The role of sirtuin1 in liver injury: molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic target.

Liver disease is a common and serious threat to human health. The progression of liver diseases is influenced by many physiologic processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, bile acid metabolism, and autophagy. Various factors lead to the dysfunction of these processes and basing on the different pathogeny, pathology, clinical manifestation, and pathogenesis, liver diseases are grouped into different categories. Specifically, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin protein family, has been extensively studied in the context of liver injury in recent years and are confirmed the significant role in liver disease. SIRT1 has been found to play a critical role in regulating key processes in liver injury. Further, SIRT1 seems to cause divers outcomes in different types of liver diseases. Recent studies have showed some therapeutic strategies involving modulating SIRT1, which may bring a novel therapeutic target. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the role of sirtuin1 in liver injury and its potentiality as a therapeutic target, this review outlines the key signaling pathways associated with sirtuin1 and liver injury, and discusses recent advances in therapeutic strategies targeting sirtuin1 in liver diseases.

Genome-Wide Identification of Genes Related to Biosynthesis of Phenolic Acid Derivatives in Bletilla striata at Different Suspension Culture Stages.

To screen the genes regulating the biosynthesis of phenolic acid derivatives from the genome of Bletilla striata, we designed a suspension culture system to sample the cells for the following experiments. The contents of four phenolic acid derivatives were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and several full-length transcriptome sequencings of RNA samples at 10 time points were performed for bioinformatics analysis. The correlation analysis was used to identify and verify the key DEGs involved in the biosynthesis of the four phenolic acid derivatives. The results showed that the contents of p-hydroxybenzylalcohol (HBA), Dactylorhin A, Militarine, and Coelonin peaked at 33 days postinoculation (Dpi), 18 Dpi, 39 Dpi, and 39 Dpi of the culture system, respectively. Based on transcriptome data, 80 DEGs involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acid derivatives were obtained. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis classified them mostly into five metabolic pathways: phenylpropane biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolic, cyanoamino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, and phenylalanine metabolism. qPCR analysis revealed that the relative gene expression levels were consistent with the overall trend of transcriptome sequencing results. Among them, 14, 18, 23, and 41 unigenes were found to be involved in the synthesis of HBA, Dactylorhin A, Coelonin, and Militarine, respectively. These unigenes laid a solid foundation for elucidating the biosynthesis mechanism of phenolic acid derivatives in suspension cells of B. striata.

Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Damage Progression in Transparent Sandwich Structure under Impact Load.

Crack initiation and propagation is a long-standing difficulty in solid mechanics, especially for elastic brittle materials. A new type of transparent sandwich structure, with a magnesium-aluminum spinel ceramic glass as the outer structure, was proposed in this paper. Its dynamic response was studied by high-speed impact experiments and numerical simulations of peridynamics under impact loads, simultaneously. In the experiments, a light gas cannon was used to load the projectile to 180 m/s, and the front impacted the transparent sandwich structure. In the numerical simulations, the discontinuous Galerkin peridynamics method was adopted to investigate the dynamic response of the transparent sandwich structure. We found that both the impact experiments and the numerical simulations could reproduce the crack propagation process of the transparent sandwich structure. The radial cracks and circumferential cracks of the ceramic glass layer and the inorganic glass layer were easy to capture. Compared with the experiments, the numerical simulations could easily observe the damage failure of every layer and the splashing of specific fragments of the transparent sandwich structure. The ceramic glass layer and the inorganic glass layer absorbed the most energy in the impact process, which is an important manifestation of the impact resistance of the transparent sandwich structure.

Transcriptome and Metabonomics Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Differential Metabolite Production of Dendrobium nobile Under Different Epiphytic Patterns.

The cultivation medium of Dendrobium nobile has an effect on the contents of its main medicinal components, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the callus, seedlings, rhizomes, and leaves of D. nobile were sequenced for the PacBio SMRT. The 2-year-old stems were selected for the Illumina sequencing and metabolome sequencing to analyze the genetic mechanism of metabolic differences under different epiphytic patterns. As a result, a total of 387 differential genes were obtained, corresponding to 66 differential metabolites. Different epiphytic patterns can induce a series of metabolic changes at the metabolome and transcriptome levels of D. nobile, including flavonoid metabolism, purine metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolic, and related regulatory genes include ALDH2B7, ADC, EPSPS-1, SHKA, DHAPS-1, GES, ACS1, SAHH, ACS2, CHLP, LOX2, LOX2.3, and CYP74B2. The results showed that the genetic mechanism of D. nobile under various epiphytic patterns was different. In theory, the content of metabolites under the epiphytic patterns of Danxia stone is higher, which is more suitable for field cultivation.