Ischemic stroke due to stylocarotid artery syndrome: a case report and review.

Stylocarotid artery syndrome (SAS) is a rare variant of Eagle's syndrome that may lead to transient ischemic attack or stroke. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism involves compression of the internal carotid artery by an elongated styloid process (ESP), potentially resulting in vascular occlusion or dissection. An ESP exceeding 2.5 cm is deemed elongated, with a length of 3.0 cm considered clinically significant. Although the prevalence of ESP ranges from 4.0% to 7.3%, symptomatic cases are rare; symptoms are present in only approximately 4.0% of individuals with an ESP. Unlike the typical symptoms of Eagle's syndrome, SAS may not cause pharyngeal discomfort, the sensation of a foreign body in the throat, dysphagia, or facial pain. This absence of characteristic symptoms as well as the development of central nervous system symptoms often leads patients to seek care from neurologists instead of otolaryngologists, increasing the likelihood of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. We herein report a unique case of ischemic stroke caused by SAS and present a literature review on cases of SAS-associated ischemic stroke published in the past decade. The reporting of this study conforms to the CARE guidelines.

One-pot Ugi-azide and Heck reactions for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems containing tetrazole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.

A new method for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems containing tetrazole and tetrahydroisoquinoline is developed via the performance of one-pot Ugi-azide and Heck cyclization reactions. The integration of the multicomponent and post-condensation reactions in one-pot maximizes the pot-, atom-, and step-economy (PASE).

Remodeling Intestinal Microbiota Alleviates Severe Combined Hyperlipidemia-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- Hamsters.

Combined hyperlipidemia (CHL) manifests as elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, associated with fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence underscores the crucial role of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic disorders. However, the potential therapeutic viability of remodeling the intestinal microbiota in CHL remains uncertain. In this study, CHL was induced in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) hamsters through an 8-week high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet or a 4-month high-cholesterol (HC) diet. Placebo or antibiotics were administered through separate or cohousing approaches. Analysis through 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that intermittent antibiotic treatment and the cohousing approach effectively modulated the gut microbiota community without impacting its overall abundance in LDLR-/- hamsters exhibiting severe CHL. Antibiotic treatment mitigated HFHC diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, enhancing thermogenesis and alleviating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), concurrently reducing atherosclerotic lesions in LDLR-/- hamsters. Metabolomic analysis revealed a favorable liver lipid metabolism profile. Increased levels of microbiota-derived metabolites, notably butyrate and glycylglycine, also ameliorated NASH and atherosclerosis in HFHC diet-fed LDLR-/- hamsters. Notably, antibiotics, butyrate, and glycylglycine treatment exhibited protective effects in LDLR-/- hamsters on an HC diet, aligning with outcomes observed in the HFHC diet scenario. Our findings highlight the efficacy of remodeling gut microbiota through antibiotic treatment and cohousing in improving obesity, NASH, and atherosclerosis associated with refractory CHL. Increased levels of beneficial microbiota-derived metabolites suggest a potential avenue for microbiome-mediated therapies in addressing CHL-associated diseases.

A combined approach of lauroyl arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride and kojic acid in mitigating fresh-cut potato deterioration.

The combinational effects of kojic acid and lauroyl arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride (ELAH) on fresh-cut potatoes were investigated. Kojic acid of 0.6% (w/w) effectively inhibited the browning of fresh-cut potatoes and displayed antimicrobial capacity. The color difference value of samples was decreased from 175 to 26 by kojic acid. In contrast, ELAH could not effectively bind with the active sites of tyrosinase and catechol oxidase at molecular level. Although 0.5% (w/w) of ELAH prominently inhibited the microbial growth, it promoted the browning of samples. However, combining kojic acid and ELAH effectively inhibited the browning of samples and microbial growth during the storage and the color difference value of samples was decreased to 52. This amount of kojic acid inhibited enzyme activities toward phenolic compounds. The results indicated that combination of kojic acid and ELAH could provide a potential strategy to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut products.

Sodium oligomannate's amelioration of reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in a letrozole-induced PCOS-like mouse model depends on the gut microbiome.

