Spray drying the Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan/ovalbumin polyelectrolyte complexes for the production of oxidation stable tuna oil microcapsules.

The microencapsulation of polysaturated fatty acids by spray drying remains a challenge due to their susceptibility to oxidation. In this work, antioxidant Pickering emulsions were attempted as feeds to produce oxidation stable tuna oil microcapsules. The results indicated that the association between chitosan (CS) and ovalbumin (OVA) was a feasible way to fabricate antioxidant and wettable complexes and a high CS percentage favored these properties. The particles could yield tuna oil Pickering emulsions with enhanced oxidation stability through high-pressure homogenization, which were successfully spray dried to produce microcapsules with surface oil content of 8.84 % and microencapsulation efficiency of 76.65 %. The microcapsules exhibited significantly improved oxidation stability and their optimum peroxide values after storage at 50 °C, 85 % relative humidity, or natural light for 15 d were 48.67 %, 60.07 %, and 39.69 % respectively lower than the powder derived from the OVA-stabilized emulsion. Hence, Pickering emulsions stabilized by the CS/OVA polyelectrolyte complexes are potential in the production of oxidation stable polyunsaturated fatty acid microcapsules by spray drying.

Hydroxytyrosol acetate from olive leaves (Olea Europaea L.) induces apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in BEL7402 cell line.

Hydroxytyrosol acetate is one of the polyphenolic compounds in olive leaves. Hydroxytyrosol acetate has a variety of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cognitive improvement and neuroprotective effects. However, there is no report on the antitumor activity and the antitumor mechanism of hydroxytyrosol acetate. In our study, we studied the antitumor activity of hydroxytyrosol acetate by MTT assay and determined the antitumor mechanism by DNA ladder assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay and western blot assay. We found that hydroxytyrosol acetate could inhibit cell proliferation, and the inhibition rate was 78.08%. The further researches showed that hydroxytyrosol acetate could downregulate Bcl-2 protein while upregulate Bax protein. It also could induce mitochondrial depolarisation and release of cytochrome C. These results indicated that hydroxytyrosol acetate might induce BEL7402 cells apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.

Research Note: Relationships between texture and water property measurements in raw intact broiler breast fillets with the wooden breast condition.

Relationships between texture measurements and meat water properties were investigated in raw intact broiler breast fillets with the wooden breast (WB) condition. Texture measurements included subjective WB scores and blunt Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear (BMORS). Water properties were determined with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Spearman correlation was used to estimate relationships between WB scores and water properties, while Pearson correlation was used for relationships between BMORS force and water properties. LF-NMR measurements exhibited 3 water components: protein-associated or hydration water T2b, intra-myofibrillar water or immobilized water T21, and extra-myofibrillar water or free water T22 in chicken breast meat. Significant and strong Spearman correlations were found between the WB scores and T21 time constant, the abundance (normalized areas) of T22, and the proportion of T21 and T22 (rs > 0.60, P < 0.001). Strong Pearson correlations (r = 0.72) were noted only between the T21 time constant and BMORS force. These results demonstrate that water may contribute to the specific texture characteristics measured with subjective WB scoring (palpable hardness and rigidity) and BMORS (hardness and share force) in raw broiler breast fillets with the WB condition.

Composite formation of whey protein isolate and OSA starch for fabricating high internal phase emulsion: A comparative study at different pH and their application in biscuits.

The composites formed by whey protein isolate (WPI) and octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA)-modified starch were characterized with a focus on the effect of pH, and their potential in fabricating high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as fat substitutes was evaluated. The particles obtained at pH 3.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 presented a nanosized distribution (122.04 ± 0.84 nm-163.24 ± 4.12 nm) while those prepared at pH 4.0 and 5.0 were remarkably larger. Results from the shielding agent reaction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that the interaction between WPI and OSA starch was mainly hydrophobic at pH 3.0-5.0, while there was a strong electrostatic repulsion at pH 6.0-8.0. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) study showed that remarkably higher ΔD and lower Δf/n were observed at pH 3.0-5.0 after successive deposition of WPI and OSA starch, whereas slight changes were noted for those made at higher pH values. The WPI-OSA starch (W-O) composite-based HIPEs made at pH 3.0 and 6.0-8.0 were physically stable after long-term storage, thermal treatment, or centrifugation. Incorporation of HIPE into the biscuit formula yielded products with a desirable sensory quality.

