Odd-Even Alkyl Chain Effects on the Structure and Charge Carrier Transport of Two-Dimensional Sn-Based Perovskite Semiconductors.

Oscillations in the chemical or physical properties of materials, composed of an odd or even number of connected repeating methylene units, are a well-known phenomenon in organic chemistry and materials science. So far, such behavior has not been reported for the important class of materials, perovskite semiconductors. This work reports a distinct odd-even oscillation of the molecular structure and charge carrier transport properties of phenylalkylammonium two-dimensional (2D) Sn-based perovskites in which the alkyl chains in the phenylalkylammonium cations contain varying odd and even carbon numbers. Density functional theory calculations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering characterization reveal that perovskites with organic ligands containing an alkyl chain with an odd number of carbon atoms display a disordered crystal lattice and tilted inorganic octahedra accompanied by reduced mobilities. In contrast, perovskites with cations of an even number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain form more ordered crystal structures, resulting in improved charge carrier mobilities. Our findings disclose the importance of minor changes in the molecular conformation of organic cations have an effect on morphology, photophysical properties, and charge carrier transport of 2D layered perovskites, showcasing alkyl chain engineering of organic cations to control key properties, of layered perovskite semiconductors.

Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarker Identification for Metabolomics of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications.

Over the years, there has been notable progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment modalities of diabetes and its complications, including the application of metabolomics in the study of diabetes, capturing attention from researchers worldwide. Advanced mass spectrometry, including gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS), etc., has significantly broadened the spectrum of detectable metabolites, even at lower concentrations. Advanced mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool in diabetes research, particularly in the context of metabolomics. By leveraging the precision and sensitivity of advanced mass spectrometry techniques, researchers have unlocked a wealth of information within the metabolome. This technology has enabled the identification and quantification of potential biomarkers associated with diabetes and its complications, providing new ideas and methods for clinical diagnostics and metabolic studies. Moreover, it offers a less invasive, or even non-invasive, means of tracking disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and understanding the underlying metabolic alterations in diabetes. This paper summarizes advanced mass spectrometry for the application of metabolomics in diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers and organizes some of the potential biomarkers of the different complications with the aim of providing ideas and methods for subsequent in-depth metabolic research and searching for new ways of treating the disease.

High-resolution melting real-time PCR assays for subtyping of five diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a single well in milk.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a kind of foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to both food safety and human health. To address the current challenges of high prevalence and difficult subtyping of DEC, this study developed a method that combined multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with high resolution melting (HRM) analysis for subtyping 5 kinds of DEC. The target genes are amplified by multiplex PCR in a single well, and HRM curve analysis was applied for distinct amplicons based on different melting temperature (Tm) values. The method enables discrimination of different DEC types based on characteristic peaks and distinct Tm values in the thermal melting curve. The assay exhibited 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity with a detection limit of 0.5-1 ng/µL. The results showed that different DNA concentrations did not influence the subtyping results, demonstrating this method owed high reliability and stability. In addition, the method was also used for the detection and subtyping of DEC in milk. This method streamlines operational procedures, shorts the detection time, and offers a novel tool for subtyping DEC.

Research Progress on Extraction and Detection Technologies of Flavonoid Compounds in Foods.

Flavonoid compounds have a variety of biological activities and play an essential role in preventing the occurrence of metabolic diseases. However, many structurally similar flavonoids are present in foods and are usually in low concentrations, which increases the difficulty of their isolation and identification. Therefore, developing and optimizing effective extraction and detection methods for extracting flavonoids from food is essential. In this review, we review the structure, classification, and chemical properties of flavonoids. The research progress on the extraction and detection of flavonoids in foods in recent years is comprehensively summarized, as is the application of mathematical models in optimizing experimental conditions. The results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for detecting and analyzing high-purity flavonoids in foods.

Unveiling the role of linear alkyl organic cations in 2D layered tin halide perovskite field-effect transistors.

