Dissecting the vascular-cognitive nexus: energetic vs. conventional hemodynamic parameters.

Blood pressure or flow measurements have been associated with vascular health and cognitive function. We proposed that energetic hemodynamic parameters may provide a more nuanced understanding and stronger correlation with cognitive function, in comparisons with conventional aortic and carotid pressure and flow parameters. The study comprised 1858 participants, in whom we assessed cognitive function via MoCA method, and measured central aortic and carotid pressure and flow waveforms. In addition to various pressure and flow parameters, we calculated energetic hemodynamic parameters through integration of pressure multiplying flow with respect to time. Energetic hemodynamic parameters, particularly aortic and carotid mean and pulsatile energy and pulsatility index (PI), were significantly associated with MoCA score more than any aortic and carotid pressure and flow parameters, after adjusting for age, sex, education, depression score, heart rate, BMI, HDL-cholesterol, and glucose levels. MoCA exhibited a strong positive relationship with carotid mean energy (standardized beta = 0.053, P = 0.0253) and a negative relationship with carotid energy PI (standardized beta = -0.093, P = 0.0002), exceeding the association with all traditional pressure- or flow-based parameters. Aortic pressure reflection coefficient at the aorto-carotid junction was positively correlated with mean carotid energy and negatively correlated with PI. Aortic characteristic impedance positively correlated with carotid energy PI but not mean energy. Our research indicates that energetic hemodynamic parameters, particularly carotid mean energy and carotid energy PI, have a stronger association with MoCA scores than traditional pressure- or flow-based metrics. This correlation with cognitive function is notably influenced by the properties of the aorto-carotid interface.

The relationship between oral frailty and oral dysbiosis among hospitalized patients aged older than 50 years.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between oral frailty and oral dysbiosis among hospitalized patients aged ≥ 50 years. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted. Number of teeth, masticatory ability, articulatory oral motor skill, tongue pressure, swallowing pressure, and choking were used to assess oral frailty. Saliva samples were collected from the oral cavity for bacterial culture. RESULTS: A total 103 in patients enrolled and 53.4% suffered from oral frailty. Oral frailty was found to have a 3.07-fold correlation with the presence of Enterobacterales in the oral cavity (p = 0.037), especially in poor articulatory oral motor skill, which showed at greater risk of Enterobacterales isolated from the oral cavity by 5.58-fold (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Half of hospitalized patients was found to have oral frailty that was related to more Enterobacterales in the oral cavity. This evidence suggests that the enhancement of articulatory oral motor skills may serve as a potential strategy for mitigating the presence of Enterobacterales within the oral cavity.

IL-33 Enhances the Total Production of IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-Infected Mice.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of IL-33 in the immune response to angiostrongyliasis, especially in terms of antibody production and isotype switching. In our experiment, C57BL/6 mice were each infected with 35 infectious larvae and were divided into groups that received an intraperitoneal injection of IL-33, anti-IL-33 monoclonal antibody (mAb), or anti-ST2 mAb 3 days post-infection (dpi) and were subsequently administered booster shots at 5-day intervals with the same dose. Serum samples from each group were collected weekly for ELISA assays. The levels of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 were significantly increased in A. cantonensis-infected mice that were treated with IL-33, and the levels decreased significantly in infected groups treated with anti-IL-33 or anti-ST2 mAb. These results suggest that IL-33 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of human angiostrongyliasis and could be useful for understanding protective immunity against this parasitic infection.

Frailty in Older Adults with Dengue Fever.

Background and objectives: Dengue is one of the most common epidemic infections around the world. Dengue infections in older adults are related to an atypical presentation and a high mortality. Frailty is associated with poor recovery from hospitalization due to infection. However, few studies describe frailty and functional decline after dengue infection. The current case series study aims to investigate the baseline frailty status, functional decline, and time to recovery in older adults after dengue infection. Method: We studied seven patients with post-dengue frailty who had been admitted to the geriatric ward in one tertiary medical center in Taiwan during the 2023 dengue fever outbreak. Result: The mean age was 82 years old. The clinical frailty scale worsened from a mean of 4.7 at baseline to 6.3 at dengue diagnosis. The mean Katz Index of independence in activities of daily living decreased from 10.6 at baseline to 4.7 with dengue, and it recovered to 6.7 one month after discharge. Conclusions: Our preliminary data suggest that there is indeed an increase in frailty in older adults due to dengue. Post-dengue frailty and functional decline might be profound and persistent. Acute geriatric care intervention rehabilitation for frailty after dengue may benefit this population.