Research Progress of Quinoa Seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.): Nutritional Components, Technological Treatment, and Application.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a pseudo-grain that belongs to the amaranth family and has gained attention due to its exceptional nutritional properties. Compared to other grains, quinoa has a higher protein content, a more balanced amino acid profile, unique starch features, higher levels of dietary fiber, and a variety of phytochemicals. In this review, the physicochemical and functional properties of the major nutritional components in quinoa are summarized and compared to those of other grains. Our review also highlights the technological approaches used to improve the quality of quinoa-based products. The challenges of formulating quinoa into food products are addressed, and strategies for overcoming these challenges through technological innovation are discussed. This review also provides examples of common applications of quinoa seeds. Overall, the review underscores the potential benefits of incorporating quinoa into the diet and the importance of developing innovative approaches to enhance the nutritional quality and functionality of quinoa-based products.

Human TFF2-Fc fusion protein alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 mice by promoting intestinal epithelial cells repair and inhibiting macrophage inflammation.

The clinical drugs for ulcerative colitis mainly affect the inflammatory symposiums with limited outcomes and various side effects. Repairing the damaged intestinal mucosa is a promising and alternative strategy to treat ulcerative colitis. Trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) could repair the intestinal mucosa, however, it has a short half-life in vivo. To improve the stability of TFF2, we have prepared a new fusion protein TFF2-Fc with much stability, investigated the therapeutic effect of TFF2-Fc on ulcerative colitis, and further illustrated the related mechanisms. We found that intrarectally administered TFF2-Fc alleviated the weight loss, the colon shortening, the disease activity index, the intestinal tissue injury, and the lymphocyte infiltration in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. In vitro, TFF2-Fc inhibited Caco2 cells injury and apoptosis, promoted cellular migration, and increased the expression of Occludin and ZO-1 by activating P-ERK in the presence of H2O2 or inflammatory conditioned medium (LPS-RAW264.7/CM). Moreover, TFF2-Fc could reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammation cytokines and reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 cells, and also inhibits the polarization of RAW264.7 cells to M1 phenotype by reducing glucose consumption and lactate production. Taken together, in this work, we have prepared a novel fusion protein TFF2-Fc, which could alleviate ulcerative colitis in vivo via promoting intestinal epithelial cells repair and inhibiting macrophage inflammation, and TFF2-Fc might serve as a promising ulcerative colitis therapeutic agent.

"Brush-like" Amphiphilic Polymer for Environmental Adaptive Coating.

Multiple functional coating is urgently needed in complex service surroundings to meet various requirements. In this work, a brush-like amphiphilic copolymer of poly methacryloxyethyl dimethyl butyl ammonium bromide-polydimethylsiloxane (pMDBAB-PDMS) was synthesized to construct an environment-adaptive multifunctional coating based on the copolymer via the UV-curing method. The special molecule chains of the copolymer assembled predominately on the coating surface in different surroundings, which rendered the surface with various functions. In water-rich surroundings, the hydrophilic quaternary ammonium groups in the coating endow the coating surface with antifogging, oleophobicity underwater, self-cleaning, antibacteria, triboelectric resistance, and super lubrication properties. In dry air surroundings, the long, flexible, low surface energy molecular PDMS chains tend to distribute on the top of the coating surface, which gives a low friction coefficient and antioil properties. This work presents a strategy to construct environmental adaptive coating that has an important application prospect in the field of optical lens.

Preparation of highly purified oleuropein by combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength.

