Pretreatment and analysis techniques development of TKIs in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as the first-line small molecule drugs in many cancer therapies, exerting their effects by impeding aberrant cell growth and proliferation through the modulation of tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling pathways. However, there exists a substantial inter-individual variability in the concentrations of certain TKIs and their metabolites, which may render patients with compromised immune function susceptible to diverse infections despite receiving theoretically efficacious anticancer treatments, alongside other potential side effects or adverse reactions. Therefore, an urgent need exists for an up-to-date review concerning the biological matrices relevant to bioanalysis and the sampling methods, clinical pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic drug monitoring of different TKIs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in pretreatment methods, such as protein precipitation (PPT), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), micro-SPE (µ-SPE), magnetic SPE (MSPE), and vortex-assisted dispersive SPE (VA-DSPE) achieved since 2017. It also highlights the latest analysis techniques such as newly developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) procedures, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays as well as novel nanoprobes-based biosensing techniques. In addition, a comparison is made between the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches while presenting critical challenges and prospects in pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.

Volatile Methylsiloxanes in Complex Samples: Recent Updates on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods.

Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) are massively produced chemicals having applications in industry and home because of their physical and chemical characteristics. They are used in personal care products such as cosmetics, household coatings, cleaners, skin care products, and others. Resultantly, large number of VMSs are discharged into air where they can be subjected to atmospheric migrations over long distances causing toxic and estrogenic effects, persistence, and bioaccumulations. Many institutions have taken measures to control VMSs. They require accurate, rapid, and sensitive pretreatment and analysis methods for diverse samples. Herein, the pretreatment and determination methods of VMSs as reported in recent years are reviewed and summarized. Pretreatments include commonly methods such as membrane-assisted solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and others, while novel methods are solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, diverse liquid phase microextraction and others. Analyses are made through gas chromatography-based methods. In addition, the advantages, and disadvantages of techniques are compared, and the prospects of pretreatment and analysis methods are discussed.

Pros and cons of different pretreatment and detection methods for VMSs were discussed.Different novel pretreatment techniques for VMSs were discussed.High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the determination of VMSs was discussed.