Effectiveness of binaural beat music combined with rhythmical photic stimulation on older people with depressive symptoms in long-term care institution: a quasi-experimental pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Many older adults residing in long-term care often face issues like poor sleep, reduced vitality, and depression. Non-pharmacological approaches, specifically Binaural Beat Music (BBM) and Rhythmic Photic Stimulation (RPS), may alleviate these symptoms, yet their efficacy in this demographic has not been extensively explored. AIMS: This study investigated the effects of combined BBM and RPS interventions on sleep quality, vitality, and depression among older residents with depressive symptoms in long-term care facilities. METHODS: Using a quasi-experimental design, a total of 88 older adults with depressive symptoms from Taiwanese daytime care centers were divided into the BBM with RPS, and Sham groups (44 each). They underwent 20-minute daily sessions of their assigned treatment for two weeks. The BBM with RPS group listened to 10 Hz binaural beat music with 10 Hz photic stimulation glasses, and the Sham group received non-stimulating music and glasses. RESULTS: After the intervention, participants in the BBM with RPS groups showed significant improvements in vitality and depressive mood, with a notable increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. Conversely, the Sham group exhibited significant deterioration in vitality and mental health, with a significant increase in parasympathetic activity. Additionally, compared with the Sham group, the BBM and RPS groups showed significant improvements in vitality, mental health, and depression, with a significant increase in sympathetic nervous activity. CONCLUSION: The two-week intervention suggests that the combination of BBM and RPS, as a non-invasive intervention, can potentially improve vitality, mental health, and depressive mood among older adults in long-term care institutions.

Effectiveness of diabetes shared care program on metabolic indicators of people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To explore the effectiveness of the Taiwanese Diabetes Shared Care Program (DSCP) on improving the metabolic indicators of people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Relevant studies published between January 2002 and August 2021 were retrieved from Chinese- and English-language electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Airiti Library, and Taiwan Periodical Literature System. After screening, studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the literature review. RevMan 5.4 was employed for a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Ten studies published between 2007 and 2021 were included in the systematic review, with nine of them contributing to the meta-analysis. In total, 1506 and 1388 participants were classified into DSCP and non-DSCP groups, respectively, for the meta-analysis. The results revealed that the DSCP significantly improved glycated hemoglobin levels (mean difference [MD]: -0.50, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -0.83 to -0.17) and body weights (MD: -0.83, 95% CI: -1.29 to -0.38) within 1-year follow-up. However, it did not show significant improvement in other metabolic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Taiwanese DSCP led to improvements in glycated hemoglobin levels and body weights among people with type 2 diabetes. This study suggests that people with diabetes and health-care institutions should consider participating in the DSCP.

Preventing functional decline in hospitalized older adults in medical ward: a best practice implementation project.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Functional decline frequently occurs in older adults in hospitals. The aim of this project was to promote evidence-based strategies for physical activity to prevent functional decline in hospitalized older adults in a medical center in southern Taiwan. METHODS: This project was guided by the JBI Evidence Implementation Framework. Seven audit criteria were derived from a JBI evidence summary and a baseline audit involving 25 nurses and 30 hospitalized older adults was conducted to compare current practice with best practice recommendations. The JBI Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) tool was used to identify barriers to implementation, and strategies were developed to overcome those barriers. A follow-up audit was conducted to measure any changes in compliance. RESULTS: After implementing the strategies, the pass rate of nursing staff improved in the physical activity knowledge test, rising from 56% to 88%. Compliance of nursing staff with providing physical activity instructions using evidence-based guidelines to hospitalized older adults reached 80%. The incidence of functional decline among hospitalized older adults decreased from 36.7% to 20%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this best practice implementation project suggest that initiating physical activity as early as possible for hospitalized older adults once their medical condition has stabilized can help prevent functional decline. SPANISH ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/IJEBH/A171.

Datasets of various geotechnical surveys in several arrays in the Taipei Basin.