Oleuropein is the main active substance in foods or functional foods produced from olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. In the present study, the combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength was used to separate highly purified oleuropein from oleuropein extract. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of HSCCC. Furthermore, a large amount of higher purified oleuropein was obtained through HSCCC at the wavelength of 254 nm, and oleuropein with the purity greater than 98.5% was obtained by PHPLC at the wavelength of 300 nm. Finally, the purity and structure identification of highly purified oleuropein were determined by various methods and its stability was investigated. As a result, oleuropein was stable in solution, and had good stability under the condition of dark storage at 4°C within a week or under the condition of dark storage at -20°C within one year. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, an efficient method for purification and refining of oleuropein by combinative technology off line of HSCCC-PHPLC based on dual wavelength was established. Oleuropein with the purity greater than 98.5% was macro-obtained via the technology. The highly purified oleuropein could be used to control the quality of olive products.

Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharide isolated from Lycium barbarum L. against alcohol-induced oxidative damage involves Nrf2 signaling.

In the present work, we investigated the effect of Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides (LBPs) on L-02 cells exposed to alcohol exploring the potential molecular mechanisms. Our results suggested that LBPs significantly prevented alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity with dose-dependent effect, indicated by both cell viability and diagnostic indicators of liver damage. Moreover, alcohol induced excessive oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase of the malondialdehyde level and reactive oxygen species production, while reducing antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, CAT, and GPx) in liver, were inhibited by administration of LBPs. Furthermore, LBPs reversed the cell apoptosis and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in alcohol-treated liver cell. Studies of underlying mechanisms revealed that LBPs increased expression levels of Nrf2 expression, which in turn blocked proapoptotic signaling events, restoring the balance between proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, suppressing activities of cytochrome C (Cyto c), caspase-3, and caspase-9 in L-02 cells stimulation by ethanol. In general, the results showed that the inhibition of alcohol-caused liver damage by LBPs is due at least in part to its antioxidant and antiapoptosis activity via Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Strategy for the separation of strongly polar antioxidant compounds from Lycium barbarum L. via high-speed counter-current chromatography.

In the separation of strongly polar antioxidant compounds from natural products using high-speed counter-current chromatography that is target-guided by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl high-performance liquid chromatography experimentation, low adsorption ability is encountered due to the strong polarity of the target compounds. In this study, a strategy of novel partition coefficient value calculation was proposed for overcoming this problem. The partition coefficient value was expressed as the ratio of the antioxidant activities of the upper phase and the lower phase. This strategy was used in high-speed counter-current chromatography with a hydrophilic organic/salt-containing aqueous two-phase system for bioassay-guided separation of strongly polar antioxidant compounds from Lycium barbarum L. The antioxidant activity was determined via the radical scavenging activity method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. A hydrophilic organic/salt-containing aqueous two-phase system of 95% EtOH - sat. (NH4)2SO4 (1:1.8, v/v) was successfully used to separate Lycium barbarum L. extract. Five fractions were collected via high-speed counter-current chromatography separation. The antioxidant activity of the third fraction was the highest. Three compounds were separated via MCI gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography from the third fraction, and their antioxidant activities were determined. The antioxidant activities of the three compounds were higher than that of the third fraction. These results demonstrate that this strategy can be used to separate strongly polar antioxidant compounds from natural products.

Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on ethanol-induced injury in human hepatocyte and its mechanism.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on ethanol-induced liver injury and its mechanism. The cell survival rate, the apoptosis rate, and the intracellular ROS level was detected by MTT assay, flow cytometry, laser confocal microscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. The antioxidative indices were determined by ELISA kits and the protein level was detected by western blot. The result showed Lycium barbarum polysaccharide could protect ethanol-induced cell injury by reducing cell apoptosis and regulating the levels of indicators related to oxidative stress, such as ROS, MDA, SOD, etc. In addition, LBP could increase the nuclear expression of Nrf2 protein and significantly up-regulate the expression levels of Nrf2 protein and its downstream proteins, such as HO-1, NQO1, and GCLC in the cell nucleus. Therefore, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide has a protective effect on ethanol-induced liver cell injury and it plays the role in cell apoptosis pathway and oxidative stress pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lycium barbarum is a kind of food that can be used as food and medicine in China. The result showed that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide could protect ethanol-induced liver cell injury, which is beneficial to the application of LBP in functional food.

Establishment and application of a method for screening the therapeutic drugs of ethanol-induced liver injury based on cellular metabonomics.

