Multilevel influences of women's empowerment and economic resources on risky sexual behaviour among young women in Zomba district, Malawi.

Gender disparities are pronounced in Zomba district, Malawi. Among women aged 15-49 years, HIV prevalence is 16.8%, compared with 9.3% among men of the same age. Complex structural factors are associated with risky sexual behaviour leading to HIV infection. This study's objective was to explore associations between multilevel measures of economic resources and women's empowerment with risky sexual behaviour among young women in Zomba. Four measures of risky sexual behaviour were examined: ever had sex, condom use and two indices measuring age during sexual activity and partner history. Multilevel regression models and regression models with cluster-robust standard errors were used to estimate associations, stratified by school enrolment status. Among the schoolgirl stratum, the percentage of girls enrolled in school at the community level had protective associations with ever having sex (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) and condom use (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11). Belief in the right to refuse sex was protective against ever having sex (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96). Participants from households with no secondary school education had higher odds of ever having sex (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.22). Among the dropout stratum, participants who had not achieved a secondary school level of education had riskier Age Factor and Partner History Factor scores (ß = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.79, and ß = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.41, respectively). Participants from households without a secondary school level of education had riskier Age Factor scores (ß = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.48). Across strata, the most consistent variables associated with risky sexual behaviour were those related to education, including girl's level of education, highest level of education of her household of origin and the community percentage of girls enrolled in school. These results suggest that programmes seeking to reduce risky sexual behaviour among young women in Malawi should consider the role of improving access to education at multiple levels.

Effect of flavour manipulation on ENDS (JUUL) users' experiences, puffing behaviour and nicotine exposure among US college students.

SIGNIFICANCE: Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use has continued to increase exponentially among young people in the USA, with unique flavours being one of the most cited reasons for use. Yet, controlled studies examining the effects of restricting flavour are lacking. This study evaluates the impact of ENDS flavour manipulation on user's puffing behaviour, subjective experience, harm perception and nicotine exposure among college-aged ENDS users. METHODS: JUUL users (n=30, age 18 to 24 years) attended two 60 min ad libitum ENDS use sessions (JUUL preferred flavour vs JUUL classic tobacco flavour) in a cross-over design. Puff topography and plasma nicotine concentration were measured, and participants completed subjective experience questionnaires. RESULTS: Increases were observed on measures of satisfaction, taste, enjoyment, urges to vape/smoke, pleasure, product appeal and increased concentration following using the preferred flavour pod (p values <0.05). Compared with preferred flavour, participants in the tobacco flavour were less motivated to use it in the future (70.9 vs 19.1 scores, p<0.001), even if it was the only product on the market (75.8 vs 30.7 scores, p<0.001). While nicotine levels significantly increased in both conditions from pre to post session (p values <0.001), no significant differences were observed in nicotine boost levels or on puff topography parameters when comparing both flavour conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provides evidence that ENDS flavours have a substantial effect in enhancing young current ENDS users' experiences, product appeal and motivation to use the product in the future. It highlights that limiting flavours could play a potential role when designing strategic policies to reduce the appeal of ENDS use among young people.

Effect of flavour manipulation on low and high-frequency waterpipe users' puff topography, toxicant exposures and subjective experiences.

BACKGROUND: Flavoured tobacco is one of the major factors behind the popularity of waterpipe (WP) smoking in the USA and internationally. The current study examined the impact of flavour manipulation on satisfaction, puff topography and toxicant exposure among high-frequency and low-frequency WP users. METHOD: This cross-over study was conducted among 144 current (past month) WP smokers reporting WP smoking less than once a week (low-frequency users; n=69) or at least once a week (high-frequency users; n=75) in the past 6 months. Participants attended two counterbalanced 45 min ad libitum smoking sessions that differed by flavour (preferred flavoured vs unflavoured tobacco), preceded by ≥12 hours of tobacco use abstinence. Outcome measures included puff topography, expired carbon monoxide (eCO), plasma nicotine and subjective measures. RESULTS: Both high-frequency and low-frequency WP users reported an enhanced smoking experience and greater interest in future use after smoking the flavoured compared with unflavoured tobacco (p<0.05 for all). High-frequency users, however, were more keen on smoking the flavoured tobacco in the future, had higher puffing parameters in general compared with low-frequency users (p<0.05 for all) and had no differences in eCO and plasma nicotine concentrations between the flavoured and unflavoured tobacco conditions (p>0.05 for all). On the other hand, low-frequency users had significantly greater eCO and plasma nicotine concentrations following smoking the unflavoured compared with flavoured tobacco condition (p<0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that removing flavours will likely negatively affect WP satisfaction and future use and that such an effect will be more pronounced among high-frequency compared with low-frequency WP smokers.