Two-dimensional (2D) tin halide perovskites are promising semiconductors for field-effect transistors (FETs) owing to their fascinating electronic properties. However, the correlation between the chemical nature of organic cations and charge carrier transport is still far from understanding. In this study, the influence of chain length of linear alkyl ammonium cations on film morphology, crystallinity, and charge transport in 2D tin halide perovskites is investigated. The carbon chain lengths of the organic spacers vary from propylammonium to heptanammonium. The increase of alkyl chain length leads to enhanced local charge carrier transport in the perovskite film with mobilities of up to 8 cm2 V-1 s-1, as confirmed by optical-pump terahertz spectroscopy. A similar improved macroscopic charge transport is also observed in FETs, only to the chain length of HA, due to the synergistic enhancement of film morphology and molecular organization. While the mobility increases with the temperature rise from 100 K to 200 K due to the thermally activated transport mechanism, the device performance decreases in the temperature range of 200 K to 295 K because of ion migration. These results provide guidelines on rational design principles of organic spacer cations for 2D tin halide perovskites and contribute to other optoelectronic applications.

Bio-based ionic liquid filter with enhanced electrostatic attraction for outside filtration and inside collection of viral aerosols.

Hazardous biological pathogens in the air pose a significant public environmental health concern as infected individuals emit virus-laden aerosols (VLAs) during routine respiratory activities. Mask-wearing is a key preventive measure, but conventional filtration methods face challenges, particularly in high humidity conditions, where electrostatic charge decline increases the risk of infection. This study introduces a bio-based air filter comprising glycine ionic liquids (GILs) and malleable polymer composite (GILP) with high polarity and functional group density, which are wrapped around a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin skeleton, forming a conductive, porous GIL functionized ionic network air filter (GILP@MF). When subjected to low voltage, the GILP@MF composite efficiently captures VLAs including nanoscale virus particles through the enhanced electrostatic attraction, especially in facing high humidity bioaerosols exhaled by human body. The filtration/collection efficiency and quality factor can reach 98.3% and 0.264 Pa-1 at 0.1 m s-1, respectively. This innovative filter provides effective VLA protection and offers potential for non-invasive respiratory virus sampling, advancing medical diagnosis efforts.

On-site portable detection of gaseous methyl iodide using an electrochemical method.

We report an electrochemical device for portable on-site detection of gaseous CH3I based on PVIm-F for the first time. The device achieves detection of gaseous CH3I with a significant selectivity and a low detection limit (0.474 ppb) in 20 min at 50 °C and 50% relative humidity, which is of great significance for achieving real-time on-site monitoring of radioactive hazardous environments.

Sensitive quantitation of ultra-trace toxic aconitines in complex matrices by perfusion nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with gas-liquid microextraction.

The accurate analysis of ultra-trace (e.g. <10-4 ng/mL) substances in complex matrices is a burdensome but vital problem in pharmaceutical analysis, with important implications for precise quality control of drugs, discovery of innovative medicines and elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms. Herein, an innovative constant-flow perfusion nano-electrospray ionization (PnESI) technique was developed firstly features significant quantitative advantages in high-sensitivity ambient MS analysis of complex matrix sample. More importantly, double-labeled addition enrichment quantitation strategies of gas-liquid microextraction (GLME) were proposed for the first time, allowing highly selective extraction and enrichment of specific target analytes in a green and ultra-efficient (>1000-fold) manner. Using complex processed Aconitum herbs as example, PnESI-MS directly enabled the qualitative and absolute quantitative analysis of the processed Aconitum extracts and characterized the target toxic diester alkaloids with high sensitivity, high stability, wide linearity range, and strong resistance to matrix interference. Further, GLME device was applied to obtain the highly specific enrichment of the target diester alkaloids more than 1000-fold, and accurate absolute quantitation of trace aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine in the extracts of Heishunpian, Zhichuanwu and Zhicaowu was accomplished (e.g., 0.098 pg/mL and 0.143 pg/mL), with the quantitation results well below the LODs of aconitines from any analytical instruments available. This study built a systematic strategy for accurate quantitation of ultra-trace substances in complex matrix sample and expected to provide a technological revolution in many fields of pharmaceutical research.

Hydrogen-bonding and π-π interaction promoted solution-processable covalent organic frameworks.