A drug-screening method to test the capacity of drugs to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury based on cellular metabonomics was established and applied in this study. It screens for the ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury by considering changes in the cellular metabolites of human normal liver L-02 cells subjected to ethanol treatment. This method considers cellular metabolites as the main analytical index, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis as the main multi- and megavariate data analysis methods, and vitamin C as the standard substance to determine the ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury. Ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury unit = [190 - 50× (14.318 - 10 × Y predictive value)1/2 ] × ability 1 µg/mL vitamin C. Olive leaf extract, Lycium barbarum L extract and fish roe peptide were screened using the established methods. Olive leaf OP phase had the strongest ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury, at 81.88. The value for L. barbarum L was 37.56. The fish roe peptide water phase was 63.07. All three have the ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury. The drug-screening method for ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury based on cell metabonomics is a fast, accurate and effective method for quantitative detection of ability to protect against ethanol-induced liver injury.

Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxytyrosol Acetate from Olive Leaves (Olea Europaea L.).

Vibrio spp. are pathogens of many bacterial diseases which have caused great economic losses in marine aquaculture. The strategy of alternative medical treatment that is utilised by herbalists has expanded in the past decade. The aim of our study is to discover the antibacterial molecules against Vibrio spp. Bacterial growth inhibition, membrane permeabilisation assessment and DNA interaction assays, as well as agarose gel electrophoresis, were employed to elucidate the antibacterial activity of hydroxytyrosol acetate. Results showed that hydroxytyrosol acetate had antibacterial activity against Vibrio spp. and it played the role via increasing bacterial membrane permeabilisation. The DNA interaction assay and agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that hydroxytyrosol acetate interacted with DNA. Hydroxytyrosol acetate enhanced the fluorescent intensity of DNA binding molecules and mediated supercoiled DNA relaxation. The present study provides more evidence that hydroxytyrosol acetate is a novel antibacterial candidate against Vibrio spp.

Discovery and identification of potential biomarkers for alcohol-induced oxidative stress based on cellular metabolomics.

Biomarkers involved in alcohol-induced oxidative stress play an important role in alcoholic liver disease prevention and diagnosis. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in human liver L-02 cells was used to discover the potential biomarkers. Metabolites from L-02 cells induced by alcohol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Fourteen metabolites that allowed discrimination between control and model groups were discovered by multivariate statistical data analysis (i.e. principal components analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis). Based on the retention time, UV spectrum and LC-MS findings of the samples and compared with the authentic standards, eight biomarkers involved in alcohol-induced oxidative stress, namely, malic acid, oxidized glutathione, γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, adenosine triphosphate, phenylalanine, adenosine monophosphate, nitrotyrosine and tryptophan, were identified. These biomarkers offered important targets for disease diagnosis and other researches.

Discovery of biomarkers for oxidative stress based on cellular metabolomics.

Oxidative stress has a close relationship with various pathologic physiology phenomena and the potential biomarkers of oxidative stress may provide evidence for clinical diagnosis or disease prevention. Metabolomics was employed to identify the potential biomarkers of oxidative stress. High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, mass spectrometry and partial least squares discriminate analysis were used in this study. The 10, 15 and 13 metabolites were considered to discriminate the model group, vitamin E-treated group and l-glutathione-treated group, respectively. Some of them have been identified, namely, malic acid, vitamin C, reduced glutathione and tryptophan. Identification of other potential biomarkers should be conducted and their physiological significance also needs to be elaborated.

[Chemical Constituents from Cynomorium songaricum].

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the fleshy stems of Cynomorium songaricum. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by chromatography on MCI, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 columns, etc. The structures of compounds were elucidated by physicochemical property and spectral analyses. Results: 15 compounds were isolated and identified as choerospondin( 1), isolariciresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside( 2), lutelin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside( 3), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenethylacetate( 4),maslinic acid( 5),catechin ( 6),ursolic acid( 7),gentisic acid( 8),mannitol( 9), phloroglucinol( 10), ß-sitosterol( 11), daucosterol( 12), rutin( 13), cetylic acid( 14) and epicatechin( 15). Conclusion: Compounds 4,5,8,9 and 10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

[Research progress on biological activities of Olea europaea leaf extract].