It has been well-established that there is a connection between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathology and gut microbiome dysbiosis. A marine-derived oligosaccharide, GV-971, has been reported to alter gut microbiota and alleviate Aß amyloidosis. In this study, the effects of GV-971 on PCOS-like mice were explored. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups: control, letrozole, letrozole + GV-971, control + GV-971. Glucose metabolism in PCOS-like mice was ameliorated by GV-971, while the reproductive endocrine disorder of PCOS-like mice was partially reversed. The messenger ribonucleic acid levels of steroidogenic enzymes in ovaries of PCOS-like mice were improved. GV-971 restored the fertility of PCOS-like mice and significantly increase the number of litters. Furthermore, GV-971 treatment effectively mitigated abnormal bile acid metabolism. Notably, after GV-971 intervention, gut microbiota alpha-diversity was considerably raised and the relative abundance of Firmicutes was reduced. In conclusion, the hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenemia of PCOS-like mice were alleviated by GV-971 intervention, which was associated with mitigating bile acid metabolism and modulating gut microbiota.

Insights into the Distinct Behaviors between Bifunctional and Binary Organoborane Catalysts through Terpolymerization of Epoxide, CO2, and Anhydride.

Alkyl borane compounds-mediated polymerizations have expanded to Lewis pair polymerization, free radical polymerization, ionic ring-opening polymerization, and polyhomologation. The bifunctional organoborane catalysts that contain the Lewis acid and ammonium or phosphonium salt in one molecule have demonstrated superior catalytic performance for ring-opening polymerization of epoxides and ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 than their two-component analogues, i.e., the blend of organoborane and ammonium or phosphonium salt. To explore the origin of the differences of the one-component and two-component organoborane catalysts, here we conducted a systematic investigation on the catalytic performances of these two kinds of organoborane catalysts via terpolymerization of epoxide, carbon dioxide and anhydride. The resultant terpolymers produced independently by bifunctional and binary organoborane catalyst exhibited distinct microstructures, where a series of gradient polyester-polycarbonate terpolymers with varying polyester content were afforded using the bifunctional catalyst, while tapering diblock terpolymers were obtained using the binary system. The bifunctional catalyst enhances the competitiveness of CO2 insertion than anhydride, which leads to the premature incorporation of CO2 into the polymer chains and ultimately results in the formation of gradient terpolymers. DFT calculations revealed the role of electrostatic interaction and charge distribution caused by intramolecular synergistic effect for bifunctional organoborane catalyst.

Evaluation of Peregrinus maidis transformer-2 as a target for CRISPR-based control.

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is an economically important pest of corn and sorghum. Here we report the initial steps towards developing a CRISPR-based control method, precision guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT), for this hemipteran pest. Specifically, we evaluated the potential of transformer-2 (tra-2) as a target for sterilizing insects. First, we identified tra-2 transcripts within our P. maidis transcriptome database and performed RNA interference (RNAi) to confirm functional conservation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Pmtra-2 in nymphs transformed females into pseudomales with deformed ovipositors resembling male claspers. While males showed no overt difference in appearance, they were indeed sterile. Importantly, the results were similar to those observed in another planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. We also used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to assess the impact of tra-2 knockout in injectees. CRISPR-mediated knockout of Pmtra-2 had lethal effects on embryos, and hence not many injectees reached adulthood. However, mosaic knockout of Pmtra-2 did impact female and male fertility, which supports the use of tra-2 as a target for pgSIT in this hemipteran species.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Formal Intramolecular [3 + 2] Annulations of Cyclohexadienone-Tethered Ynals.

A formal [3 + 2] annulation of cyclohexadienone-tethered ynals is enabled by an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyst, affording a tricyclo[6.2.1.04,11]undecane framework. This study represents the first demonstration of using C═C double bonds as the reaction partner in the NHC-catalyzed annulation of ynals. This strategy is characterized by mild reaction conditions and 100% atom economy as well as high catalytic performance and efficiency.

QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis reveal two major loci regulating green leaf color in non-heading Chinese cabbage.

