Global, regional, and national burden of bullying related mental disorders of adolescent from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Few studies have assessed the burden of mental disorders in adolescents related to bullying victimization at the global, regional, and national levels. We analyzed adolescent mental disorder disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to bullying in 204 countries, following the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 framework. The DALYs rate of adolescent for bullying-related mental disorders global increased from 110.45 (95 % uncertainty intervals (UI): 40.76, 218.62) per 100,000 in 1990 to 138.92 (95 % UI: 54.37, 268.19) per 100,000 in 2019. The largest increase in DALYs rates were obvious in low-SDI and high-SDI regions. In 2019, the DALYs rate of adolescents with bullying-related anxiety disorders was 1.4 times higher than those depressive disorders; the DALYs rate of adolescents with bullying-related mental disorder in females was 1.3 times higher than that of male, and older adolescent (15-19 years old) was 1.4 times higher than younger adolescent (10-14 years old). High-income North America had the fastest increase in DALYs rates of mental disorders related to bullying. In general, a positive correlation was observed between bullying DALY rate of adolescent and SDIs at the regional and national levels. Our study highlights significant disparities in adolescent mental health burden from bullying. Governments must implement adaptive policies to address diverse needs effectively.

Single-cell, single-nucleus and xenium-based spatial transcriptomics analyses reveal inflammatory activation and altered cell interactions in the hippocampus in mice with temporal lobe epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is among the most common types of epilepsy and often leads to cognitive, emotional, and psychiatric issues due to the frequent seizures. A notable pathological change related to TLE is hippocampal sclerosis (HS), which is characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and an increased neuron fibre density. The mechanisms underlying TLE-HS development remain unclear, but the reactive transcriptomic changes in glial cells and neurons of the hippocampus post-epileptogenesis may provide insights. METHODS: To induce TLE, 200 nl of kainic acid (KA) was stereotactically injected into the hippocampal CA1 region of mice, followed by a 7-day postinjection period. Single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq), single-nucleus RNA sequencing (SnRNA-seq), and Xenium-based spatial transcriptomics analyses were employed to evaluate the changes in mRNA expression in glial cells and neurons. RESULTS: From the ScRNA-seq and SnRNA-seq data, 31,390 glial cells and 48,221 neuronal nuclei were identified. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed significant transcriptomic alterations in the hippocampal cells of mice with TLE, affecting hundreds to thousands of mRNAs and their signalling pathways. Enrichment analysis indicated notable activation of stress and inflammatory pathways in the TLE hippocampus, while pathways related to axonal development and neural support were suppressed. Xenium analysis demonstrated the expression of all 247 genes across mouse brain sections, revealing the spatial distributions of their expression in 27 cell types. Integrated analysis of the DEGs identified via the three sequencing techniques revealed that Spp1, Trem2, and Cd68 were upregulated in all glial cell types and in the Xenium data; Penk, Sorcs3, and Plekha2 were upregulated in all neuronal cell types and in the Xenium data; and Tle4 and Sipa1l3 were downregulated in all glial cell types and in the Xenium data. CONCLUSION: In this study, a high-resolution single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the hippocampus in mice with TLE was established, revealing potential intrinsic mechanisms driving TLE-associated inflammatory activation and altered cell interactions. These findings provide valuable insights for further exploration of HS development and epileptogenesis.

Case report: Deep sequencing and long-read genome sequencing refine prior genetic analyses in families with apparent gonadal mosaicism in PIK3CD-related activated PI3K delta syndrome.

Gonadal and gonosomal mosaicism describe phenomena in which a seemingly healthy individual carries a genetic variant in a subset of their gonadal tissue or gonadal and somatic tissue(s), respectively, with risk of transmitting the variant to their offspring. In families with one or more affected offspring, occurrence of the same apparently de novo variants can be an indicator of mosaicism in either parent. Panel-based deep sequencing has the capacity to detect low-level mosaic variants with coverage exceeding the typical limit of detection provided by current, readily available sequencing techniques. In this study, we report three families with more than one affected offspring with either confirmed or apparent parental gonosomal or gonadal mosaicism for PIK3CD pathogenic variants. Data from targeted deep sequencing was suggestive of low-level maternal gonosomal mosaicism in Family 1. Through this approach we did not detect pathogenic variants in PIK3CD from parental samples in Family 2 and Family 3. We conclude that mosaicism was likely confined to the maternal gonads in Family 2. Subsequent long-read genome sequencing in Family 3 showed that the paternal chromosome harbored the pathogenic variant in PIK3CD in both affected children, consistent with paternal gonadal mosaicism. Detection of parental mosaic variants enables accurate risk assessment, informs reproductive decision-making, and provides helpful context to inform clinical management in families with PIK3CD pathogenic variants.