Correction to: Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study.

In the original publication of this article [1], an author name was misspelled.

Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare professionals' empathy have been empirically demonstrated to decrease the risk of medical errors. Medical errors affect patient's outcomes and healthcare providers' well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between patients' perception of healthcare providers' empathy, their intention to adhere to treatment, and their perception of medical errors made. An anonymous survey was emailed to staff at a health center and an urban university in Miami, Florida, USA. RESULTS: A total of 181 participants were enrolled. Participants rating their healthcare provider as high in empathy had 80% lower odds of reporting errors (CI 0.04-0.6). The intention to follow-up with recommendations or return to the provider were not significantly associated with provider's empathy. Patients of high empathy providers were no more treatment adherent that those who rated their provider with low empathy but were less likely to perceive medical error. Providers' empathy significantly affected patients' perception of medical errors. Our results underscore that healthcare curricula need to address the link between empathy and perception of medical errors, including its potential legal implications.

The association between insurance status and diagnostic imaging for acute abdominal pain among emergency department patients in the United States, 2005-2014.

Introduction and objectives: Acute abdominal pain (AAP) is one of the most common complaints in the emergency department (ED). Rapid diagnosis is essential and is often achieved through imaging. Computed tomography (CT) is widely considered an exemplary test in the diagnosis of AAP in adult patients. As previous studies show disparities in healthcare treatment based on insurance status, our objective was to assess the association between insurance status and frequency of CT ordered for adult patients presenting to the ED with AAP from 2005 to 2014. Methods: This study used the National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: Emergency Department Record (NHAMCS) database, which collects data over a randomly assigned 4 week period in the 50 states and DC, to perform an observational retrospective analysis of patients presenting to the ED with AAP. Patients with Medicaid, Medicare or no insurance were compared to patients with private insurance. The association between insurance status and frequency of CT ordered was measured by obtaining odds ratios along with 95% CIs adjusted for age, gender and race/ethnicity. Results: Individuals receiving Medicaid are 20% less likely to receive CT than those with private insurance (OR 0.8, CI 0.6-0.99, p = .046). Those on Medicare or who are uninsured have no difference in odds of obtaining a CT scan compared to patients with private insurance. Additional findings are that black patients are 42% less likely to receive a CT scan than white patients. Conclusions and implications: Patients on Medicaid are significantly less likely to receive a CT when presenting to the ED with AAP. Differences in diagnostic care may correlate to inferior health outcomes in patients without private insurance.

A Pilot Project Exploring Medical Students' Barriers to Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Reproductive Coercion.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have shown that the majority of health care practitioners do not routinely screen for intimate partner violence (IPV); lack of provider preparedness and education is an often-cited barrier to screening. Our third-year family medicine clerkship includes a pregnancy options counseling objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) that requires students to review a preencounter online educational module that highlights screening guidelines for IPV and reproductive coercion. The goal of this study was to explore students' internal barriers to screening patients for IPV and reproductive coercion, and whether our curricular interventions adequately addressed these barriers. METHODS: We administered an immediate postencounter, anonymous, online survey with open-ended and Likert-type questions to 118 medical students during the 2016 academic year. We used an exploratory, iterative process to analyze qualitative responses and quantify recurrent and commonly identified themes. RESULTS: After the OSCE, students reported they were more likely to screen for IPV (94%) and reproductive coercion (82%) in future encounters. Qualitative analysis revealed two major types of barriers to screening: internal barriers concerning the screening inquiry itself and concerns regarding handling of patients' responses. CONCLUSIONS: The online preparatory module and subsequent OSCE provided a low-stakes environment in which to practice screening. However, student comments about their barriers to screening suggest that a first or early curricular intervention folding IPV and reproductive coercion into an educational module on pregnancy options counseling did not optimally promote this screening behavior.