Covalent organic frameworks show great potential in gas adsorption/separation, biomedicine, device, sensing, and printing arenas. However, covalent organic frameworks are generally not dispersible in common solvents resulting in the poor processability, which severely obstruct their application in practice. In this study, we develop a convenient top-down process for fabricating solution-processable covalent organic frameworks by introducing intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions from ionic liquids. The bulk powders of imine-linked, azine-linked, and ß-ketoenamine linked covalent organic frameworks can be dispersed homogeneously in optimal ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide after heat treatment. The resulting high-concentration colloids are utilized to create the covalent organic framework inks that can be directly printed onto the surface. Molecular dynamics simulations and the quantum mechanical calculations suggest that C‒H···π and π-π interaction between ionic liquid cations and covalent organic frameworks may promote the formation of colloidal solution. These findings offer a roadmap for preparing solution-processable covalent organic frameworks, enabling their practical applications.

Plastic probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry developed for rapid fingerprint profile of biological samples without pretreatment.

A triangular-shaped flat plastic substrate probe was prepared for direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for analysis of untreated chemical and biological samples including liquids (Met-Arg-Phe-Ala peptide, reserpine, and dodecyl aldehyde), solids (biological samples, traditional Chinese medicine), and powders (roasted coffee, rhizoma coptidis, lotus plumule, and Schisandra sphenanthera). Quantitative analysis of reserpine in water yielded a detection limit of 1 ng mL-1, dynamic response range within 1-500 ng mL-1, and linearity of signal response ˃0.9925. Compared to the conventional capillary ESI, this plastic probe ESI offers lower cost of analysis (US $0.0056 per probe), higher sensitivity, lower sample consumption, longer signal duration (>6 min), better reproducibility, signal stability, and higher speed of analysis (<10 s per sample, including sample loading). Overall, the results indicate the potential of ESI-MS based on flat plastic probes as a versatile method for simple, sensitive, and stable analysis of untreated biological sample analysis.

Low-melting multicharge ionic liquids with [Ln(NO3)5]2- (Ln = Ho-Lu): structural, electrostatic, thermochemical, and fluorescence properties.

A series of green and safe heavy-rare-earth ionic liquids were obtained using a straightforward method. The stable structures of these ionic liquids, characterized by high-coordinating anions, were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). These ionic liquids exhibited wide liquid phase intervals and excellent thermal stability. The bidentate nitrato ligands occupied a sufficient number of coordination sites on the lanthanide ions, resulting in the formation of water-free 10-coordination structures. To explain the anomalous melting points observed in these multi-charged ionic liquids, a combination of experimental data and theoretical studies was employed to investigate the relationship between the electrostatic properties and the melting point. The electrostatic potential density per unit ion surface and volume were proposed and utilized for melting point prediction, demonstrating good linearity. Furthermore, the coordinating spheres of the lanthanide ions in these ionic liquids were devoid of luminescence quenchers such as O-H and N-H groups. Notably, the ionic liquids containing Ho3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ exhibited long lifetime near-infrared (NIR) and blue emissions, respectively. The UV-vis-NIR spectra revealed numerous electronic transitions of the lanthanide ions, which were attributed to their unique optical properties.

Boost of Gas Adsorption Kinetics of Covalent Organic Frameworks via Ionic Liquid Solution Process.

Adsorption, storage, and conversion of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and iodine) are the three critical topics in the field of clean energy and environmental mediation. Exploring new methods to prepare high-performance materials to improve gas adsorption is one of the most concerning topics in recent years. In this work, an ionic liquid solution process (ILSP), which can greatly improve the adsorption kinetic performance of covalent organic framework (COF) materials for gaseous iodine, is explored. Anionic COF TpPaSO3 H is modified by amino-triazolium cation through the ILSP method, which successfully makes the iodine adsorption kinetic performance (K80% rate) of ionic liquid (IL) modified COF AC4 tirmTpPaSO3 quintuple compared with the original COF. A series of experimental characterization and theoretical calculation results show that the improvement of adsorption kinetics is benefited from the increased weak interaction between the COF and iodine, due to the local charge separation of the COF skeleton caused by the substitution of protons by the bulky cations of ILs. This ILSP strategy has competitive help for COF materials in the field of gas adsorption, separation, or conversion, and is expected to expand and improve the application of COF materials in energy and environmental science.

