Establishment of a Rabbit Model of Adjacent Intervertebral Disk Degeneration After Lumbar Fusion and Fixation and Evaluation of Autophagy Factor Expression in Nucleus Pulposus Cells.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this research were to establish an animal model of adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) bordering lumbar fusion and to investigate the expression of autophagy factors in nucleus pulposus cells of adjacent intervertebral disks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four adult New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled and divided into two groups: group A (n=12) and group B (n=12). Posterolateral fusion and fixation were performed after intervertebral disk degeneration occurred in group A, and the rabbits were monitored for 6 months. Group B was the control group and did not undergo fusion surgery. These rabbits were monitored for 6 months. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, ADAMTS-4, and MMP-3. An external database, the GEO database, was used to examine the expression of these genes and analyze them for differential expression. RESULTS: After lumbar fusion in rabbits, the animal model of ASD exhibited gradual degeneration of adjacent intervertebral disks over time. Group A displayed significantly higher mRNA and protein expressions of PINK1 and MMP-3 but lower expression of ADAMTS-4 compared with group B (P<.05). The results analyzed in the GEO database showed that the expression of PINK1 was higher in group A than in group B, while the expression of ADAMTS-4 was lower in group A than in group B. CONCLUSION: After posterolateral lumbar fusion in rabbits, the animal ASD model showed gradual deterioration of adjacent intervertebral disks with prolonged follow-up. The findings indicate the important role of autophagy in the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells in adjacent intervertebral disks. [Orthopedics. 202x;4x(x):xx-xx.].

Exosomes derived from diabetic serum accelerate the progression of osteoarthritis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been demonstrated to accelerate the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) by largely unknown mechanisms. Studies have shown that DM dysfunctional adipocyte-derived exosomes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of remote organ functions. The present study aimed to clarify whether and how diabetic adipocyte-derived exosomes mediate the pathological regulation of OA. We found that intraarticular injection of DM serum exosomes in the non-diabetic mice significantly exacerbated OA injury as evidenced by a rough and fractured cartilage surface as well as increased chondrocyte apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψ) and increased expression of cleaved caspase-3. Mechanistic investigation identified that miR-130b-3p was significantly increased in circulating exosomes derived from DM mice and exosomes derived from HG-treated normal adipocytes, and we demonstrated that transfection of miR-130b-3p mimics significantly exacerbated the mitochondrial function of chondrocytes. Our data also indicated that miR-130b-3p impaired the △Ψ, increased cleaved caspase-3 levels, and decreased the expression of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), Silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in chondrocytes. Pharmacologic activation of AMPKα1 using AICAR reversed the â–³Ψ and catabolic responses in chondrocytes transfected with miR-130b-3p mimics. Moreover, AICAR decreased the effects of miR-130b-3p mimics on chondrocytes transfected with SIRT1-siRNA or PGC-1α-siRNA. The current study demonstrated that adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-130b-3p under DM conditions suppresses mitochondrial function in chondrocytes through targeting the AMPKα1/SIRT1/PGC1-α pathway, thus exacerbating OA injury.

Source-specified atmospheric age distribution of black carbon and its impact on optical properties over the Yangtze River Delta.

Black carbon (BC) exerts a profound and intricate impact on both air quality and climate due to its high light absorption. However, the uncertainty in representing the absorption enhancement of BC in climate models leads to an increased range in the modeled aerosol climate effects. Changes in BC optical properties could result either from atmospheric aging processes or from variations in its sources. In this study, a source-age model for identifying emission sources and aging states presented by University of California at Davis/California Institute of Technology (UCD/CIT) was used to simulate the atmospheric age distribution of BC from different sources and to quantify its impact on the optical properties of BC-containing particles. The results indicate that regions with greater aged BC concentrations do not correspond to regions with higher BC emissions due to atmospheric transport. High concentrations of aged BC are found in northern Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions during summer. The chemical compositions of particles from different sources and with different atmospheric ages differ significantly. BC and primary organic aerosols (POA) are dominating in Traffic-dominated source while other components dominate in Industry-dominated source. As the atmospheric age increases, the mass fraction of secondary inorganic aerosols rises. Compared to the original model, the simulated mass absorption cross section of BC particles in the source-age model decreases while the single scattering albedo increases. This compensates for ~11 % of the overestimation of the simulated BC direct radiative forcing. Our study highlights that incorporating atmospheric age and source information into models can greatly improve the estimation of optical properties of BC-containing particles and deepen our understanding of their climate effects.