KEY MESSAGE: Two major-effect QTL GlcA07.1 and GlcA09.1 for green leaf color were fine mapped into 170.25 kb and 191.41 kb intervals on chromosomes A07 and A09, respectively, and were validated by transcriptome analysis. Non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC) is a leafy vegetable with a wide range of green colors. Understanding the genetic mechanism behind broad spectrum of green may facilitate the breeding of high-quality NHCC. Here, we used F2 and F7:8 recombination inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between Wutacai (dark-green) and Erqing (lime-green) to undertake the genetic analysis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in NHCC. The genetic investigation of the F2 population revealed that the variation of green leaf color was controlled by two recessive genes. Six pigments associated with green leaf color, including total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, lutein, and carotene were quantified and applied for QTL mapping in the RIL population. A total of 7 QTL were detected across the whole genome. Among them, two major-effect QTL were mapped on chromosomes A07 (GlcA07.1) and A09 (GlcA09.1) corresponding to two QTL identified in the F2 population. The QTL GlcA07.1 and GlcA09.1 were further fine mapped into 170.25 kb and 191.41 kb genomic regions, respectively. By comparing gene expression level and gene annotation, BraC07g023810 and BraC07g023970 were proposed as the best candidates for GlcA07.1, while BraC09g052220 and BraC09g052270 were suggested for GlcA09.1. Two InDel molecular markers (GlcA07.1-BcGUN4 and GlcA09.1-BcSG1) associated with BraC07gA023810 and BraC09g052220 were developed and could effectively identify leaf color in natural NHCC accessions, suggesting their potential for marker-assisted leaf color selection in NHCC breeding.

Transnational inequities in cardiovascular diseases from 1990 to 2019: exploration based on the global burden of disease study 2019.

Background: To describe the burden and examine transnational inequities in overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ten specific CVDs across different levels of societal development. Methods: Estimates of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for each disease and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD). Inequalities in the distribution of CVD burdens were quantified using two standard metrics recommended absolute and relative inequalities by the World Health Organization (WHO), including the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the relative concentration Index. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, for overall CVD, the Slope Index of Inequality changed from 3760.40 (95% CI: 3758.26 to 3756.53) in 1990 to 3400.38 (95% CI: 3398.64 to 3402.13) in 2019. For ischemic heart disease, it shifted from 2833.18 (95% CI: 2831.67 to 2834.69) in 1990 to 1560.28 (95% CI: 1559.07 to 1561.48) in 2019. Regarding hypertensive heart disease, the figures changed from-82.07 (95% CI: -82.56 to-81.59) in 1990 to 108.99 (95% CI: 108.57 to 109.40) in 2019. Regarding cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, the data evolved from 273.05 (95% CI: 272.62 to 273.47) in 1990 to 250.76 (95% CI: 250.42 to 251.09) in 2019. Concerning aortic aneurysm, the index transitioned from 104.91 (95% CI: 104.65 to 105.17) in 1990 to 91.14 (95% CI: 90.94 to 91.35) in 2019. Pertaining to endocarditis, the figures shifted from-4.50 (95% CI: -4.64 to-4.36) in 1990 to 16.00 (95% CI: 15.88 to 16.12) in 2019. As for rheumatic heart disease, the data transitioned from-345.95 (95% CI: -346.47 to-345.42) in 1990 to-204.34 (95% CI: -204.67 to-204.01) in 2019. Moreover, the relative concentration Index for overall CVD and each specific type also varied from 1990 to 2019. Conclusion: There's significant heterogeneity in transnational health inequality for ten specific CVDs. Countries with higher levels of societal development may bear a relatively higher CVD burden except for rheumatic heart disease, with the extent of inequality changing over time.

Global, regional and national temporal trends in prevalence for cardiovascular diseases in women of childbearing age, from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis.

Background: Epidemiological studies on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among women of childbearing age (WCBA) remain scarce. Our research aims to delineate the prevalence trends of CVD within this population over the past three decades, considering age, period, and birth cohort dynamics. Methods: Estimates of CVD prevalence for WCBA, along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019 (GBD2019). An age-period-cohort (APC) model was utilized to assess the annual percentage change (net drifts) in overall prevalence, annual percentage changes in prevalence for individual age groups (local drifts), and fitted longitudinal age-specific rates adjusted for age effects and period/cohort relative risks (period/cohort effect). Results: In 2019, the global prevalence of CVD among WCBA was 53.42 million (95% UI: 47.77 to 60.18). Eight countries recorded a prevalence exceeding one million, accounting for 54.17% of the global CVD prevalence in WCBA. Over the past 30 years, the annual net drift in CVD prevalence among the global WCBA was 0.27% (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.29). This value was 0.01% (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.06) in regions with a high sociodemographic index (SDI) and 0.21% (95% CI: 0.19 to 0.22) in those with a low SDI. Seventy-seven countries demonstrated an increasing trend in CVD prevalence, while 53 showed a decrease, and 74 remained relatively stable. Notably, as shown in local drift, there was a rise in CVD prevalence among adolescents aged 15-19 and adults aged 40-49 in regions categorized by five distinct SDI levels. This drift varied by SDI regions. Regions with a high SDI consistently had elevated period risks throughout the study duration, while other regions had lower period risks until 2000-2004 and displayed increased adverse period risks. The prevalence in low-middle and low SDI regions manifested detrimental trends, whereas other regions demonstrated an initial decline followed by a surge in successive birth cohorts. Conclusions: Resources dedicated to CVD care for WCBA are largely insufficient, especially in low SDI regions. Thus, there is an urgent need to allocate cardiovascular healthcare resources variably across different SDI regions, aiming to diminish risks among successively younger birth cohorts. Throughout this endeavor, the formulation of targeted policies and the judicious distribution of resources are essential to reduce risks for women across all age groups.