Using multilevel models to evaluate the influence of contextual factors on HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, and risky sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To describe the use of multilevel models (MLMs) in evaluating the influence of contextual factors on HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and risky sexual behavior (RSB) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Ten databases were searched through May 29, 2016. Two reviewers completed screening and full-text review. Studies examining the influence of contextual factors on HIV/AIDS, STIs, and RSB and using MLMs for analysis were included. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was used to evaluate study quality. RESULTS: A total of 118 studies met inclusion criteria. Seventy-four studies focused on HIV/AIDS-related topics; 46 focused on RSB. No studies related to STIs other than HIV/AIDS met the eligibility criteria. Of five studies examining HIV serostatus and community socioeconomic factors, three found an association between poverty and measures of inequality and increased HIV prevalence. Among studies examining RSB, associations were found with numerous contextual factors, including poverty, education, and gender norms. CONCLUSIONS: Studies using MLMs indicate that several contextual factors, including community measures of socioeconomic status and educational attainment, are associated with a number of outcomes related to HIV/AIDS and RSB. Future studies using MLMs should focus on contextual-level interventions to strengthen the evidence base for causality.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HIV AWARENESS FACTORS, HEALTH FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS AND RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN ZOMBA DISTRICT, MALAWI.

The objective of this study was to examine the association between multilevel factors related to HIV awareness and risky sexual behaviour among young women in Zomba district, Malawi. Secondary analyses of the Schooling, Income, and Health Risk (SIHR) study were undertaken. Four outcomes related to risky sexual behaviour were examined among young women: if participants had ever had sex, consistent condom use and two scores measuring risk related to partner history and age during sexual activity. Independent variables included individual-level factors such as education and rural/urban residence, as well as higher-level factors such as household's highest level of education and health facility characteristics. Regression models with cluster-robust standard errors and multilevel regression models were used to estimate associations; analyses were stratified into two strata by school enrolment status, i.e. whether the women were in school (N=1407) or had dropped out of school (N=407) at baseline of the SIHR study. For both strata, increasing age and residing within 16 km of an urban centre ('near rural' residence) increased the odds of ever having sex; lower educational achievement was associated with lower age during sexual activity. A history of pregnancy was associated with lower odds of condom use and riskier partner history. For women in school at baseline, lower household education was associated with higher odds of ever having sex (OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.07); near-rural and far-rural (≤16 km and >16km from urban centre, respectively) residence were associated with decreased odds of condom use (OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.78; and OR=0.27; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.65, respectively). For those not in school at baseline, lower household education was associated with lower age during sexual activity (ß=0.31, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.58). Also for women not in school, the use of private or non-governmental health facilities was associated with decreased odds of condom use (OR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.67) and higher age during sexual activity (ß=-0.30, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.09). While individual factors were associated with risky sexual behaviour in both strata, contextual factors differed.

Four Years of Experience Using Problem-Based Learning as a Platform to Develop Student Teaching Skills: A Preliminary Report.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Introduction: A graduating medical student should be competent in both teaching and communication skills. This concept is supported by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Association of American Medical Colleges. Our study describes how we utilized problem-based learning as a platform for developing student teaching skills and to examine preliminary outcomes. Methods: Since 2013, third-year medical students at Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine have participated in a mandatory problem-based learning course in parallel to their clinical rotations. During the course orientation students have been led through interactive sessions on writing learning objectives and methods for effective micro-teaching sessions. During seven subsequent sessions, trained faculty members have assessed and provided narrative comments on students' "Ability to Teach Peers" using an anchored developmental scale rubric. Data from four academic years were available for analysis. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test differences between the initial and final sessions. Results: At the initial session, 39.0% (n=147) received ratings of "mastering." By the final session, 62.6% (n=236) received ratings of "mastering." Conclusion: Our preliminary work demonstrates that a brief orientation to micro-teaching followed by repeated mandatory practice and feedback within our problem-based learning curriculum may serve to build students' teaching skills.