Effectiveness of lumbar braces after lumbar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze the effectiveness of lumbar braces in patients after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: The databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were searched to identify the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case-series or case-control studies on the use of lumbar braces after lumbar spine surgery. The two authors independently assessed the quality of the included study and extracted the data. The statistical analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software. RESULTS: 9 English papers and 1 Chinese paper were included in the present work, involving a total of 2646 patients (2181 in the experimental group and 465 in the control group). The differences in preoperative VAS, postoperative VAS, preoperative ODI, postoperative ODI, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, and surgical comparison were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, postoperative surgical site infection incidence was lower in the lumbar brace group than those without lumbar brace (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Whether or not the use of lumbar braces after lumbar fixation has a negligible impact on clinical outcomes was studied. Subsequent studies could further demonstrate whether the use of lumbar braces after lumbar surgery could reduce the incidence of surgical site infections.

Silicon and Zinc Fertilizer Application Improves Grain Quality and Aroma in the japonica Rice Variety Nanjing 46.

This study examined how silicon and zinc fertilizers affect the quality and aroma of Nanjing 46. We applied nine different fertilizer treatments, one involving soil topdressing at the top fourth leaf-age stage and one involving foliar spraying during the booting stage of the silicon and zinc fertilizers. We tested the effects of the nine treatments on grain quality and aroma. Silicon and zinc fertilizers significantly affected the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate, amylose content, gel consistency, RVA characteristic value, taste value, and aroma but did not affect the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, protein content, rice appearance, hardness, stickiness, balance, peak time, or pasting temperature. Silicon fertilizer decreased the rate of brown rice and milled rice, whereas zinc fertilizer increased the rate of brown rice and milled rice. Silicon and zinc fertilizers improved the head rice rate. Compared to silicon fertilizer, the impact of zinc fertilizer on increasing the head rice rate was more pronounced. Although the effects of silicon and zinc fertilizers on the amylose content and RVA characteristic value varied depending on the treatment, their application could lower the amylose content, increase gel consistency, improve breakdown viscosity, decrease setback viscosity, increase aroma, and improve the taste value of rice.

Do Modic changes contribute to lumbar instability or other way around? A retrospective study based on their types, extents, and affected lumbar segments.

BACKGROUND: Which types of Modic changes (MCs) and whether or how specific factors associated to MCs work on lumbar instability have yet to be well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of the types of MCs, the extent of MCs lesion involvement, and different lumbar levels involved by MCs on lumbar instability. METHODS: This retrospective study included 263 adult subjects with MCs who underwent lumbar X-ray examinations in the neutral, flexion, and extension positions. All patients who met our inclusion criteria were examined with 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance units. Two experienced authors with more than three-year clinical experience independently evaluated and measured the subjects' radiographic images. The subgroup analysis was performed to detect the differences in subjects' baseline characteristics and lumbar segmental motions among three types of MCs, the extent of MCs lesion involvement and different lumbar levels involved by MCs. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference in body mass index (BMI) between different involvement extent of MCs (p < 0.01), indicating that the subjects with high BMI are more likely to develop severe MCs. The subjects with Modic type 1 change (MC1) had a significant increase in lumbar angular motion than those with Modic type 2 change (MC2) and Modic type 3 change (MC3) (p < 0.01) and compared with MC3, a significant increase in lumbar translation motion was detected in subjects with MC1 and MC2 (p < 0.01). While, angular motion decreased, translation motion increased significantly as the extent of MCs lesion involvement aggravated (p < 0.01). However, there were no statistical differences in lumbar angular and translation motions between different lumbar levels involved by MCs (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI might be a risk factor for the development of severe MCs. MC1 and MC2 significantly contribute to lumbar instability. The extents of MCs lesion involvement are strongly associated with lumbar instability. However, different lumbar levels involved by MCs have little effect on lumbar stability.

Selenomethionine suppresses head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression through TopBP1/ATR and TCAB1 signaling.