The standard penetration test (SPT), seismic cone penetration test (SCPT), and various in-situ seismic tests are commonly utilized for geotechnical site investigations. The investigated data via these tests are widely adopted to capture site characteristics for geotechnical engineering design. However, site characterizations vary in the above in-situ tests, which leads to uncertainties in the corresponding engineering analysis and design. To address these variabilities, this paper meticulously carried out the above-mentioned geotechnical in-situ tests with rigorous supervision at 13 selected sites in the Taipei Basin, yielding several valuable datasets. The datasets consist of digital investigation data including SPT-N, soil classification, CPT-qc and -fs, and the shear wave velocities (Vs) obtained from different measurements. We believe that these datasets will be beneficial for conducting various calibration studies for different geotechnical investigation methods and the corresponding geotechnical parameters.

High ceftazidime-avibactam resistance among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter species: Data from the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) programme, 2014-2021.

OBJECTIVES: Trends in the susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) and tigecycline (TGC) among Enterobacter species from different geographic areas are unknown.This study aimed to analyse the trends in CZA and TGC susceptibility changes across different continents from 2014 to 2021 utilizing Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) data. METHODS: A total of 23 669 isolates of Enterobacter species were collected over an 8-y period. RESULTS: The overall non-susceptibility rate of Enterobacter isolates to both CZA and TGC was 3.2%. India (16.5%), Guatemala (15.4%), and the Philippines (13.1%) exhibited the highest resistance to CZA. The increase in CZA resistance rates was particularly evident in Asia, with an increase from 4.0% to 8.3%, and in Latin America, from 1.5% to 5%. The non-susceptibility rate for TGC mildly increased in Africa/Middle East but decreased in other continents during the study period. The overall rate of carbapenem resistance increased from 2.9% in 2014-2017 to 4.3% in 2018-2021. Among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter isolates, the CZA resistance rate was highest in Asia (87.4%), followed by Europe (69.2%) and Africa/Middle East (60.8%). Among the 380 Enterobacter isolates resistant to CZA and carbapenem, the most common genotype of carbapenemase genes was blaNDM (59.2%), followed by blaVIM (24.2%), blaOXA (4.2%), blaIMP (1.1%), and blaKPC (1.1%). The susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter to TGC remained high, with an overall susceptibility rate of 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous distribution of CZA resistance rates among different geographical regions highlights the divergent therapeutic options for drug-resistant Enterobacter species.

Global trends in nonsusceptibility rates of Escherichia coli isolates to meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam: Data from the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) programme, 2014-21.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the global changes in the nonsusceptibility rates of Escherichia coli to meropenem and ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA), we conducted a study using the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance database. METHODS: A total of 49 394 E. coli isolates were collected during the 8-year study period. RESULT: The countries with the highest nonsusceptible rates for meropenem were India (16.6%), followed by Pakistan (6.7%), Ukraine (5.4%), Qatar (5.3%), and Guatemala (3.2%). For CZA, the nonsusceptible rate was highest in India (15.6%), followed by Qatar (4.0%), Guatemala (3.9%), China (2.6%), and Thailand (2.5%). During the study period, the nonsusceptible rates of meropenem and CZA in E. coli increased in Asia, Latin America, and Africa/Middle East. Isolates from the medical ICU (odds ratio [OR], 4.62) and surgical ICU (OR, 3.98) were associated with a higher risk of CZA nonsusceptible rates. Compared to intestinal specimens, respiratory and genitourinary specimens had the highest OR (2.32 and 2.17) associated with CZA resistance. Further analysis of carbapenemase distribution showed an increase in the percentage of blaNDM-positive isolates and a decrease in blaKPC-positive isolates worldwide, especially in Latin America. Additionally, we observed a gradual decline in the prevalence of blaOXA-positive E. coli without concomitant carriage of metallo-ß-lactamase genes in the worldwide surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Further surveillance is necessary to determine whether blaNDM -positive E. coli (i.e., CZA-resistant isolates) is increasing and leading to more superbugs spreading worldwide.

Importin α2 participates in RNA interference against bamboo mosaic virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana via NbAGO10a-mediated small RNA clearance.