Delineating structural and metabolic abnormalities in amygdala and hippocampal subfields for different seizure-onset patterns via stereotactic electroencephalography.

AIMS: We aimed to investigate mesial temporal lobe abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with hypersynchronous (HYP) and low-voltage fast rhythms (LVF) onset identified by stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) and evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS: Fifty-one MTLE patients were categorized as HYP or LVF by SEEG. High-resolution MRI volume-based analysis and 18F-FDG-PET standard uptake values of hippocampal and amygdala subfields were quantified and compared with 57 matched controls. Further analyses were conducted to delineate the distinct pathological characteristics differentiating the two groups. Diagnostic and prognostic prediction performance of these biomarkers were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: LVF-onset individuals demonstrated ipsilateral amygdala enlargement (p = 0.048) and contralateral hippocampus hypermetabolism (p = 0.042), pathological results often accompany abnormalities in the temporal lobe cortex, while HYP-onset subjects had significant atrophy (p < 0.001) and hypometabolism (p = 0.013) in ipsilateral hippocampus and its subfields, as well as amygdala atrophy (p < 0.001), pathological results are highly correlated with hippocampal sclerosis. Severe fimbria atrophy was observed in cases of HYP-onset MTLE with poor prognosis (AUC = 0.874). CONCLUSION: Individuals with different seizure-onset patterns display specific morphological and metabolic abnormalities in the amygdala and hippocampus. Identifying these subfield abnormalities can improve diagnostic and prognostic precision, guiding surgical strategies for MTLE.

Application of 11/13Fr suctioning ureteral access sheath and 8.55Fr single-use digital flexible ureteroscope in one-stage flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy: an initial experience of 900 cases.

OBJECTIVES: To report our initial experience of one-stage flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy(FURL) with 11/13Fr suctioning ureteral access sheath(UAS) and 8.55Fr single-use digital flexible ureteroscope(SDFU) in upper ureteral or renal calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 900 adult patients with upper ureteral or renal calculi treated by FURL with 11/13Fr suctioning UAS and 8.55Fr SDFU from January 2022 to April 2024. Demographics, peri- and postoperative outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: In all, 40 of 940 cases(4.26%) failed to introduce UAS and required second-stage FURL because of ureterostenosis and were excluded. Mean stones size of the remaining 900 eligible cases was 1.68 ± 0.58 cm in greatest diameter. There were 228 cases of upper ureteral stone, 456 cases of renal stone and 216 cases of concomitant ureteral and renal calculi. The mean operation time was 52.20 ± 20.21 min and the postoperative hospital stay was 2.87 ± 1.37 days. The stone-free rate of 1 month postoperatively was 89.56% and only 2.44% of patients with residue underwent additional reoperation. The rate of postoperative fever, postoperative pain needing analgesic and slight ureteral mucosal injury were 5.11%, 8.22% and 7.78%, respectively. None of patient suffered from severe complications, such as sepsis or ureteral perforation. CONCLUSION: It's practical and suitable for the vast majority of adult patients to undergo FURL in single session with 11/13Fr suctioning UAS without preoperative stenting. FURL with 11/13Fr suctioning UAS and 8.55Fr SDFU is feasible, reliable, safe, and efficient in the management of renal stone and upper ureteral stone.

A Microfluidic 3D-Tumor-Spheroid Model for the Evaluation of Targeted Therapies from Angiogenesis-Related Cytokines at the Single Spheroid Level.