Racial disparities in cancer-related survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in the US between 1973 and 2013.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer makes up approximately 1% of all diagnosed cancers in the US. There is a persistent disparity in incidence and cancer-related mortality rates among different races for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Most previous studies investigated racial disparities between black and white patients, occasionally examining disparities for Hispanic patients. Studies including Asians/Pacific Islanders (API) as a subgroup are rare. Our objective was to determine whether there is an association between race and cancer-related survival in patients with esophageal SCC. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This was a retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database. The SEER registry is a national database that collects information on all incident cancer cases in 13 states of the United States and covers nearly 26% of the US population Patients aged 18 and over of White, Black, or Asian/Pacific Islander (API) race with diagnosed esophageal SCC from 1973 to 2013 were included (n = 13,857). To examine overall survival, Kaplan-Meier curves were estimated for each race and the log-rank test was used to compare survival distributions. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The final adjusted model controlled for sex, marital status, age at diagnosis, decade of diagnosis, ethnicity, stage at diagnosis, and form of treatment. Additional analyses stratified by decade of diagnosis were conducted to explore possible changes in survival disparities over time. After adjustment for potential confounders, black patients had a statistically significantly higher hazard ratio compared to white patients (HR 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.13). However, API patients did not show a statistically significant difference in survival compared with white patients (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.93-1.07). Patients diagnosed between 1973 and 1979 had twice the hazard of death compared to those diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.93-2.19). Patients diagnosed in 1980-1989 and 1990-1999 had had HRs of 1.59 (95% CI 1.51-1.68) and 1.33 (95% CI 1.26-1.41), respectively. After stratification according to decade of diagnosis, the HR for black patients compared with white patients was 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.29) in 1973-1979 and 1.12 (95% CI 1.03-1.23) in 1980-1989. These disparities were not observed after 1990; the HR for black patients compared with white patients was 1.03 (95% CI 0.93-1.13) in 1990-1999 and 1.05 (95% CI 0.96-1.15) in 2000-2013. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with esophageal SCC were found to have a higher hazard of death compared to white and API patients. Survival disparities between races appear to have decreased over time. Future research that takes insurance status and other social determinants of health into account should be conducted to further explore possible disparities by race.

Effect of charted mental illness on reperfusion therapy in hospitalized patients with an acute myocardial infarction in Florida.

Patients with mental illness carry risk factors that predispose them to excess cardiovascular mortality from an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to the general population. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with AMI and charted mental illness (CMI) received less reperfusion therapy following an AMI, compared to AMI patients without CMI in a recent sample population from Florida.A secondary analysis of data was conducted using the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (FL-AHCA) hospital discharge registry. Adults hospitalized with an AMI from 01/01/2010 to 12/31/2015 were included for the analysis. The dependent variable was administration of reperfusion therapy (thrombolytic, percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], and coronary artery bypass graft [CABG]), and the independent variable was the presence of CMI (depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, race, health insurance, and comorbidities.The database included 61,614 adults (31.3% women) hospitalized with AMI in Florida. The CMI population comprised of 1036 patients (1.7%) who were on average 5 years younger than non-CMI (60.2 ±12.8 versus 65.2 ±14.1; P < .001). Compared with patients without CMI, patients with CMI had higher proportions of women, governmental health insurance holders, and those with more comorbidities. The adjusted odds ratio indicated that patients with CMI were 30% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy compared with those without CMI (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6-0.8). Within the AMI population including those with and without CMI, women were 23% less likely to receive therapy than men; blacks were 26% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy than whites; and those holding government health insurances were between 20% and 40% less likely to receive reperfusion therapy than those with private health insurance.Patients with AMI and CMI were statistically significantly less likely to receive reperfusion therapy compared with patients without CMI. These findings highlight the need to implement AMI management care aimed to reduce disparities among medically vulnerable patients (those with CMI, women, blacks, and those with governmental health insurance).

Examining the association between possessing a regular source of healthcare and adherence with cancer screenings among Haitian households in Little Haiti, Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Immigrant minorities regularly experience higher incidence and mortality rates of cancer. Frequently, a variety of social determinants create obstacles for those individuals to get the screenings they need. This is especially true for Haitian immigrants, a particularly vulnerable immigrant population in South Florida, who have been identified as having low cancer screening rates. While Haitian immigrants have some of the lowest cancer screening rates in the country, there is little existing literature that addresses barriers to cancer screenings among the population of Little Haiti in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between having a regular source of healthcare and adherence to recommended cancer screenings in the Little Haiti population of Miami.This secondary analysis utilized data collected from a random-sample, population-based household survey conducted from November 2011 to December 2012 among a geographic area approximating Little Haiti in Miami-Dade County, Florida. A total of 421 households identified as Haitian. The main exposure of interest was whether households possessed a regular source of care. Three separate outcomes were considered: adherence with colorectal cancer screening, mammogram adherence, and Pap smear adherence. Analysis was limited to households who met the age criteria for each outcome of interest. Bivariate associations were examined using the chi square test and Fisher exact test. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).After adjusting for the head of household's education and household insurance status, households without a regular source of care were significantly less likely to adhere with colorectal cancer screening (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14-0.80) or mammograms (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11-0.75). Households with insurance coverage gaps were significantly less likely to adhere with mammograms (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17-0.97) or Pap smears (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13-0.58).Our study explored adherence with multiple cancer screenings. We found a strong association between possessing a regular source of care and adherence with colorectal cancer screening and mammogram adherence. Targeted approaches to improving access to regular care may improve adherence to cancer screening adherence among this unique immigrant population.