Karyopherins, the nucleocytoplasmic transporters, participate in multiple RNA silencing stages by transporting associated proteins into the nucleus. Importin α is a member of karyopherins and has been reported to facilitate virus infection via nuclear import of viral proteins. Unlike other RNA viruses, silencing of importin α2 (α2i) by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) boosted the titre of bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) in protoplasts, and inoculated and systemic leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The enhanced BaMV accumulation in importin α2i plants was linked to reduced levels of RDR6-dependent secondary virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Small RNA-seq revealed importin α2 silencing did not affect the abundance of siRNAs derived from host mRNAs but significantly reduced the 21 and 22 nucleotide vsiRNAs in BaMV-infected plants. Deletion of BaMV TGBp1, an RNA silencing suppressor, compromised importin α2i-mediated BaMV enhancement. Moreover, silencing of importin α2 upregulated NbAGO10a, a proviral protein recruited by TGBp1 for BaMV vsiRNAs clearance, but hindered the nuclear import of NbAGO10a. Taken together, these results indicate that importin α2 acts as a negative regulator of BaMV invasion by controlling the expression and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of NbAGO10a, which removes vsiRNAs via the TGBp1-NbAGO10a-SDN1 pathway. Our findings reveal the hidden antiviral mechanism of importin α2 in countering BaMV infection in N. benthamiana.

Factors Associated With Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Real-World Evidence-Based Study.

Pregnant women are at increased risk of influenza-related complications. However, the rate of influenza vaccination among pregnant women in Taiwan is low. By analyzing real-world data in this study, we investigated the factors associated with influenza vaccination during pregnancy in Taiwan. This study was a cross-sectional study. We collected real-world data from 2 databases in Taiwan: the Birth Certificate Database and the National Health Insurance Research Database. The study population was pregnant between October 2014 and December 2016 in Taiwan. The multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with influenza vaccination, including maternal sociodemographics, trimester, comorbidities, and health-care utilization. The vaccination rate of among pregnant women was 8.2%. Factors significantly associated with a high likelihood of influenza vaccination were age between 30 and 34 years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.19), second trimester (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.75-1.85), income equal to or exceeding NT$ 38 201 (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.86-1.99), hypertension (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-1.29), cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.17-1.42), autoimmune disease (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.38-1.58), and chronic pulmonary disease (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.18-1.31). A low level of urbanization, at least 1 hospitalization in the previous year, and the presence of pregnancy complications (eg, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and placenta previa) were associated with a lower likelihood rate of influenza vaccination. The influenza vaccination rate among pregnant women in Taiwan was low. Age, gestational age, income level, urbanization level, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and pregnancy complications may be associated with influenza vaccination among pregnant women.

Association Between Use of Fluoroquinolones and Risk of Mitral or Aortic Valve Regurgitation: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Biological plausibility suggests that fluoroquinolones may lead to mitral valve regurgitation or aortic valve regurgitation (MR/AR) through a collagen degradation pathway. However, available real-world studies were limited and yielded inconsistent findings. We estimated the risk of MR/AR associated with fluoroquinolones compared with other antibiotics with similar indications in a population-based cohort study. We identified adult patients who initiated fluoroquinolones or comparison antibiotics from the nationwide Taiwanese claims database. Patients were followed for up to 60 days after cohort entry. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MR/AR comparing fluoroquinolones to comparison antibiotics after 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching. All analyses were conducted by type of fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones as a class, respiratory fluoroquinolones, and non-respiratory fluoroquinolones) and comparison antibiotic (amoxicillin/clavulanate or ampicillin/sulbactam, extended-spectrum cephalosporins). Among 6,649,284 eligible patients, the crude incidence rates of MR/AR ranged from 1.44 to 4.99 per 1,000 person-years across different types of fluoroquinolones and comparison antibiotics. However, fluoroquinolone use was not associated with an increased risk in each pairwise PS-matched comparison. HRs were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.89-1.11) for fluoroquinolones as a class, 0.96 (95% CI, 0.83-1.12) for respiratory fluoroquinolones, and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.75-1.01) for non-respiratory fluoroquinolones, compared with amoxicillin/clavulanate or ampicillin/sulbactam. Results were similar when fluoroquinolones were compared with extended-spectrum cephalosporins (HRs of 0.96, 95% CI, 0.82-1.12, HR, 1.05, 95% CI, 0.86-1.28, and HR, 0.88, 95% CI, 0.75-1.03, respectively). This large-scale cohort study did not find a higher risk of MR/AR with different types of fluoroquinolones in the adult population.

