RESUMEN
The GOSLON/5-year-old scoring systems have been used in various national and international studies. This study aims to identify the range of Modified Huddart and Bodenham (MHB) scores, which correlate with each GOSLON and 5-year-old category and thereby create a new scoring system that allows comparison with historical data. Two hundred and eighty-three unilateral cleft lip and palate study models from England and Scotland that had all been previously scored using the 5-year-old and GOSLON indices by calibrated examiners were scored using MHB on two separate occasions a month apart by two examiners. Reliability analysis using intraclass correlation and Bland Altman plots were performed. Ordinal regression was used to define the categories of MHB that correspond to the 5-year-old and GOSLON categories. The results revealed a high level of repeatability for both the 5 and the 10 year old models. The MHB scale was grouped into the five categories of the GOSLON and 5-year-old indices with more precision for the 5 year than the 10 year scores. In conclusion, there was high intra-examiner and inter-examiner agreement using the MHB scoring system. It also correlates well with the 5-year-old and GOSLON indices and has been shown to be a much more sensitive scoring system.
Asunto(s)
Labio Leporino/cirugía , Fisura del Paladar/cirugía , Arco Dental/anatomía & histología , Modelos Dentales/normas , Factores de Edad , Calibración , Niño , Preescolar , Labio Leporino/patología , Fisura del Paladar/patología , Humanos , Incisivo/patología , Masculino , Maxilar , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Hueso Paladar , Estándares de Referencia , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Molecular clocks are widely used to date phylogenetic events, yet evidence supporting the rate constancy of molecular clocks through time and across taxonomic lineages is weak. Here, we present 90 candidate avian clock calibrations obtained from fossils and biogeographical events. Cross-validation techniques were used to identify and discard 16 inconsistent calibration points. Molecular evolution occurred in an approximately clock-like manner through time for the remaining 74 calibrations of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b. A molecular rate of approximately 2.1% (+/- 0.1%, 95% confidence interval) was maintained over a 12-million-year interval and across most of 12 taxonomic orders. Minor but significant variance in rates occurred across lineages but was not explained by differences in generation time, body size or latitudinal distribution as previously suggested.