Optically Triggered Emergent Mesostructures in Monolayer WS2.

The ultrahigh surface area of two-dimensional materials can drive multimodal coupling between optical, electrical, and mechanical properties that leads to emergent dynamical responses not possible in three-dimensional systems. We observed that optical excitation of the WS2 monolayer above the exciton energy creates symmetrically patterned mechanical protrusions which can be controlled by laser intensity and wavelength. This observed photostrictive behavior is attributed to lattice expansion due to the formation of polarons, which are charge carriers dressed by lattice vibrations. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal unconventional charge transport properties such as the spatially and optical intensity-dependent conversion in the WS2 monolayer from apparent n- to p-type and the subsequent formation of effective p-n junctions at the boundaries between regions with different defect densities. The strong opto-electrical-mechanical coupling in the WS2 monolayer reveals previously unexplored properties, which can lead to new applications in optically driven ultrathin microactuators.

Biomineralized manganese oxide mediated nitrogen-contained wastewater treatment.

In recent years, manganese (Mn) has emerged as an accelerator for nitrogen metabolism. However, the bioactivity of manganese is limited by the restricted contact between microbes and manganese minerals in the solid phase and by the toxicity of manganese to microbes. To enhance the bioactivity of solid-phase manganese, biomineralized manganese oxide (MnOx) modified by Lactobacillus was introduced. Nitrogen removal performance have confirmed the effective role of biomineralized MnOx in accelerating the removal of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN). Metagenomic analysis has confirmed the enhancement of the nitrogen metabolic pathway and microbial extracellular electron transfer (MEET) in biomineralized MnOx treatment group (BIOA group). Additionally, the enrichment of manganese oxidation and denitrification genus indicates a coupling between nitrogen metabolism and manganese metabolism. One point of views is that biomineralized MnOx-mediated nitrogen transformation processes could serve as a substitute for traditional nitrogen removal processes.

Fabrication of polysaccharide-coated oleanolic acid-curcumin-coassembled nanoparticles (OA/Cur NPs): Enhancement of colloidal stability and water solubility.

Natural terpenoid carriers, such as oleanolic acid (OA), can enhance the water solubility and stability of hydrophobic compounds such as curcumin (Cur). However, improving the colloidal stability of nanoparticle emulsions and resolving the redispersion problem of freeze-dried nanoparticle powders remain significant challenges. In this study, we fabricated coassembled oleanolic acid-curcumin nanoparticles (OA/Cur NPs) and applied a polysaccharide surface coating method to improve their colloidal stability and water solubility. The results showed that the optimal ratio of Cur/OA for preparing OA/Cur NPs was 4:10, resulting in a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of Cur (75.2%). Additionally, TEM, contact angle tests, Turbiscan TOWER optical stability analysis of the polysaccharide-coated OA/Cur NP emulsions and redispersion tests of their lyophilized powders verified the advantages of carboxymethyl chitosan/ß-cyclodextrin (CMC/ß-CD) coating over other polysaccharides. This study indicated that polysaccharide coating is an effective method for enhancing the colloidal stability, water solubility, and redispersibility of OA/Cur NPs.