Angiogenesis is a key player in drug resistance to targeted therapies for breast cancer. The average expression of angiogenesis-related cytokines is widely associated with the treatments of target therapies for a population of cells or spheroids, overlooking the distinct responses for individuals. In this work, a highly integrated microfluidic platform is developed for the generation of monodisperse multicellular tumor spheroids (MTSs), drug treatments, and the measurement of cytokines for individual MTSs in a single chip. The platform allows the correlation evaluation between cytokine secretion and drug treatment at the level of individual spheroids. For validation, quantities of six representative proangiogenic cytokines are tested against treatments with four model drugs at varying times and concentrations. By applying a linear regression model, significant correlations are established between cytokine secretion and the treated drug concentration for individual spheroids. The proposed platform provides a high-throughput method for the investigation of the molecular mechanism of the cytokine response to targeted therapies and paves the way for future drug screening using predictive regression models at the single-spheroid level.

Smaller microorganisms outcompete larger ones in resistance and functional effects under disturbed agricultural ecosystems.

Body size is a key ecological trait of soil microorganisms related to their adaptation to environmental changes. In this study, we reveal that the smaller microorganisms show stronger community resistance than larger organisms in both maize and rice soil. Compared with larger organisms, smaller microorganisms have higher diversity and broader niche breadth to deploy survival strategies, because of which they are less affected by environmental selection and thus survive in complex and various kinds of environments. In addition, the strong correlation between smaller microorganisms and ecosystem functions reflects their greater metabolic flexibility and illustrates their significant roles in adaptation to continuously changing environments. This research highlights the importance of body size in maintaining stability of the soil microbiome and forecasting agroecosystem dynamics under environmental disturbances.

Realization of Two-Dimensional Intrinsic Polar Metal in a Buckled Honeycomb Binary Lattice.

Structural topology and symmetry of a two-dimensional (2D) network play pivotal roles in defining its electrical properties and functionalities. Here, a binary buckled honeycomb lattice with C3v symmetry, which naturally hosts topological Dirac fermions and out-of-plane polarity, is proposed. It is successfully achieved in a group IV-V compound, namely monolayer SiP epitaxially grown on Ag(111) surface. Combining first-principles calculations with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, the degeneration of the Dirac nodal lines to points due to the broken horizonal mirror symmetry is elucidated. More interesting, the SiP monolayer manifests metallic nature, which is mutually exclusive with polarity in conventional materials. It is further found that the out-of-plane polarity is strongly suppressed by the metallic substrate. This study not only represents a breakthrough of realizing intrinsic polarity in 2D metallic material via ingenious design but also provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay of many exotic low-dimensional quantum phenomena.

Development of a Novel Prediction Tool for Response to First-Line Treatments of Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis: A Randomized, Controlled, International, Multicenter Study (DRYCHILD).

PURPOSE: Nocturnal urine volume and bladder reservoir function are key pathogenic factors behind monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE). We investigated the predictive value of these together with other demographic and clinical variables for response to first-line treatments in children with MNE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled, international, multicenter study was conducted in 324 treatment-naïve children (6-14 years old) with primary MNE. The children were randomized to treatment with or without prior consideration of voiding diaries. In the group where treatment choice was based on voiding diaries, children with nocturnal polyuria and normal maximum voided volume (MVV) received desmopressin (dDAVP) treatment, and children with reduced MVV and no nocturnal polyuria received an enuresis alarm. In the other group, treatment with dDAVP or alarm was randomly allocated. RESULTS: A total of 281 children (72% males) were qualified for statistical analysis. The change of responding to treatment was 21% higher in children where treatment was individualized compared to children where treatment was randomly selected (risk ratio = 1.21 [1.02-1.45], P = .032). In children with reduced MVV and no nocturnal polyuria (35% of all children), individualized treatment was associated with a 46% improvement in response compared to random treatment selection (risk ratio = 1.46 [1.14-1.87], P = .003). Furthermore, we developed a clinically relevant prediction model for response to dDAVP treatment (receiver operating characteristic curve 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that treatment selection based on voiding diaries improves response to first-line treatment, particularly in specific subtypes. Information from voiding diaries together with clinical and demographic information provides the basis for predicting response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NO.: NCT03389412.

The pseudogene GBP1P1 suppresses influenza A virus replication by acting as a protein decoy for DHX9.