Association of ventricular arrhythmia and in-hospital mortality in stroke patients in Florida: A nonconcurrent prospective study.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Current evidence identified electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias in 50% of patients with an acute stroke. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the presence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in adult patients hospitalized in Florida with acute stroke increased the risk of in-hospital mortality.Secondary data analysis of 215,150 patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke hospitalized in the state of Florida collected by the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration from 2008 to 2012. The main outcome for this study was in-hospital mortality. The main exposure of this study was defined as the presence of VA. VA included the ICD-9 CM codes: paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (427.1), ventricular fibrillation (427.41), ventricular flutter (427.42), ventricular fibrillation and flutter (427.4), and other - includes premature ventricular beats, contractions, or systoles (427.69). Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics and hospital outcomes were assessed between patients who developed versus did not develop VA during hospitalization (χ and t tests). Binary logistic regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between VA and in-hospital mortality.VA was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for all covariates (odds ratio [OR]: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.6-1.2). There was an increased in-hospital mortality in women compared to men (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.1-1.14), age greater than 85 years (OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 3.5-4.3), African Americans compared to Whites (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.04-1.2), diagnosis of congestive heart failure (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 2.0-2.3), and atrial arrhythmias (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 2.0-2.2). Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had increased odds of in-hospital mortality (OR: 9.0; 95% CI: 8.6-9.4) compared to ischemic stroke.Identifying VAs in stroke patients may help in better target at risk populations for closer cardiac monitoring during hospitalization. The impact of implementing methods of quick assessment could potentially reduce VA associated sudden cardiac death.

The association between pregnancy intendedness and experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression among new mothers in the United States, 2009 to 2011: A secondary analysis of PRAMS data.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a form of major depressive disorder affecting approximately 13% of women worldwide. Unintended pregnancies, reaching close to 50% of the pregnancies in the United States, have become a major health concern. While many physiologic and psychosocial causes have been analyzed, few studies have examined the relationship between unintended pregnancy and symptoms of PPD.A cross-sectional study was conducted using surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2009 to 2011. The PRAMS population-based random sample included women who have had recent live births and is representative of 78% of the United States population. The chi-squared test was used to examine bivariate associations. Binary logistic regression was utilized to study unadjusted and adjusted associations between PPD and pregnancy intendedness, as well as other demographic and clinical characteristics of mothers in the sample. Multicollinearity in the adjusted model was evaluated using variance inflation factors. Sampling weights were used to account for PRAMS' complex sampling design.Of the 110,231 mothers included in the sample, only 32.3% reported desiring the pregnancy at the time of conception. Women with pregnancies categorized as mistimed: desired sooner, mistimed: desired later, or unwanted were 20% (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.3), 30% (AOR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2-1.4), and 50% (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.7) more likely to experience symptoms of PPD, respectively, compared to women with desired pregnancies. Other factors found to be associated with experiencing symptoms of PPD were a gestational age of <27 weeks (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 2.5-4.0), having a previous history of depression (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.6-2.0), and being abused during or before pregnancy (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4-2.0).We found that women with mistimed or unwanted pregnancies were more likely to experience symptoms of PPD. Our findings support the current US Preventive Services Task Force and American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for an integrated approach to screening for depression, aiding in the maximization of intervention and early referral for women at risk for PPD.