Diffusion and structural MRI as potential biomarkers in people with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the neuroimage change in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with cognitive impairments, this study investigated the correlation between plasma biomarkers and morphological brain changes in patients with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment. The objective was to identify the potential target deposition regions of the plasma biomarkers and to search for the relevant early neuroimaging biomarkers on the basis of different cognitive domains. METHODS: Structural brain MRI and diffusion weighted images were analyzed from 49 eligible PD participants (male/female: 27/22; mean age: 73.4 ± 8.5 years) from a retrospective analysis. Plasma levels of α-synuclein, amyloid beta peptide, and total tau were collected. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of the general and specific cognitive domains was performed. Difference between PD patients with normal cognition and impairment was examined. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between image-derived index and plasma biomarkers or neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS: Significant correlation was found between plasma Aß-42 level and fractional anisotropy of the middle occipital, angular, and middle temporal gyri of the left brain, as well as plasma T-tau level and the surface area of the isthmus or the average thickness of the posterior part of right cingulate gyrus. Visuospatial and executive function is positively correlated with axial diffusivity in bilateral cingulate gyri. CONCLUSION: In nondemented PD patients, the target regions for plasma deposition might be located in the cingulate, middle occipital, angular, and middle temporal gyri. Changes from multiple brain regions can be correlated to the performance of different cognitive domains. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is primarily linked to biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease rather than those related to Parkinson's disease and resembles the frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease, which may guide management strategies for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. KEY POINTS: • Fractional anisotropy, surface area, and thickness in the cingulate, middle occipital, angular, and middle temporal gyri can be significantly correlated with plasma Aß-42 and T-tau level. • Axial diffusivity in the cingulate gyri was correlated with visuospatial and executive function. • The pattern of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease can be similar to the frontal variant than typical Alzheimer's disease.

Global trends in non-susceptibility rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates to ceftriaxone: Data from the antimicrobial testing leadership and surveillance (ATLAS) programme, 2016-21.

To understand the global changes in non-susceptibility rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ceftriaxone, we conducted a study using the Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance database. A total of 15,717 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 2016 to 2021. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using broth microdilution. The overall susceptibility rates of S. pneumoniae isolates to penicillin, ceftriaxone and ceftaroline were 63.4%, 94.0% and 99.6%, respectively. The geometric mean of MICs and MIC50/MIC90 values of ceftriaxone were higher in Asia than in other continents. China (33.9%), South Korea (33.8%) and Taiwan (27.6%) had the highest ceftriaxone non-susceptibility rates, followed by Turkey, India, Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa and Colombia, with rates between 10% and 20%. During the study period from 2020 to 2021, Asia had the highest MIC90 value (4 mg/L) for ceftriaxone in S. pneumoniae isolates, and the geometric mean of MICs increased from 0.25 mg/L in 2016-2017 to 0.39 mg/L in 2020-2021. Both Asia (from 83.4% to 75.1%) and Latin America (from 94.2% to 86.3%) showed a decreasing trend in ceftriaxone susceptibility rates from 2016 to 2021. In North America, Europe and Oceania, the susceptibility rate was higher than 95%, and there was no obvious change in the rate during the 6 y. Further analysis of the data from Asia revealed that individuals younger than 6 y of age had a lower susceptibility rate to ceftriaxone (71.6% vs. 81.7%, P < 0.05) than patients ≥6 y. The higher non-susceptibility rates of ceftriaxone in S. pneumoniae in Asia may lead to therapeutic challenges in community-acquired pneumonia.

Tongue pressure during swallowing is an independent risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in middle-aged and older hospitalized patients: An observational study.

AIM: To evaluate oral frailty features present in hospitalized older patients with aspiration pneumonia. METHODS: We enrolled hospitalized patients aged ≥50 years and classified them into three groups: the community-acquired, aspiration, and non-community-acquired pneumonia groups. Oral frailty was defined as meeting three or more criteria from the following: choking, and decreased occlusal force, masticatory function, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, and tongue pressure during swallowing. RESULTS: Of 168 patients enrolled, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia was 23.9% (17/71) in patients admitted with pneumonia as the primary diagnosis. The occlusal force and masticatory function were significantly poorer and tongue pressure and tongue pressure during swallowing were significantly lower in the aspiration pneumonia group than in the other two groups. A higher number of chronic comorbidities, poor oral health, and lower tongue pressure during swallowing were significantly associated with aspiration pneumonia. A tongue pressure during swallowing of <10.32 kPa might be a cutoff point for predicting the risk of aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients aged ≥50 years with multiple comorbidities, poor oral hygiene, and oral frailty during swallowing are at a higher risk of developing aspiration pneumonia, especially when their tongue pressure during swallowing is <10.32 kPa. Aspiration pneumonia is a preventable disease. Healthcare professionals should incorporate tongue pressure measurements or other screening tools into routine clinical practice to facilitate the early detection of this condition and intervention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 351-357.