Recently, substantial evidence has demonstrated that pseudogene-derived long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as regulatory RNAs have been implicated in basic physiological processes and disease development through multiple modes of functional interaction with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Here, we report an important role for GBP1P1, the pseudogene of guanylate-binding protein 1, in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) replication in A549 cells. GBP1P1 was dramatically upregulated after IAV infection, which is controlled by JAK/STAT signaling. Functionally, ectopic expression of GBP1P1 in A549 cells resulted in significant suppression of IAV replication. Conversely, silencing GBP1P1 facilitated IAV replication and virus production, suggesting that GBP1P1 is one of the interferon-inducible antiviral effectors. Mechanistically, GBP1P1 is localized in the cytoplasm and functions as a sponge to trap DHX9 (DExH-box helicase 9), which subsequently restricts IAV replication. Together, these studies demonstrate that GBP1P1 plays an important role in antagonizing IAV replication.IMPORTANCELong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are extensively expressed in mammalian cells and play a crucial role as regulators in various biological processes. A growing body of evidence suggests that host-encoded lncRNAs are important regulators involved in host-virus interactions. Here, we define a novel function of GBP1P1 as a decoy to compete with viral mRNAs for DHX9 binding. We demonstrate that GBP1P1 induction by IAV is mediated by JAK/STAT activation. In addition, GBP1P1 has the ability to inhibit IAV replication. Importantly, we reveal that GBP1P1 acts as a decoy to bind and titrate DHX9 away from viral mRNAs, thereby attenuating virus production. This study provides new insight into the role of a previously uncharacterized GBP1P1, a pseudogene-derived lncRNA, in the host antiviral process and a further understanding of the complex GBP network.

Notable dysthymia: evolving trends of major depressive disorders and dysthymia in China from 1990 to 2019, and projections until 2030.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders have been identified as a significant contributor to non-fatal health loss in China. Among the various subtypes of depressive disorders, dysthymia is gaining attention due to its similarity in clinical severity and disability to major depressive disorders (MDD). However, national epidemiological data on the burden of disease and risk factors of MDD and dysthymia in China are scarce. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by MDD and dysthymia in China between 1990 and 2019. The temporal trends of the depressive disorder burden were evaluated using the average annual percentage change. The comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of DALYs attributed to risk factors, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was applied to project the burden of depressive disorders. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the overall age-standardized estimates of dysthymia in China remained stable, while MDD showed a decreasing trend. Since 2006, the raw prevalence of dysthymia exceeded that of MDD for the first time, and increased alternately with MDD in recent years. Moreover, while the prevalence and burden of MDD decreased in younger age groups, it increased in the aged population. In contrast, the prevalence and burden of dysthymia remained stable across different ages. In females, 11.34% of the DALYs attributable to depressive disorders in 2019 in China were caused by intimate partner violence, which has increasingly become prominent among older women. From 2020 to 2030, the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of dysthymia in China are projected to remain stable, while MDD is expected to continue declining. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the burden of depressive disorders in China, more attention and targeted strategies are needed for dysthymia. It's also urgent to control potential risk factors like intimate partner violence and develop intervention strategies for older women. These efforts are crucial for improving mental health outcomes in China.

A novel quantity assessment of landscape ecological risk using human-nature driving mechanism for sustainable society.

The rapid advancement of global economic integration and urbanization has severely damaged the stability of the ecological environment and hindered the ecological carbon sink capacity. In this study, we evaluated the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of landscape ecological risk (LER) in the Loess Plateau from 2010 to 2020. This was examined under the driving mechanism of human and natural dual factors. We combined the random forest algorithm with the Markov chain to jointly simulate and predict the development trend of LER in 2030. From 2010 to 2020, LER on the Loess Plateau showed a distribution pattern with higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest. Under the interaction of human and natural factors, annual precipitation exerted the strongest constraint on LER. The driving of land use and natural factors significantly influenced the spatial differentiation of the LER, with a q-value >0.30. In all three projected scenarios for 2030, there was an increase in construction land area and a significant reduction in cultivated land area. The urban development scenario showed the greatest expansion of high-risk areas, with a 5.29 % increase. Conversely, the ecological protection scenario showed a 1.53 % increase in high-risk areas. The findings have provided a reference for ecological risk prevention and control, and sustainable development of the ecological environment in arid regions.

The combined effects of polystyrene of different sizes and cadmium in mouse kidney tissues.

