RESUMEN
The C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play essential roles in regulating cold stress responses. Similarly, raffinose accumulation contributes to freezing stress tolerance. However, the relationship between C2H2 functions and raffinose synthesis in cold tolerance remains uncertain. Here, we report the characterization of the cold-induced C2H2-type zinc finger protein PhZFP1 in Petunia hybrida. PhZFP1 was found to be predominantly localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of PhZFP1 conferred enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic petunia lines. In contrast, RNAi mediated suppression of PhZFP1 led to increased cold susceptibility. PhZFP1 regulated the expression of a range of abiotic stress responsive-genes including genes encoding proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and raffinose metabolism. The accumulation of galactinol and raffinose, and the levels of PhGolS1-1 transcripts, were significantly increased in PhZFP1-overexpressing plants and decreased in PhZFP1-RNAi plants under cold stress. Moreover, the galactinol synthase (GolS)-encoding gene PhGolS1-1 was identified as a direct target of PhZFP1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PhZFP1 functions in cold stress tolerance by modulation of galactinol synthesis via regulation of PhGolS1-1. This study also provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying C2H2 zinc finger protein-mediated cold stress tolerance, and has identified a candidate gene for improving cold stress tolerance.
Asunto(s)
Respuesta al Choque por Frío , Petunia , Respuesta al Choque por Frío/genética , Rafinosa/metabolismo , Petunia/genética , Petunia/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Dedos de ZincRESUMEN
Flavonoids and lignin consist of a large number of secondarymetabolites which are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, and they act as a significant role in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, few reports have documented that how different subbranches of phenylpropanoid metablolic pathway mutually interact. In Arabidopsis, AtCPC (AtCAPRICE) is known to play a negative role in anthocyanin accumulation. Nonetheless, whether AtCPC could control the biosynthesis of lignin is largely unknown. Additionally, whether the RrFLS and RrANR, flavonol synthase and anthocyanidin reductase, from Rosa rugosa regulate different branches of phenylpropanoid pathway is unclear. Here, we performed a series of transgenic experiments with short life cycle tobacco and RNA-Seq analysis. Finally, a series of assays related to biological, physiological, and phenotypic characteristics were undertaken. Our results indicated that ectopic expression of AtCPC in tobacco not only decreased the flavonoid compound accumulation, but also up-regulated several lignin biosynthetic genes, and significantly increased the accumulation of lignin. Our results also revealed that although they respectively improved the flavonol and proanthocyanidin contents, the overexpression of RrFLS and RrANR plays positive roles in lignin biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco plants. Our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying homeostatic regulation of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in phenylpropanoid pathway of plants.
Asunto(s)
Flavonoides/biosíntesis , Lignina/biosíntesis , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Flavonoides/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Homeostasis , Lignina/genética , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/genética , NADH NADPH Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myb/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myb/metabolismo , Rosa/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaAsunto(s)
Flores , Proteínas de Dominio MADS , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/genética , Fotosíntesis/genética , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: Three tulip cultivars were screened out with successful bloom after a short-term cold treatment, and the differential responses to postharvest cold treatment were analyzed between two contrasting tulip cultivars. Tulip is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants in the world. A precious precooling treatment during bulb postharvest is required for optimal floral stalk elongation and flower development in tulip. In this study, the naturally growing and flowering variations of tulip to storage temperatures were analyzed after long-term cold (LTC) and short-term cold (STC) treatments. Three cultivars were screened out with successful blooming after STC, which included 'Dow Jones' (DJ), 'Van Eijk' (VE) and 'World's Favourite' (WF) (5 °C for 2 weeks). Comparative analysis revealed that DJ cultivar maintained normal and intact reproductive organs under STC condition, while the 'Orange Emperor' (OE) cultivar, which failed blooming after STC treatment, showed gradually destroyed reproductive organs under STC condition. In addition, the DJ cultivar accumulated lower ROS levels and higher antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as significantly higher contents of total primary metabolites than OE to maintain normal shoot growth and floral organ development under STC condition. The relative expression levels of genes involved in vernalization and/or flower time regulation in DJ were significantly higher than those in OE after STC treatment. This study provides new insights into understanding the underlying mechanism of natural variation of tulip cultivars during postharvest storage treatment.