Rapid authentication of different herbal medicines by heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The rapid and accurate authentication of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has always been a key scientific and technical problem in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. Herein, a novel heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (H-oEESI-MS) was developed for the rapid and direct analysis of extremely complex substances without the requirement for any sample pretreatment or pre-separation steps. The overall molecular profile and fragment structure features of various herbal medicines could be completely captured within 10-15 s, with minimal sample (<0.5 mg) and solvent consumption (<20 µL for one sample). Furthermore, a rapid differentiation and authentication strategy for TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS was proposed, including metabolic profile characterization, characteristic marker screening and identification, and multivariate statistical analysis model validation. In an analysis of 52 batches of seven types of Aconitum medicinal materials, 20 and 21 key compounds were screened out as the characteristic markers of raw and processed Aconitum herbal medicines, respectively, and the possible structures of all the characteristic markers were comprehensively identified based on Compound Discoverer databases. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis showed that all the different types of herbal medicines were well differentiated and identified (R2X > 0.87, R2Y > 0.91, and Q2 > 0.72), which further verified the feasibility and reliability of this comprehensive strategy for the rapid authentication of different TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS. In summary, this rapid authentication strategy realized the ultra-high-throughput, low-cost, and standardized detection of various complex TCMs for the first time, thereby demonstrating wide applicability and value for the development of quality standards for TCMs.

Solvent-Responsive Reversible and Controllable Conversion between a Polyimine Membrane and an Organic Molecule Cage.

Adaptive bionic self-correcting behavior offers an attractive property for chemical systems. Here, based on the dynamic feature of imine formation, we propose a solvent-responsive strategy for smart switching between an amorphous ionic polyimine membrane and a crystalline organic molecule cage without the addition of other building blocks. To adapt to solvent environmental constraints, the aldehyde and amine components undergo self-correction to form a polymer network or a molecular cage. Studies have shown that the amorphous film can be switched in acetonitrile to generate a discrete cage with bright birefringence under polarized light. Conversely, the membrane from the cage crystal conversion can be regained in ethanol. Such a membrane-cage interconversion can be cycled continuously at least 5 times by switching the two solvents. This work builds a bridge between the polymer network and crystalline molecules and offers prospects for smart dynamic materials.

Modification of Two-Dimensional Tin-Based Perovskites by Pentanoic Acid for Improved Performance of Field-Effect Transistors.

Understanding and controlling the nucleation and crystallization in solution-processed perovskite thin films are critical to achieving high in-plane charge carrier transport in field-effect transistors (FETs). This work demonstrates a simple and effective additive engineering strategy using pentanoic acid (PA). Here, PA is introduced to both modulate the crystallization process and improve the charge carrier transport in 2D 2-thiopheneethylammonium tin iodide ((TEA)2 SnI4 ) perovskite FETs. It is revealed that the carboxylic group of PA is strongly coordinated to the spacer cation TEAI and [SnI6 ]4- framework in the perovskite precursor solution, inducing heterogeneous nucleation and lowering undesired oxidation of Sn2+ during the film formation. These factors contribute to a reduced defect density and improved film morphology, including lower surface roughness and larger grain size, resulting in overall enhanced transistor performance. The reduced defect density and decreased ion migration lead to a higher p-channel charge carrier mobility of 0.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is more than a threefold increase compared with the control device. Temperature-dependent charge transport studies demonstrate a mobility of 2.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 100 K due to the diminished ion mobility at low temperatures. This result illustrates that the additive strategy bears great potential to realize high-performance Sn-based perovskite FETs.

Online Sequential Determination of Organic/Inorganic Lead Speciation in PM2.5 Using Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry.

The information regarding the occurrence and abundance of lead (Pb) in PM2.5 is useful for the evaluation of air pollution status and tracing the pollution source. Herein, electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS) for sequential determination of Pb species in PM2.5 samples without sample pretreatment has been developed using the combination of online sequential extraction with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Four kinds of Pb species including water-soluble Pb compounds, fat-soluble Pb compounds, water/fat-insoluble Pb compounds, and a water/fat-insoluble Pb element were sequentially extracted from PM2.5 samples, in which water-soluble Pb compounds, fat-soluble Pb compounds, and water/fat-insoluble Pb compounds were extracted sequentially by elution using H2O, CH3OH, and EDTA-2Na as the eluent respectively, while the water/fat-insoluble Pb element was extracted by electrolysis using EDTA-2Na as the electrolyte. The extracted water-soluble Pb compounds, water/fat-insoluble Pb compounds, and water/fat-insoluble Pb element were transformed into EDTA-Pb in real time for online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis, while the extracted fat-soluble Pb compounds were directly detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The advantages of the reported method include the obviation of sample pretreatment, high speed of analysis (<60 min/sample), low detection limit (0.16 pg), low sample consumption (30 µg), and high accuracy (>90%), which indicates the potential of this method for the rapid quantitative species detection of metals in environmental particulate matter samples.