Environmental accumulation of nano- and microplastics pose serious risks to human health. Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer commonly used in the production of plastics. However, PS can adsorb cadmium (Cd), thereby influencing bioavailability and toxicity in vivo. Moreover, PS and Cd can accumulate in the mammalian kidney. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of combined exposure to PS and Cd in the kidney. Kidney damage was evaluated in male mice gavaged with PS (diameter, 100 nm and/or 1 µm) and Cd for 25 days.The results showed that PS at 100 nm caused more severe oxidative damage and cell apoptosis than PS at 1 µm. Combined exposure to PS at both 100 nm and 1 µm caused more severe kidney damage than the single administration groups. The extent of kidney toxicity caused by Cd differed with the combination of PS particles at 100 nm vs. 1 µm. The degree of damage to kidney function, pathological changes, and cell apoptosis induced by Cd+100 nm PS+1µm PS was the most severe. An increase in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and overexpression of p53 and caspase-3 revealed that renal cell apoptosis might be induced via the mitochondrial pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the size of PS particles dictates the combined effects of PS and Cd in kidney tissues. Kidney damage caused by the combination of different sizes of PS particle and Cd is more complicated under actual environmental conditions.

Pseudospin-dependent acoustic topological edge and corner states in silica aerogel metamaterialsa).

Fueled by the concepts of topological insulators, analogous topological acoustics offer an alternative approach to manipulate sound. Theoretical proposals for subwavelength acoustic topological insulators are considered to be ideal effective parameters or utilizeing artificial coiling-space metamaterials. However, the corresponding realization using realistic soft metamaterials remains challenging. In this study, we present the design of an acoustic subwavelength second-order topological insulator using nanoscale porous solid material, silica aerogel, which supports pseudospin-dependent topological edge and corner states simultaneously. Through simulations and experiments, we demonstrate that silica aerogel can function as a soft acoustic metamaterial at the subwavelength scale. By embedding silica aerogel in an air matrix to construct a honeycomb lattice, a double Dirac cone is obtained. A topological phase transition is induced by expanding or contracting the supercell, resulting in band inversion. Additionally, we propose topologically robust acoustic transmission along the one-dimensional edge. Furthermore, we discover that the proposed sonic crystal sustains zero-dimensional corner states, which can efficiently confine energy at subwavelength corners. These findings offer potential for the realization of subwavelength topological acoustic devices using realistic soft metamaterials.

Aberrant individual structure covariance network in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a complex neurological disorder that has been recognized as a widespread global network disorder. The group-level structural covariance network (SCN) could reveal the structural connectivity disruption of the mTLE but could not reflect the heterogeneity at the individual level. Methods: This study adopted a recently proposed individual structural covariance network (IDSCN) method to clarify the alternated structural covariance connection mode in mTLE and to associate IDSCN features with the clinical manifestations and regional brain atrophy. Results: We found significant IDSCN abnormalities in the ipsilesional hippocampus, ipsilesional precentral gyrus, bilateral caudate, and putamen in mTLE patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, the IDSCNs of these areas were positively correlated with the gray matter atrophy rate. Finally, we identified several connectivities with weak associations with disease duration, frequency, and surgery outcome. Significance: Our research highlights the role of hippo-thalamic-basal-cortical circuits in the pathophysiologic process of disrupted whole-brain morphological covariance networks in mTLE, and builds a bridge between brain-wide covariance network changes and regional brain atrophy.

Low energy-consumption oriented membrane fouling control strategy in anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor.

Anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactors (AFMBR) has attracted growing interest as an emerging wastewater treatment technology towards energy recovery from wastewater. AFMBR combines the advantages of anaerobic digestion and membrane bioreactors and shows great potential in overcoming limiting factors such as membrane fouling and low efficiency in treating low-strength wastewater such as domestic sewage. In AFMBR, the fluidized media performs significant role in reducing the membrane fouling, as well as improving the anaerobic microbial activity of AFMBRs. Despite extensive research aimed at mitigating membrane fouling in AFMBR, there has yet to emerge a comprehensive review focusing on strategies for controlling membrane fouling with an emphasis on low energy consumption. Thus, this work overviews the recent progress of AFMBR by summarizing the factors of membrane fouling and energy consumption in AFMBR, and provides targeted in-depth analysis of energy consumption related to membrane fouling control. Additionally, future development directions for AFMBR are also outlooked, and further promotion of AFMBR engineering application is expected. By shedding light on the relationship between energy consumption and membrane fouling control, this review offers a useful information for developing new AFMBR processes with an improved efficiency, low membrane fouling and low energy consumption, and encourages more research efforts and technological advancements in the domain of AFMBR.