IL-33 aggravates extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma aggressiveness and angiogenesis by activating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) is an extremely aggressive form of lymphoma and lacks of specific diagnostic markers. The study intended to unearth the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in ENKTCL. RT-qPCR was conducted to assess mRNA levels of ENKTCL tissues and cells, while western blot assay was performed for evaluating protein levels. Plate cloning experiment and transwell assay were employed to measure aggressiveness of ENKTCL. Tube formation assay was executed to determine the angiogenesis ability. Mice ENKTCL xenograft model was designed to probe the impacts of IL-33 in vivo. IL-33 and suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2, receptor of IL-33) were enhanced in ENKTCL. IL-33 inhibition suppressed viability, migration, and invasion of ENKTCL cells. Moreover, IL-33 knockdown restricted angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, Wnt/ß-catenin pathway associated proteins (ß-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1) were downregulated by loss of IL-33. However, these impacts were overturned by Wnt/ß-catenin signaling agonist lithium chloride (LiCl). Additionally, IL-33 silencing exerted anti-tumor effect via Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in vivo. Silencing of IL-33 inhibited ENKTCL tumorigenesis and angiogenesis by inactivating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. As such, IL-33 might be a prospective treatment target for ENKTCL.

mHealth App to improve medication adherence among older adult stroke survivors: Development and usability study.

Background: Effective medication adherence is vital for older adult stroke survivors, yet 20-33% cease treatment within a year post-discharge, increasing risks of recurrent strokes and mortality. A mobile health (mHealth) app could be a novel tool to improve medication adherence among stroke survivors because of its potential to increase patient empowerment. A few stroke-related apps provide information and support to stroke survivors. However, none have focused on medication adherence and documented their development and evaluation process, particularly those focused on this older population. Objective: This study aims to design and develop a smartphone app called OASapp to improve medication adherence among older adult stroke survivors and evaluate its usability. Methods: OASapp was developed in a three-phase development process. Phase 1 is the exploration phase (including a cross-sectional survey, a systematic review, a search for stroke apps on the app stores of Apple App Store and Google Play Store, and a nominal group technique). In phase 2, a prototype was designed based on the Health Belief Model and Technology Acceptance Model. In phase 3, Alpha and Beta testing was conducted to validate the app. Results: Twenty-five features for inclusion in the app were collected in round one, and 14 features remained and were ranked by the participants during nominal group technique. OASapp included five core components (medication management, risk factor management, health information, communication, and stroke map). Users of OASapp were satisfied based on reports from Alpha and Beta testing. The mean Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX) score was 71.4 points (SD 14.6 points). Conclusion: OASapp was successfully developed using comprehensive, robust, and theory-based methods and was found to be highly accepted by users. Further research is needed to establish the clinical efficacy of the app so that it can be utilized to improve clinically relevant outcomes.

Depletion of ApoA5 aggravates spontaneous and diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by reducing hepatic NR1D1 in hamsters.

Background: ApoA5 mainly synthesized and secreted by liver is a key modulator of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Although the role of ApoA5 in extrahepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism in circulation has been well documented, the relationship between ApoA5 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains incompletely understood and the underlying molecular mechanism still needs to be elucidated. Methods: We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to delete Apoa5 gene from Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent model replicating human metabolic features. Then, the ApoA5-deficient (ApoA5-/-) hamsters were used to investigate NAFLD with or without challenging a high fat diet (HFD). Results: ApoA5-/- hamsters exhibited hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) with markedly elevated TG levels at 2300 mg/dL and hepatic steatosis on a regular chow diet, accompanied with an increase in the expression levels of genes regulating lipolysis and small adipocytes in the adipose tissue. An HFD challenge predisposed ApoA5-/- hamsters to severe HTG (sHTG) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that targeting ApoA5 disrupted NR1D1 mRNA stability in the HepG2 cells and the liver to reduce both mRNA and protein levels of NR1D1, respectively. Overexpression of human NR1D1 by adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) in the livers of ApoA5-/- hamsters significantly ameliorated fatty liver without affecting plasma lipid levels. Moreover, restoration of hepatic ApoA5 or activation of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by cold exposure or CL316243 administration could significantly correct sHTG and hepatic steatosis in ApoA5-/- hamsters. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that HTG caused by ApoA5 deficiency in hamsters is sufficient to elicit hepatic steatosis and HFD aggravates NAFLD by reducing hepatic NR1D1 mRNA and protein levels, which provides a mechanistic link between ApoA5 and NAFLD and suggests the new insights into the potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HTG and the related disorders due to ApoA5 deficiency in the clinical trials in future.