Accurate Detection of Salmonella Based on Microfluidic Chip to Avoid Aerosol Contamination.

Salmonella is a type of common foodborne pathogen of global concern, seriously endangering human health. In molecular biological detection of Salmonella, the method of amplifying DNA often faces the problem of aerosol pollution. In this study, a microfluidic chip was developed to integrate loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a system to detect Salmonella. The LAMP reaction solution was initially injected into the chamber to amplify at 65 °C for 20 min; the CRISPR/Cas12a reaction solution was subsequently injected to mix with the amplicons for fluorescent signal production at 43 °C for 30 min. Then, the results can be confirmed by naked eyes under 495 nm light or by a fluorescence immunochromatographic reader. The detection limit of this method for Salmonella DNA was 118 pg/µL. The sensitivity and specificity of this method was 100%. Furthermore, this method was used to detect Salmonella after enrichment for 4 h in salmon and chicken samples spiked with 30 CFU/25 g, and was verified to have a stable detection capability in real samples. The microfluidic chip integrated with the LAMP and CRISPR/Cas12a system not only provides a possibility of highly sensitive endpoint fluorescent visual detection of a foodborne pathogen, but also greatly eliminates the risk of aerosol contamination.

Grain engineering for improved charge carrier transport in two-dimensional lead-free perovskite field-effect transistors.

Controlling crystal growth and reducing the number of grain boundaries are crucial to maximize the charge carrier transport in organic-inorganic perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs). Herein, the crystallization and growth kinetics of a Sn(II)-based 2D perovskite, using 2-thiopheneethylammonium (TEA) as the organic cation spacer, were effectively regulated by the hot-casting method. With increasing crystalline grain size, the local charge carrier mobility is found to increase moderately from 13 cm2 V-1 s-1 to 16 cm2 V-1 s-1, as inferred from terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. In contrast, the FET operation parameters, including mobility, threshold voltage, hysteresis, and subthreshold swing, improve substantially with larger grain size. The optimized 2D (TEA)2SnI4 transistor exhibits hole mobility of up to 0.34 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 295 K and a higher value of 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 100 K. Our work provides an important insight into the grain engineering of 2D perovskites for high-performance FETs.

Hydrogen-bonding and "π-π" interaction promoted solution-processable mixed matrix membranes for aromatic amines detection.

Detection of hazardous compounds can alleviate risk to human health. However, it remains a challenge to develop easy-to-use testing tools for carcinogenic aromatic amines. Herein, we presented a conjugated molecule-based aniline detector, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), through the solution-processable strategy. The pentacene-based dispersed phase is achieved using the state-of-the-art ionic liquids (ILs) as the continuous phase, based on which MMMs are easily manufactured by a solution process. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical calculations suggested that hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction between ILs cations and pentacene could promote the dissolution. These prepared MMMs can offer easy-operation and on-site detection of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines with eye-readable fluorescence signal. This work provides a paradigm for the design of a portable testing device for various hazardous compounds.

Ultralow-cost portable device for cesium detection via perovskite fluorescence.

Public anxiety and concern from cesium pollution in oceans have been back on the agenda since tons of nuclear waste water were announced to be poured into oceans. Cesium ion can easily enter organisms and bioaccumulate in animals and plants, thus its harm is chronic to humans through food chains. Here we showed a kind of hybrid ionic liquid membrane (HILM) for detection of cesium ion in seawater through CsPbBr3 perovskite fluorescence. With sustainability in mind, HILM was built frugally. The lowest cost of HILM is below 3 cents per piece. The HILM can detect cesium ion quickly with eye-readable fluorescence signal. Ultracheap, portable, easy-to-use on-site detection device could offer benefit for personal security and applications in environment science and ecology in the future decades.