Evolutionary game and stability analysis of elderly care service quality supervision from the perspective of government governance.

Objective: The performance of government functions is an important guarantee for the standardized operation of the elderly service market. The objective of this study is to explore the optimal path for the government to govern the elderly care service market. Methods: The tripartite evolutionary game model is proposed in the paper, which composed of local governments, private elderly care institutions and the public. Furthermore, three mechanisms, i.e. dynamic penalty and static subsidy, static penalty and dynamic subsidy, dynamic penalty and dynamic subsidy, are designed. Under these different mechanisms, the stability of each subject's strategy choice is analyzed by using system dynamics simulation. Results: The introduction of dynamic mechanisms can compensate for the inability of static mechanisms to bring the system to a steady state. The dynamic penalty and dynamic subsidy mechanism allows the system to evolve to the desired point of stability. The self-discipline behavior of private elderly care institutions is positively correlated with penalties and reputation gains-losses, negatively correlated with subsidies, and not correlated with supervision rewards. Excessive subsidies will promote the collusion of private elderly institutions. Conclusion: Only when the local government adopts the dynamic penalty and dynamic subsidy mechanism will private elderly care institutions choose to operate in a fully self-disciplined manner. Reasonable adjustments of penalties, reputation gains-losses and subsidies can not only further optimize the dynamic penalty and dynamic subsidy mechanism, but also help to achieve diversified regulatory objectives of the government. This study would provide a reference for local governments seeking to develop effective regulatory policies for the elderly service market.

Evolutionary game analysis of community elderly care service regulation in the context of "Internet +".

Background: As an upgraded form of the elderly care service industry, "Internet + Community Elderly Care" integrates information technology, artificial intelligence, Internet thinking, and the construction of community elderly care service mechanisms. Research on "Internet + Community Elderly Care" has become a focus. Methods: The four-party evolutionary game model of elderly service regulations was presented, which consists of the government, providers, platforms, and elderly people. By using Lyapunov stability theory, the stability of each player's strategy selection was analyzed. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the key parameters was discussed in detail using system dynamics. Results and discussion: Online evaluations of elderly people have more positive effects on the regulatory system than offline evaluations. Both the penalties on providers and subsidies on platforms given by the government have thresholds. Moreover, government penalties for providers and subsidies for platforms could curb their speculative behavior and enable effective steering of providers and platforms. Conclusion: The Omni-feedback mechanism for elderly people can effectively curb the speculative behavior of elderly care service providers and elderly care service information platforms. The government should dynamically adjust penalties and subsidy policies.

[Species of Iron in Size-resolved Particle Emitted from Xuanwei Coal Combustion and Their Oxidative Potential].

Many reports have claimed that high lung cancer mortality rate in Xuanwei is associated with the residential coal combustion. Considering iron is the main chemical element in the particles emitted from Xuanwei coal combustion, and especially, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be generated by redox-active transition metals (TM) such as iron (Fe) in particles, therefore, raw coal samples from 4 coal mines in Xuanwei were sampled, and size-resolved particles emitted from the raw coal samples were collected by using of Andersen Five-stage High Volume Sampler. Species of iron in the raw coal sample, size-resolved particles and bottom ashes were analyzed by BCR sequential extraction method (community bureau of reference, BCR). The generation potential of·OH free radicals from coal emission particles in the surrogate lung fluid (SLF) solution was measured by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results demonstrated that a large fraction of oxidizable Fe could be found in raw coal samples. However, the acid extractable, reducible and oxidizable fractions of Fe in the fly ash particles accounted for a large proportion (46%-78%) in the size-resolved particles after coal combustion. There was difference in levels of·OH free radicals generated from coal emission particles in the SLF for 24 hours among particles with different sizes. The concentration of·OH increased in both fine particles (<1 µm, 1.1-2 µm, 2-3.3 µm) and coarse particles (3.3-7 µm, >7 µm) as the particles size decreased. Linear correlation could be found between the oxidizable fractions of iron and the generation of·OH in particles emitted from coal combustion (R2=0.32).

Comparison of cellular toxicity caused by ambient ultrafine particles and engineered metal oxide nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVE: The development of nanotechnology has spurred concerns about the health effects of exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Toxicological data on NPs and UFPs may provide evidence to support the development of regulations to reduce the risk of particle exposure. We tried to provide fundamental data to determine differences in cytotoxicity induced by ambient UFPs and engineered metal oxide NPs (ZnO, NiO, and CeO2). METHODS: UFPs were sampled by using of a nano micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor. Physicochemical characterization of the UFPs and nano metal oxide particles were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Cellular toxicity induced by the different particles was assessed by using of comprehensive approaches and compared after A549 cells were exposured to the particles. RESULTS: All of the measured particles could damage A549 cells at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 µg/mL. The lowest survival ratio and the highest lactate dehydrogenase level were caused by nano-ZnO particles, but the highest levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and percentages of apoptosis were observed in cells treated with the soluble fraction of ambient fine particles (PM1.8) at 200 µg/mL. Relatively high concentrations of anthropogenic metals, including Zn, Ni, Fe, and Cu, may be responsible for the higher toxicity of fine ambient particles compared with the ambient coarse particles and UFPs. The selected heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, and Cu) were found to be located in the perinuclear and cytoplasmic areas of A549 cells. The distribution pattern of metals from ambient particles showed that distributions of the metals in A549 cells were not uniform and followed the pattern Cu>Zn>Fe>Ni, suggesting that Cu was absorbed by A549 cells more easily than the other metals. CONCLUSIONS: Metal nanoparticles oxides and UFPs at low concentration could damage to cells, but the manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles are not highly toxic to lung cells compared to environmental particles. The local concentration effect of heavy metals in A549 cells, as well as the induction of oxidative stress by the particles, may be responsible for the damage observed to the cells.