Microfluidic Biochips for Single-Cell Isolation and Single-Cell Analysis of Multiomics and Exosomes.

Single-cell multiomic and exosome analyses are potent tools in various fields, such as cancer research, immunology, neuroscience, microbiology, and drug development. They facilitate the in-depth exploration of biological systems, providing insights into disease mechanisms and aiding in treatment. Single-cell isolation, which is crucial for single-cell analysis, ensures reliable cell isolation and quality control for further downstream analyses. Microfluidic chips are small lightweight systems that facilitate efficient and high-throughput single-cell isolation and real-time single-cell analysis on- or off-chip. Therefore, most current single-cell isolation and analysis technologies are based on the single-cell microfluidic technology. This review offers comprehensive guidance to researchers across different fields on the selection of appropriate microfluidic chip technologies for single-cell isolation and analysis. This review describes the design principles, separation mechanisms, chip characteristics, and cellular effects of various microfluidic chips available for single-cell isolation. Moreover, this review highlights the implications of using this technology for subsequent analyses, including single-cell multiomic and exosome analyses. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of microfluidic chip technology are outlined for multiplex single-cell isolation and multiomic and exosome analyses.

Antarctic Snow Failure Mechanics: Analysis, Simulations, and Applications.

Snow failure is the process by which the stability of snow or snow-covered slopes is destroyed, resulting in the collapse or release of snow. Heavy snowfall, low temperatures, and volatile weather typically cause consequences in Antarctica, which can occur at different scales, from small, localized collapses to massive avalanches, and result in significant risk to human activities and infrastructures. Understanding snow damage is critical to assessing potential hazards associated with snow-covered terrain and implementing effective risk mitigation strategies. This review discusses the theoretical models and numerical simulation methods commonly used in Antarctic snow failure research. We focus on the various theoretical models proposed in the literature, including the fiber bundle model (FBM), discrete element model (DEM), cellular automata (CA) model, and continuous cavity-expansion penetration (CCEP) model. In addition, we overview some methods to acquire the three-dimensional solid models and the related advantages and disadvantages. Then, we discuss some critical numerical techniques used to simulate the snow failure process, such as the finite element method (FEM) and three-dimensional (3D) material point method (MPM), highlighting their features in capturing the complex behavior of snow failure. Eventually, different case studies and the experimental validation of these models and simulation methods in the context of Antarctic snow failure are presented, as well as the application of snow failure research to facility construction. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of snow properties, essential numerical simulation methods, and related applications to enhance our understanding of Antarctic snow failure, which offer valuable resources for designing and managing potential infrastructure in Antarctica.

The Interplay Between Epilepsy and Parkinson's Disease: Gene Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis.

The results of many epidemiological studies suggest a bidirectional causality may exist between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular landscape linking these two diseases remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore this possible bidirectional causality by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each disease as well as their intersection based on two respective disease-related datasets. We performed enrichment analyses and explored immune cell infiltration based on an intersection of the DEGs. Identifying a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between epilepsy and PD, and this network was visualised using Cytoscape software to screen key modules and hub genes. Finally, exploring the diagnostic values of the identified hub genes. NetworkAnalyst 3.0 and Cytoscape software were also used to construct and visualise the transcription factor-micro-RNA regulatory and co-regulatory networks, the gene-microRNA interaction network, as well as gene-disease association. Based on the enrichment results, the intersection of the DEGs mainly revealed enrichment in immunity-, phosphorylation-, metabolism-, and inflammation-related pathways. The boxplots revealed similar trends in infiltration of many immune cells in epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, with greater infiltration in patients than in controls. A complex PPI network comprising 186 nodes and 512 edges were constructed. According to node connection degree, top 15 hub genes were considered the kernel targets of epilepsy and PD. The area under curve values of hub gene expression profiles confirmed their excellent diagnostic values. This study is the first to analyse the molecular landscape underlying the epidemiological link between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. The two diseases are closely linked through immunity-, inflammation-, and metabolism-related pathways. This information was of great help in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases. The present results may provide guidance for further in-depth analysis about molecular mechanisms of epilepsy and PD and novel potential targets.