OBJECTIVE: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a histological type of cancer originating from the head and neck. Selenium complexes have been considered as a potential treatment for HNSCC. Therefore, the present work focused on probing the mechanism of L-selenomethionine (SeMet) in HNSCC treatment. METHODS: MTT and colony formation assays were carried out to analyze the survival rate and proliferation of HNSCC cells, respectively. TUNEL staining was performed to examine apoptosis of HNSCC cells. Additionally, qRT-PCR and Western blotting assays were performed to measure mRNA and protein levels, separately. RESULTS: SeMet treatment significantly hindered the survival and promoted the apoptosis of HNSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependently. SeMet administration promoted expression of TopBP1, ATR, H2AX, p-ATR and γ-H2AX, and suppressed that of TCAB1. Importantly, SeMet treatment suppressed the proliferation and facilitated the apoptosis of HNSCC cells, which were partly reversed by down-regulation of TopBP1 or up-regulation of TCAB1. The activation of SeMet to TopBP1/ATR signaling was rescued by TCAB1 up-regulating, and the inhibition of SeMet to TCAB1 expression was rescued by TopBP1 silencing. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that SeMet inhibits the proliferation of HNSCC cells and promotes their apoptosis by targeting TopBP1/ATR and TCAB1 signaling. SeMet is a potential method for HNSCC treatment.

Sources of gut microbiota variation in a large longitudinal Finnish infant cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although the infant gut microbiota has been extensively studied, comprehensive assessment on the microbiota determinants including technical variables has not been performed in large infant cohorts. METHODS: We studied the effect of 109 variables on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based gut microbiota profiles of infants sampled longitudinally from three weeks to two years of life in the Finnish HELMi birth cohort. Spot faecal samples from both parents were included for intra-family analyses, totalling to 7657 samples from 985 families that were evaluated for beta-diversity patterns using permutational multivariate analysis on Bray-Curtis distances, and differential abundance testing and alpha-diversity for variables of interest. We also assessed the effect of different taxonomic levels and distance methods. FINDINGS: In time point-specific models, the largest share of variation explained, up to 2-6%, were seen in decreasing order for the DNA extraction batch, delivery mode and related perinatal exposures, defecation frequency and parity/siblings. Variables describing the infant gastrointestinal function were continuously important during the first two years, reflecting changes in e.g., feeding habits. The effect of parity/siblings on infant microbiota was modified by birth mode and exposure to intrapartum antibiotics, exemplifying the tight interlinkage of perinatal factors relevant for infant microbiota research. In total, up to 19% of the biological microbiota variation in the infant gut could be explained. Our results highlight the need to interpret variance partitioning results in the context of each cohort's characteristics and microbiota processing. INTERPRETATION: Our study provides a comprehensive report of key factors associated with infant gut microbiota composition across the two first years of life in a homogenous cohort. The study highlights possible important future research areas and confounding factors to be considered. FUNDING: This research was supported by Business Finland, Academy of Finland, Foundation for Nutrition Research and the Doctoral Program in Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Diagnostic efficiency of artificial intelligence for pulmonary nodules based on CT scans.

PURPOSE: To explore the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules (PNs) on computerized tomography (CT) scans. METHODS: In this study, 360 PNs (251 malignant nodules and 109 benign nodules) were retrospectively analyzed in 309 participants examined for PNs, and CT images were reviewed both by radiologists and using AI technology. With postoperative pathologic results as the gold standard, the accuracy, misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, and true negative rates of CT results (human and AI) were calculated by using 2×2 crosstabs. Data confirmed to be normally distributed by the Shapiro-Wilk test were compared by the independent sample t-test, and the reading time of AI and human radiologists was compared. RESULTS: 1) The accuracy rate of AI for diagnosing PNs was 81.94% (295/360), the missed diagnosis rate was 15.14% (38/251), the misdiagnosis rate was 24.77% (27/109), and the true negative rate was 75.23% (82/109). 2) The accuracy, missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and true negative rates of human radiologists in the diagnosis of PNs were 83.06% (299/360), 22.31% (56/251), 4.59% (5/109), and 95.41% (104/109), respectively. 3) The accuracy and missed diagnosis rates were comparable between AI and radiologists, but AI had a significantly higher misdiagnosis rate and a markedly lower true negative rate. 4) The image reading time required for AI (195.4±65.2 s) was statistically shorter than that required for manual examination (581.1±116.8 s). 5) The accuracy of AI for detecting low, moderately, and highly malignant PNs was 13.64% (9/66), 25.33% (19/75), and 48.61% (35/72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AI demonstrates favorable accuracy for CT diagnosis of lung cancer and requires a shorter time for film reading. However, its diagnostic efficiency in identifying low- and moderate-grade PNs is relatively low, indicating a need for expansion of machine learning samples to improve its accuracy in identifying lower grade cancer nodules.