Olea europaea oil is one of the most important part of the "Mediterranean dietary pattern", and a lot of epidemiological evidences showed that people with the Mediterranean diet having a lower morbidity of the cardiovascular system diseases, skin cancer and colon cancer. The health benefits of a Mediterranean diet not only attributed to monounsaturated fatty acids and vitamins and other nutrients in O. europaea oil, but also the phenolic compounds named as antioxidant effect. Studies have shown that O. europaea leaf contains much more antioxidant activity composition than the fruit, and oleuropein, flavonoids such polyphenols are the main active ingredients in O. europaea leaf. A small amount of O. europaea was introduced into China in 1956, after widely cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, and Longnan in Gansu province is the biggest O. europaea planting area in the country. In every winter pruning O. europaea will produce a large number of the leaves, which could be a high added value products (phenolic compounds) of rich source. This article through consulting the literature at home and abroad, classified and summarized the biological activity research status of O. europaea leaf extract and the possible mechanisms, including antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidation, and on the function of brain, cardiovascular system, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory and analgesia and so on. At the same time looked ahead to its development prospects of O. europaea leaf extract, it has variety and high content of active ingredients, and antioxidant synergy, which provide a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of O. europaea leaf. And O. europaea leaf extract has a rich cheap source and good bioavailability, which provided a broad space in the application of medical and health care.

Clove extract inhibits tumor growth and promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) have been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. Cloves possess antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, but their potential anticancer activity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects and biological mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract of cloves (EAEC) and the potential bioactive components responsible for its antitumor activity. The effects of EAEC on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were investigated using human cancer cell lines. The molecular changes associated with the effects of EAEC were analyzed by Western blot and (qRT)-PCR analysis. The in vivo effect of EAEC and its bioactive component was investigated using the HT-29 tumor xenograft model. We identified oleanolic acid (OA) as one of the components of EAEC responsible for its antitumor activity. Both EAEC and OA display cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, EAEC was superior to OA and the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil at suppressing growth of colon tumor xenografts. EAEC promoted G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with EAEC and OA selectively increased protein expression of p21(WAF1/Cip1) and γ-H2AX and downregulated expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins. Moreover, many of these changes were at the mRNA level, suggesting transcriptional regulation by EAEC treatment. Our results demonstrate that clove extract may represent a novel therapeutic herb for the treatment of colorectal cancer, and OA appears to be one of the bioactive components.

CS5931, a novel polypeptide in Ciona savignyi, represses angiogenesis via inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

CS5931 is a novel polypeptide from Ciona savignyi with anticancer activities. Previous study in our laboratory has shown that CS5931 can induce cell death via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In the present study, we found that the polypeptide could inhibit angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. CS5931 inhibited the proliferation, migration and formation of capillary-like structures of HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell) in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, CS5931 repressed spontaneous angiogenesis of the zebrafish vessels. Further studies showed that CS5931 also blocked vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production but without any effect on its mRNA expression. Moreover, CS5931 reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) both on protein and mRNA levels in HUVEC cells. We demonstrated that CS5931 possessed strong anti-angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo, possible via VEGF and MMPs. This study indicates that CS5931 has the potential to be developed as a novel therapeutic agent as an inhibitor of angiogenesis for the treatment of cancer.

Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera enhance the immunity of normal mice.

The effects of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera (PEP) on cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity and mononuclear phagocytic system function were evaluated to assess the immunomodulatory potential of these macromolecules. Relevant immunological mechanisms were verified by biochemical assays and western blot analysis. Results showed that PEP could induce splenocyte proliferation. In vivo experiments on Kunming mice confirmed that PEP could improve cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity and mononuclear phagocytic system function. To illustrate the mechanism, we determined several immune-related enzymes in the thymus and spleen. The results indicated that PEP could enhance the activities of alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lactate dehydrogenase. PEP could also increase the level of NF-κB. These results suggested that PEP exhibited potent immunomodulatory properties and could be used as a novel potential immunostimulant in food and pharmaceutical industries.