Improving osseointegration and antimicrobial properties of titanium implants with black phosphorus nanosheets-hydroxyapatite composite coatings for vascularized bone regeneration.

For decades, titanium implants have shown impressive advantages in bone repair. However, the preparation of implants with excellent antimicrobial properties as well as better osseointegration ability remains difficult for clinical application. In this study, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) were doped into hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings using electrophoretic deposition. The coatings' surface morphology, roughness, water contact angle, photothermal properties, and antibacterial properties were investigated. The BP/HA coating exhibited a surface roughness of 59.1 nm, providing an ideal substrate for cell attachment and growth. The water contact angle on the BP/HA coating was measured to be approximately 8.55°, indicating its hydrophilic nature. The BPNSs demonstrated efficient photothermal conversion, with a temperature increase of 42.2°C under laser irradiation. The BP/HA composite coating exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial growth, with inhibition rates of 95.6% and 96.1% against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, the cytocompatibility of the composite coating was evaluated by cell adhesion, CCK8 and AM/PI staining; the effect of the composite coating in promoting angiogenesis was assessed by scratch assay, transwell assay, and protein blotting; and the osteoinductivity of the composite coating was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase assay, alizarin red staining, and Western blot. The results showed that the BP/HA composite coating exhibited superior performance in promoting biological functions such as cell proliferation and adhesion, antibacterial activity, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenesis, and had potential applications in vascularized bone regeneration.

Preparation of black phosphorus@sodium alginate microspheres with bone matrix vesicle structure via electrospraying for bone regeneration.

Bone matrix vesicles are commonly acknowledged as the primary site of biomineralization in human skeletal tissue. Black phosphorus has exhibited favorable properties across various chemical and physical domains. In this investigation, a novel composite microsphere was synthesized through the amalgamation of sodium alginate (ALG) with black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) utilizing the electrospray (ES) technique. These microspheres were tailored to mimic the regulatory function of matrix vesicles (MV) upon exposure to a biomimetic mineralization fluid (SBF) during the biomineralization process. Results revealed that black phosphorus nanosheets facilitated the generation of hydroxyapatite (HA) on the microsphere surface. Live-dead assays and cell proliferation experiments showcased a cell survival rate exceeding 85 %. Moreover, wound healing assessments unveiled that M-ALG-BP microspheres exhibited superior migration capacity, with a migration rate surpassing 50 %. Furthermore, after 7 days of osteogenic induction, M-ALG-BP microspheres notably stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Particularly noteworthy, M-ALG-BP microspheres significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and induced collagen production in vitro. Additionally, experiments involving microsphere implantation into mouse skeletal muscle demonstrated the potential for ectopic mineralization by ALG-BP microspheres. This investigation underscores the outstanding mineralization properties of ALG-BP microspheres and their promising clinical prospects in bone tissue engineering.

Organoboron-mediated polymerizations.

The scientific community has witnessed extensive developments and applications of organoboron compounds as synthetic elements and metal-free catalysts for the construction of small molecules, macromolecules, and functional materials over the last two decades. This review highlights the achievements of organoboron-mediated polymerizations in the past several decades alongside the mechanisms underlying these transformations from the standpoint of the polymerization mode. Emphasis is placed on free radical polymerization, Lewis pair polymerization, ionic (cationic and anionic) polymerization, and polyhomologation. Herein, alkylborane/O2 initiating systems mediate the radical polymerization under ambient conditions in a controlled/living manner by careful optimization of the alkylborane structure or additives; when combined with Lewis bases, the selected organoboron compounds can mediate the Lewis pair polymerization of polar monomers; the bicomponent organoboron-based Lewis pairs and bifunctional organoboron-onium catalysts catalyze ring opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers (with heteroallenes, such as epoxides, CO2, CO, COS, CS2, episulfides, anhydrides, and isocyanates) with well-defined structures and high reactivities; and organoboranes initiate the polyhomologation of sulfur ylides and arsonium ylides providing functional polyethylene with different topologies. The topological structures of the produced polymers via these organoboron-mediated polymerizations are also presented in this review mainly including linear polymers, block copolymers, cyclic polymers, and graft polymers. We hope the summary and understanding of how organoboron compounds mediate polymerizations can inspire chemists to apply these principles in the design of more advanced organoboron compounds, which may be beneficial for the polymer chemistry community and organometallics/organocatalysis community.