Histone chaperone SSRP1 is required for apoptosis inhibition and mitochondrial function in HCC via transcriptional promotion of TRAP1.

Epigenetic regulation contributes to human health and disease, especially cancer, but the mechanisms of many epigenetic regulators remain obscure. Most research is focused on gene regulatory processes, such as mRNA translation and DNA damage repair, rather than the effects on biological functions like mitochondrial activity and oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we identified an essential role for the histone chaperone structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) in mitochondrial oxidative respiration in hepatocellular carcinoma, and found that SSRP1 suppression led to mitochondrial damage and decreased oxidative respiration. Further, we focused on TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), the only member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family, which directly interacts with selected respiratory complexes and affects their stability and activity. We confirmed that SSRP1 downregulation caused a decrease in TRAP1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay also showed that SSRP1 could deposit in the TRAP1 promoter region, indicating that SSRP1 maintains mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species levels through TRAP1. Additionally, rescue experiments and animal experiments confirmed the mechanism of SSRP1 and TRAP1 interaction. In summary, we identified a new mechanism that connects mitochondrial respiration and apoptosis, via SSRP1.

Calycosin-7-glucoside promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting thioredoxin 1 to regulate oxidative stress.

Thioredoxin1 (TRX1) is a key protein that regulates redox and is considered to be a key target for cancer therapy. Flavonoids have been proven to have good antioxidant and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate whether the flavonoid calycosin-7-glucoside (CG) exerts an anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) role by targeting TRX1. Different doses of CG were used to treat HCC cell lines Huh-7 and HepG2 to calculate the IC50. On this basis, the effects of low, medium and high doses of CG on cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress and TRX1 expression of HCC cells were investigated in vitro. Also, HepG2 xenograft mice were used to evaluate the role of CG on HCC growth in vivo. The binding mode of CG and TRX1 was explored by molecular docking. Then si-TRX1 was used to further discover the effects of TRX1 on CG inhibition of HCC. Results found that CG dose-dependent decreased the proliferation activity of Huh-7 and HepG2 cells, induced apoptosis, significantly activated oxidative stress and inhibited TRX1 expression. In vivo experiments also showed that CG dose-dependent regulated oxidative stress and TRX1 expression, and promoted the expression of apoptotic proteins to inhibit HCC growth. Molecular docking confirmed that CG had a good binding effect with TRX1. Intervention with TRX1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, promoted apoptosis, and further promoted the effect of CG on the activity of HCC cells. In addition, CG significantly increased ROS production, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, regulated the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved-caspase-3, and activated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. And si-TRX1 enhanced the effects of CG on mitochondrial function and apoptosis of HCC, suggesting that TRX1 participated in the inhibitory effect of CG on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of HCC. In conclusion, CG exerts anti-HCC activity by targeting TRX1 to regulate oxidative stress and promote mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.

Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation.

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NOx, NO2 and NO diminished by 55.8%, 44.1%, 76.9%, and 40.4%, 33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019, under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6% and 61.4%. The concentration of NO2, SO2 and PM2.5 decreased by 77.3%, 8.2%, 29.5%, right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020. The average concentrations of NO, NO2 and NOx scatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%, 47.9%, 57.4% and 62.3%, 34.8%, 41.8% lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019. However, a significant increase in O3 levels by 50.0% and 25.9% at WUH and SHA was observed, respectively. These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities, while amplified O3 pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NOx emissions.

The PPR-Domain Protein SOAR1 Regulates Salt Tolerance in Rice.

Previous studies in Arabidopsis reported that the PPR protein SOAR1 plays critical roles in plant response to salt stress. In this study, we reported that expression of the Arabidopsis SOAR1 (AtSOAR1) in rice significantly enhanced salt tolerance at seedling growth stage and promoted grain productivity under salt stress without affecting plant productivity under non-stressful conditions. The transgenic rice lines expressing AtSOAR1 exhibited increased ABA sensitivity in ABA-induced inhibition of seedling growth, and showed altered transcription and splicing of numerous genes associated with salt stress, which may explain salt tolerance of the transgenic plants. Further, we overexpressed the homologous gene of SOAR1 in rice, OsSOAR1, and showed that transgenic plants overexpressing OsSOAR1 enhanced salt tolerance at seedling growth stage. Five salt- and other abiotic stress-induced SOAR1-like PPRs were also identified. These data showed that the SOAR1-like PPR proteins are positively involved in plant response to salt stress and may be used for crop improvement in rice under salinity conditions through transgenic manipulation.