Non-Directive Pregnancy Options Counseling: Online Instructional Module, Objective Structured Clinical Exam, and Rater and Standardized Patient Training Materials.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients receiving news of an unplanned pregnancy need not only a test result, but also the initiation of pregnancy options counseling. Thus, this online instructional module and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) aim to provide foundational training for medical students in nondirective pregnancy options counseling. METHODS: To further the validity of a previously published OSCE, we reconsidered content, revised the checklist, and produced videos for rater training. We also developed a 30-minute preparatory module outlining a stepwise approach and providing a structured opportunity for values clarification. The 10-minute OSCE scenario involves a 24-year-old woman presenting to an urgent care center with persistent nausea who receives the diagnosis of an early, unplanned pregnancy. She responds to the news with shock and emotional silence, asking for guidance. We conducted the OSCE with 46 third-year medical students on the family medicine clerkship. Immediately after the OSCE, students completed a survey and self-assessment, followed by an individualized feedback session with a faculty member. RESULTS: In the self-assessment phase, students reflected on how successfully they utilized methods in the online module for handling emotional silence and presenting options. Student self-identified areas for improvement highlighted use of terminology and their response to difficult emotional encounters in the future. DISCUSSION: This online module and validated OSCE provide a valued opportunity for learners to practice nondirective pregnancy options counseling skills, including screening for intimate partner violence and reproductive coercion, engagement in self-assessment and receiving feedback, and engaging in personal values clarification.

Furthering the Validity of a Tool to Assess Simulated Pregnancy Options Counseling Skills.

OBJECTIVE: To further the validity of a tool to assess nondirective pregnancy options counseling skills. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, we explored four sources of construct validity evidence for an objective structured clinical examination for training and assessment of nondirective pregnancy options counseling: content, response process, internal structure, and relations to other variables. Content of the previously developed tool was enhanced through input from five family medicine educators. The objective structured clinical examination was implemented in a family medicine clerkship with third-year medical students from 2014 to 2015 using trained raters. Response process was addressed after a pilot round. Three new raters evaluated videotapes of 46 performances. Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Spearman's rho were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The content validity was affirmed. Cronbach's alpha was 0.71. According to Landis and Koch's criteria, all but two items unique to the clinical situation of pregnancy options counseling generated substantial to perfect agreement (0.62-1.00). Relations to other variables within the checklist were strong, ranging from 0.66 to 0.87. DISCUSSION: This tool for assessing pregnancy options counseling skills has excellent content and strong internal structure. Further work to improve the Global Rating Scale may be necessary for summative use.

Racial/ethnic disparities in annual mammogram compliance among households in Little Haiti, Miami-Dade County, Florida: An observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the U.S. Although routine screening via mammogram has been shown to increase survival through early detection and treatment of breast cancer, only 3 out of 5 women age ≥40 are compliant with annual mammogram within the U.S. and the state of Florida. A breadth of literature exists on racial/ethnic disparities in compliance with mammogram; however, few such studies include data on individual Black subgroups, such as Haitians. This study assessed the association between race/ethnicity and annual mammogram compliance among randomly selected households residing in the largely Haitian community of Little Haiti, Miami-Dade County (MDC), Florida. METHODS: This study used cross-sectional, health data from a random-sample, population-based survey conducted within households residing in Little Haiti between November 2011 and December 2012 (n = 951). Mammogram compliance was defined as completion of mammogram by all female household members within the 12 months prior to the survey. The association between mammogram compliance and race/ethnicity was assessed using binary logistic regression models. Potential confounders were identified as factors that were conservatively associated with both compliance and race/ethnicity (P ≤ 0.20). Analyses were restricted to households containing at least 1 female member age ≥40 (n = 697). RESULTS: Overall compliance with annual mammogram was 62%. Race/ethnicity was significantly associated with mammogram compliance (P = 0.030). Compliance was highest among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) households (75%), followed by Hispanic (62%), Haitian (59%), and non-Hispanic White (NHW) households (51%). After controlling for educational level, marital status, employment status, the presence of young children within the household, health insurance status, and regular doctor visits, a borderline significant disparity in mammogram compliance was observed between Haitian and NHB households (adjusted odds ratio = 1.63, P = 0.11). No other racial/ethnic disparities were observed. DISCUSSION: Compliance with annual mammogram was low among the surveyed households in Little Haiti. Haitian households underutilized screening by means of annual mammogram compared with NHB households, although this disparity was not significant. Compliance rates could be enhanced by conducting individualized, mammogram screening-based studies to identify the reasons behind low rate of compliance among households in this underserved, minority population.