % CPCS, urea+ 0.2 % CPCS, and urea+ 0.3 % CPCS. The content of ammonium, nitrate nitrogen, functional microbial activity, degradation rate and adsorption characteristics of CPCS in the soil at different incubating times were determine. Compared with the nitrapyrin emulsifiable concentrate (CPEC) treatment, the degradation rate of CPCS decreased by 21.54 %, the half-life increased by 10.2 days, and the adsorption rate of nitrapyrin on black soil decreased more than 6-fold. CPCS effectively inhibited the transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen within more than 42 days. CPCS had a negative effect on amoA gene abundance and a positive effect on nrfA gene abundance. The research results provide a basic theoretical support for the application of CPCS on black soil.

Calculation of the contribution rate of China's hydraulic science and technology based on a feedforward neural network.

Quantitative analysis of the contribution rate of China's hydraulic science and technology and analysis of the underlying reasons behind changes provide an important foundation upon which the government can formulate water policies. This paper abandons the assumption of a scale economy and separates the changes of benefits brought about by the scale from scientific and technological progress, thus changing the C-D production function from linear to nonlinear. Based on a feedforward neural network, it calculates the coefficient of the output elasticity, the economic contribution rate of China's hydraulic science and technology and the scale economies for each year using relevant data from 1981 to 2016. The results show that (1) the average contribution rate of capital investment from 1981 to 2016 was 47.3%, and the average contribution rate of labor from 1981 to 2016 was 9.1%. It is not obvious that the significant increase in the labor force has contributed to the growth of China's water conservancy industry. (2) The average contribution rate of scale economies in 1981-2016 was 26.7%, and the contribution rate of scale economies is negatively correlated with the capital contribution rate. (3) The average contribution rate of China's hydraulic science and technology was 43.6% from 1981 to 2016, and the average contribution rate of the total factor productivity after removing scale economies from 1981 to 2016 was 16.9%. During the period of the 6th Five-Year Plan(1981~1985), the contribution rate of water conservancy science and technology was relatively high. Since that time, it has remained at 40%. In recent years, as water conservancy reforms in key areas have made positive progress, scientific and technological progress has increased the growth of water conservancy benefits annually.

Evaluation of industrial water use efficiency considering pollutant discharge in China.

China is facing severe pressure on its water resources and water environments. Calculating the industrial water efficiency of each province is an important index for the central government to evaluate local governments. In the traditional water resources evaluation index, the industrial water use efficiency and pollutant discharge are evaluated separately. In this paper, we collected industrial input data, output data and pollutant discharge data with a four-stage data envelopment analysis to calculate China's industrial water use efficiency with and without considering pollutant discharge, and then analyzed the factors influencing the industrial water use efficiency. The results show that the eastern coastal provinces of China have the highest water use efficiency and are less affected by pollutant discharge than other provinces. The industrial water use efficiency of the central and western provinces is lower than that of the other provinces, and the industrial water use efficiency in the central provinces is greatly affected by pollutant discharge. Factor endowment, economic development level, scientific and technological progress, industrial structure, proportion of foreign investment, water consumption per 10000 yuan of value-added by industry, industrial sewage treatment capacity and educational investment have a significant influence on the industrial water use efficiency of China. We suggest that the government strengthen the construction of sewage plants and other related infrastructure in central provinces when conducting the industrial transfer of heavy polluting enterprises.

Folic acid functionalized reduction-responsive magnetic chitosan nanocapsules for targeted delivery and triggered release of drugs.

A versatile folic acid (FA)-functionalized reduction-responsive magnetic chitosan (CS) nanocapsules (FA-RMCNCs) were designed and fabricated successfully from FA-functionalized thiolated chitosan with a simple sonochemical method. The targeting molecule (FA), red fluorescent probes (Rhodamine B isothiocyanate, RITC) and thiolated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-SH MNPs) were immobilized in and onto the shells of nanocapsules. The as-synthesized FA-RMCNCs had a well-defined spherical morphology with the size of 200-350nm. As the carriers, FA-RMCNCs showed an excellent magnetic responsive property. The CLSM analysis revealed that the proposed FA-RMCNCs with core-shell constructure could be internalized selectively by the HeLa cells through the folate-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, the reductant-triggered release of coumarin 6 suggested that the FA-RMCNCs possessed superior reduction-responsivity of drug release. This study reveals the potential of FA-RMCNCs as magnetic/reduction dual-responsive, folate-receptor-mediated targeting nanocarriers in targeted delivery and controlled release of hydrophobic drugs.