Optical properties of mixed black and brown carbon aerosols.

Based on actual atmospheric observations of internal mixing of light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC)-coated black carbon (BC), the optical properties of mixed black and brown carbon aerosols (BBC) were calculated using four mixing models (external mixing, core-shell, Bruggeman, and Maxwell-Garnett models), and changes in their optical properties with wavelength were compared and analyzed. Under the assumption of different volumetric mixing ratios (VR=VBC/VBBC), there is little difference in volumetric absorptive coefficient (Kab) of BBC in these models in the ultraviolet band where both BC and BrC have strong absorption, particularly in the ultraviolet A band. In visible and near-infrared bands, the three internal mixing models significantly reduce the single scattering albedo compared to the external mixing scenario. In addition, the widely used core-shell model was used to evaluate the effects of BrC shell thickness and environmental relative humidity (RH) on the optical properties of BBC. The impacts of these factors are mainly seen in ultraviolet and visible bands. The volumetric extinction coefficient (Kex) decreases with BrC shell thickness under a fixed BC core radius (0.12 µm) in these bands. This is because the radiation reaching the surface of BC particles is reduced under the absorption of less efficient BrC shells (known as the blocking effect), which is different from the BC and light-scattering aerosols internal mixing scenario. Moreover, the Kex and Kab of BBC decrease with RH, which is mainly due to both the increasing thickness of the BrC shell and the change in the complex refractive index of the BrC shell. Based on the assumptions of unchanged BC core parameters and actual observations, the extinction ability increases when BrC particles are more light-scattering in the ultraviolet and visible bands. The increase in extinction is mainly from scattering, rather than absorption. However, the situation is the opposite in the near-infrared band.

RSL3 triggers glioma stem cell differentiation via the Tgm2/AKT/ID1 signaling axis.

RSL3 is a synthetic molecule that inactivates glutathione peroxidase 4 to induce ferroptosis. However, its effect on glioma stem cells (GSC) remains unclear. In this study, we found that RSL3 significantly suppressed GSC proliferation and induced their differentiation into astrocytes, which was accompanied by the downregulation of stemness-related markers, including Nestin and Sox2. Combined transcriptome and proteome analyses further revealed that RSL3 promoted GSC differentiation by suppressing transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2), but not by ferroptosis-related pathways. Tgm2 overexpression in CSC2078 cells rescued the changes in stemness-related markers and differentiation caused by RSL3, which was mediated by inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) activation. Further studies identified ID1 as a downstream signaling target of Tgm2. Blocking the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway with LY294002 suppressed PI3K, p-Akt, and ID1 levels but not Tgm2. Tgm2 overexpression abrogated the changes in PI3K, p-Akt, and ID1 levels caused by LY294002. Taken together, we demonstrate that RSL3 does not induce ferroptosis; instead, it inhibits GSC proliferation and triggers their differentiation by suppressing the Tgm2/Akt/ID1 signaling axis.

Recent advances in natural phthalides: Distribution, chemistry, and biological activities.

Phthalides, an important class of bioactive natural products, are widely distributed in plants, fungi, lichens, and liverworts. Amon them, n-butylphthalide, a phthalide monomer, has been approved to cure ischemic stroke. Owing to their good bioactivities in anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and other aspects, a large number of researches have been conducted on phthalides from nature materials. In recent years, hundreds of novel natural phthalides were obtained. This review provides profiles of the advances in the distribution, chemistry, and biological activities of natural phthalides in 2016-2022.

In-duct grating-like dielectric barrier discharge system for air disinfection.

In the context of spreading Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the combination of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with air disinfection device is an effective way to reduce transmissible infections. Atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma is an emerging technique for fast pathogen aerosol abatement. In this work, in-duct disinfectors based on grating-like dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas with varied electrode arrangements were established and evaluated. The highest airborne bacterial inactivation efficiency was achieved by 'vertical' structure, namely when aerosol was in direct contact with the discharge region, at a given discharge power. For all reactors, the efficiency was linearly correlated to the discharge power (R2 =0.929-0.994). The effects of environmental factors were examined. Decreased airflow rates boosted the efficiency, which reached 99.8% at the velocity of 0.5 m/s with an aerosol residence time of ~3.6 ms. Increasing humidity (relative humidity (RH)=20-60%) contributed to inactivation efficacy, while high humidity (RH=70%-90%) led to a saturated efficiency, possibly due to the disruption of discharge uniformity. As suggested by the plasma effluent treatment and scavenger experiments, gaseous short-lived chemical species or charged particles were concluded as the major agents accounting for bacterial inactivation. This research provides new hints for air disinfection by DBD plasmas.

Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Platelets in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive system with a poor prognosis. Accordingly, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and innovative therapies are warranted to improve the prognosis of this patient population. In addition to playing a crucial role in coagulation, platelets reportedly contribute to the growth, invasion and metastasis of various tumors, including pancreatic cancer. This narrative review brings together currently available evidence on the impact of platelets on pancreatic cancer, including the platelet-related molecular mechanisms of cancer promotion, pancreatic cancer fibrosis, immune evasion, drug resistance mechanisms, thrombosis, targeted platelet therapy, combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment, platelet combined with nanotechnology treatment and potential applications of pancreatic cancer organoids. A refined understanding of the role of platelets in pancreatic cancer provides the foothold for identifying new therapeutic targets.

Transannular patch repair of tetralogy of Fallot with or without monocusp valve reconstruction: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Pulmonary regurgitation is the most common and severe comorbidity after transannular patch (TAP) repair of TOF patients. It has not been confirmed whether a TAP repair with monocusp valve reconstruction would benefit TOF patients in perioperative period compared to those without monocusp valve reconstruction. The purpose of the study is to review and analyze all clinical studies that have compared perioperative outcomes of TOF patients undergoing TAP repair with or without monocusp valve reconstruction and conduct a preferable surgery. METHODS: Eligible studies were identified by searching the electronic databases. The year of publication of studies was restricted from 2000 till present. The primary outcome was perioperative mortality, and secondary outcomes included cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time, ventilation duration, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, perioperative right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pressure gradient, and moderate or severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR). The meta-analysis and forest plots were drawn using Review Manager 5.3. Statistically significant was considered when p-value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Eight studies were included which consisted of 8 retrospective cohort study and 2 randomized controlled trial. The 10 studies formed a pool of 526 TOF patients in total, in which are 300 undergoing TAP repair with monocusp valve reconstruction (monocusp group) compared to 226 undergoing TAP repair without monocusp valve reconstruction (non-monocusp group). It demonstrated no significant differences between two groups in perioperative mortality (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.20-2.41, p = 0.58). It demonstrated significant differences in perioperative cardiopulmonary bypass time (minute, 95% CI 17.93-28.42, p < 0.00001), mean length of ICU stay (day, 95% CI - 2.11-0.76, p < 0.0001), and the degree of perioperative PR (OR = 0.03, 95% CI 0.010.12, p < 0.00001). Significant differences were not found in other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: Transannular patch repair with monocusp valve reconstruction have significant advantages on decreasing length of ICU stay and reducing degree of PR for TOF patients. Large, multicenter, randomized, prospective studies which focuse on perioperative outcomes and postoperative differences based on long-term follow-up between TAP repair with and without monocusp valve reconstruction are needed.

Pachymic Acid Ameliorates Pulmonary Hypertension by Regulating Nrf2-Keap1-ARE Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe pulmonary vascular disease that eventually leads to right ventricular failure and death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which pachymic acid (PA) pretreatment affects PH and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats. METHODS: PH was induced via hypoxia exposure and administration of PA (5 mg/kg per day) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using a right ventricular floating catheter and pulmonary vascular morphometry was measured by hematoxylin-eosin (HE), α-SMA and Masson staining. MTT assays and EdU staining were used to detect cell proliferation, and apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of proteins related to the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway. RESULTS: PA significantly alleviated hypoxic PH and reversed right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling. In addition, PA effectively inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Moreover, PA pretreatment inhibited the expression of peroxy-related factor (MDA) and promoted the expression of antioxidant-related factors (GSH-PX and SOD). Furthermore, hypoxia inhibited the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathway, while PA effectively activated this pathway. Most importantly, addition of the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reversed the inhibitory effects of PA on ROS generation, proliferation, and apoptosis tolerance in hypoxia-induced PASMCs. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that PA may reverse PH by regulating the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathway.