The dynamic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a real-world data study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the incidence and dynamic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS: In this population-based statewide cohort study, we utilized integrated electronic health records data to identify adult (age ≥ 18) who were diagnosed with HIV between 2006 and 2019 and were CVD event-free at the HIV diagnosis in South Carolina. The associations of HIV-related factors and traditional risk factors with the CVD incidence were investigated during the overall study period, and by different follow-up periods (i.e., 0-5yrs, 6-10yrs 11-15yrs) using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 9,082 eligible participants, the incidence of CVD was 18.64 cases per 1000 person-years. Overall, conventional risk factors, such as tobacco use, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), were persistently associated with the outcome across all three groups. While HIV-related factors, such as recent CD4 count (e.g., > 350 vs. <200 cells/mm3: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] range: 0.18-0.25), and percent of years in retention (e.g., 31-75% vs. 0-30%: aOR range: 0.24-0.57) were associated with lower odds of CVD incidence regardless of different follow up periods. The impact of the percent of days with viral suppression gradually diminished as the follow-up period increased. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining an optimal viral suppression might prevent CVD incidence in the short term, whereas restoring immune recovery may be beneficial for reducing CVD risk regardless of the duration of HIV diagnosis. Our findings suggest the necessity of conducting more targeted interventions during different periods of HIV infection.

Which Features of Telehealth in HIV Care Are Most Important? A Mixed-Methods Study With HIV Care Providers and People Living With HIV in South Carolina.

ABSTRACT: Telehealth was rapidly implemented in HIV care during COVID-19 yet remains understudied. To assess the importance of telehealth features, we conducted a mixed-methods study with HIV care providers and people living with HIV. Qualitative interviews and ranking exercises revealed heterogeneity in preference-relevant features of telehealth in HIV care.

Impact of enacted stigma on mental health, substance use, and HIV-related behaviors among sexual minority men in Zambia.

Sexual minority men (SMM) in Zambia face significant challenges including stigma, discrimination, and mental health issues, which further impact their HIV-related risk behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the associations between enacted stigma, substance abuse, HIV-related behaviors, and mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms) among SMM in Zambia. SMM aged 18-35 years who reported having multiple and/or concurrent sexual partners or low and/or inconsistent condom use in the past three months were recruited from four districts in Zambia between February and November 2021. Participants completed an anonymous interviewer-administered survey. Key variables of interest were compared between participants with higher vs. lower levels of enacted stigma. Independent samples t-tests were used for continuous variables, and chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables. A total of 197 eligible SMM participated in the study (mean age = 24.41 years). Participants with a higher level of enacted stigma showed a higher level of anxiety symptoms (χ2 = 12.91, p ≤ .001), PTSD symptoms (χ2 = 7.13, p < .01), tobacco use (χ2 = 10.47, p < .01), cannabis use (χ2 = 5.90, p < .05), and a higher number of sexual partners (t = 1.99, p < .05) in the past three months. Stigma reduction interventions may help mitigate substance abuse, HIV-related behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes among SMM in Zambia. Health care providers, especially psychiatric-mental health nurses, can incorporate strategies for recognizing and addressing stigma into their practice through training and integrate multiple resources to create an inclusive and non-judgmental environment for SMM to improve their well-being.

Disparities in Telehealth Use in HIV Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study Findings from South Carolina.

Background: Telehealth was adopted to maintain HIV care continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, its use was unequally distributed. This study examined variation in HIV care visit patterns and whether telehealth use was associated with viral suppression. Methods: Electronic health record (EHR) data from a large HIV clinic in South Carolina was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression to characterize variation in telehealth use, having a viral load (VL) test, and viral suppression in 2022. Results: EHR data from 2,375 people living with HIV (PWH) between March 2021 and March 2023 showed telehealth use among 4.8% of PWH. PWH who are 50+ years and non-Hispanic Black had lower odds of telehealth use (odds ratio [OR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.40-0.86]; OR 0.58, 95% CI [0.37-0.92] respectively). Telehealth use was not associated with viral suppression and VL testing. Conclusion: Telehealth disparities in HIV care affected older and non-Hispanic Black PWH, requiring tailored strategies to promote telehealth among them.

Sexual orientation and gender identity measures and viral suppression for people living with HIV: a protocol for a population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The measure of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data in electronic health records (EHR) has been critical for addressing health disparities and inequalities, especially for HIV care. Given that gender and sexual minorities (eg, transgender, men who have sex with men and intersex) are key groups in people living with HIV (PLWH), SOGI data can facilitate a more accurate understanding about the HIV outcomes (eg, viral suppression) among this key group and then lead to tailored therapeutic services. The two-step SOGI collection method as an emerging gender measurement can be used to measure SOGI status in medical settings. Using the statewide cohort of PLWH in South Carolina (SC), this project aims to: (1) integrate statewide PLWH cohort data with their birth certificate data to evaluate SOGI measurements from multiple EHR sources; and (2) examine differences in viral suppression based on SOGI measurements. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our EHR database includes several HIV data sources with patients' gender information, such as SC Department of Health and Environmental Control Centre (DHEC), Health Sciences South Carolina (HSSC) and Prisma as well as birth certificate data to retrieve the sex at birth. The SC Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (e-HARS) from DHEC will provide longitudinal viral load information to define a variety of viral suppression status. Datasources like the SC office of Revenue and Fiscal Affairs (RFA) will extract longitudinal EHR clinical data of all PLWH in SC from multiple health systems; obtain data from other state agencies and link the patient-level data with county-level data from multiple publicly available data sources. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of South Carolina (Pro00129906) as a Non-Human Subject study. The study's findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences and through social media.

Suicide Ideation and Attempt Among People With HIV: A Statewide Population-level Cohort Analysis Between 2005 and 2020.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for suicidality among people with HIV (PWH) may evolve over their disease course, particularly as they develop comorbidities such as mental health disorders over time. SETTING: This study compared the leading risk factors of suicide ideation/attempt among PWH in South Carolina across different combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) eras. METHODS: A statewide cohort of PWH who were diagnosed between 2005 and 2016, with a follow-up record until 2020, was involved in the study. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association of suicide ideation/attempt and predictors, including demographics, HIV-related characteristics, and mental health conditions. RESULTS: Among 8567 PWH, the incidence of suicide ideation/attempt increased from 537.7 per 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 460.2 to 615.1] in the early cART cohort (2005-2008) to 782.5 (95% CI: 697.6 to 867.4) in the late cART cohort (2009-2016). Leading risk factors of suicide ideation/attempt changed across the cART cohort. In the early cART cohort, PWH with suicide ideation/attempt were more likely to be White and diagnosed with bipolar disorder ( P' s < 0.05). In the late cART cohort, suicide ideation/attempt was positively associated with transmission through injection drug use, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorder ( P' s < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mental health conditions have emerged as more prominent risk factors for suicide ideation/attempt in the late cART cohort. Enhanced access to psychiatric care could facilitate the early identification of mental health conditions, enabling timely counseling or psychosocial interventions that may mitigate mental health issues and, consequently, reduce the likelihood of suicide ideation/attempts among PWH.

COVID-19 breakthrough infections among people living with and without HIV: A statewide cohort analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize and compare COVID-19 breakthrough infections between people living with and without HIV across different phases of the pandemic. METHODS: Using statewide HIV cohort data, the study population included adult residents in South Carolina (SC) (>18 years old) who were fully vaccinated between January 02, 2021 and April 14, 2022 when Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants were circulating in SC. We used the Cox proportional hazard model to investigate the association between HIV infection and breakthrough infection, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Among 2,144,415 vaccinated individuals, 8,335 were people living with HIV (PLWH) and 2,136,080 were people without HIV (PWoH). After propensity score matching, HIV infection was not significantly associated with breakthrough infection rate. However, when comparing breakthrough infections among individuals without any booster dose, PLWH had a higher risk of breakthrough infections (adjusted Hazard Ration: 1.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.39). Compared to PWoH, PLWH with high levels of clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) count or viral suppression were not associated with breakthrough infections. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support a broad conclusion that COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is lower among PLWH, while we did find that PLWH had a higher risk of breakthrough infection compared to PWoH if they did not receive a booster dose.

Patterns and predictors of racial/ethnic disparities in HIV care continuum in the Southern USA: protocol for a population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Health disparities exist at every step of the HIV care continuum (HCC) among racial/ethnic minority population. Such racial/ethnic disparities may have significantly delayed the progress in HCC in the Southern US states that are strongly represented among geographic focus areas in the 2019 federal initiative titled 'Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America'. However, limited efforts have been made to quantify the long-term spatiotemporal variations of HCC disparities and their contributing factors over time, particularly in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. This project aims to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of racial disparities of each HCC outcome and then determine the contribution of contextual features for temporal change of disparities in HCC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This cohort study will use statewide HIV cohort data in South Carolina, including all people living with HIV (PLWH) who were diagnosed with HIV in 2005-2020. The healthcare encounter data will be extracted from longitudinal EHR from six state agencies and then linked to aggregated county-level community and social structural-level data (eg, structural racism, COVID-19 pandemic) from multiple publicly available data sources. The South Carolina Revenue of Fiscal and Affairs will serve as the honest broker to link the patient-level and county-level information. We will first quantify the HCC-related disparities by creating a county-level racial/ethnic disparity index (RDI) for each key HCC outcomes (eg, HIV testing, timely diagnosis), examine the temporal patterns of each RDI over time and then using geographical weighted lasso model examine which contextual factors have significant impacts on the change of county-level RDI from 2005 to 2020. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of South Carolina (Pro00121718) as a Non-Human Subject study. The study's findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national and international conferences and through social media.

Residential Segregation and County-Level COVID-19 Booster Coverage in the Deep South: Surveillance Report and Ecological Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 had a greater impact in the Deep South compared with other regions in the United States. While vaccination remains a top priority for all eligible individuals, data regarding the progress of booster coverage in the Deep South and how the coverage varies by county and age are sparse. Despite existing evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccinations at the individual level, there is an urgent need for evidence at the population level. Such information could highlight vulnerable communities and guide future health care policy-making and resource allocation. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate county-level COVID-19 booster coverage by age group in the Deep South and explore its association with residential segregation. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted at the population level by integrating COVID-19 vaccine surveillance data, residential segregation index, and county-level factors across the 418 counties of 5 Deep South states from December 15, 2021, to October 19, 2022. We analyzed the cumulative percentages of county-level COVID-19 booster uptake by age group (eg, 12 to 17 years, 18 to 64 years, and at least 65 years) by the end of the study period. The longitudinal relationships were examined between residential segregation, the interaction of time and residential segregation, and COVID-19 booster coverage using the Poisson model. RESULTS: As of October 19, 2022, among the 418 counties, the median of booster uptake was 40% (IQR 37.8%-43%). Compared with older adults (ie, at least 65 years; median 63.1%, IQR 59.5%-66.5%), youth (ie, 12 to 17 years; median 14.1%, IQR 11.3%-17.4%) and adults (ie, 18 to 64 years; median 33.4%, IQR 30.5%-36.5%) had lower percentages of booster uptake. There was geospatial heterogeneity in the county-level COVID-19 booster coverage. We found that higher segregated counties had lower percentages of booster coverage. Such relationships attenuated as time increased. The findings were consistent across the age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The progress of county-level COVID-19 booster coverage in the Deep South was slow and varied by age group. Residential segregation precluded the county-level COVID-19 booster coverage across age groups. Future efforts regarding vaccination strategies should focus on youth and adults. Health care facilities and resources are needed in racial and ethnic minority communities.

COVID-19 Testing Among People with HIV: A Population Level Analysis Based on Statewide Data in South Carolina.

People with HIV (PWH) are at an elevated risk of developing severe COVID-19 outcomes because of compromised immunity and more comorbidities. However, existing literature suggests a lower rate of COVID-testing among PWH. This study aimed to explore the temporal trend of county-level COVID-19 testing rate and multi-level predictors of COVID-19 ever-testing among PWH in South Carolina (SC). Leveraging linked statewide HIV and COVID-19 datasets, we defined the study population as all adult (18 + years) PWH who were alive on March 2020 and living in SC. PWH with a COVID-19 testing record between March 2020 and October 2021 were defined as COVID-19 ever-testers. Logistic regression and generalized mixed models were used to investigate the association of PWH's demographic profile, HIV clinical characteristics (e.g., CD4 count, viral load), comorbidities, and social factors with COVID-19 testing among PWH. Among 15,660 adult PWH, 8,005 (51.12%) had ever tested for COVID-19 during the study period (March 2020-October 2021). PWH with older age, being male, and Hispanics were less likely to take COVID-19 testing, while men who have sex with men or injection drug users were more likely to take COVID-19 testing. PWH with higher recent viral load (10,000-100,000 copies/ml vs. <200 copies/ml: adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.55-0.75) and lower CD4 counts (> 350 cells/mm3 vs. <200 cells/mm3: AOR: 1.25, 95%CI: 1.09-1.45) had lower odds for COVID-19 testing. Additionally, PWH with lower comorbidity burden and those living in rural areas were less likely to be tested for COVID-19. Differences in COVID-19 test-seeking behaviors were observed among PWH in the current study, which could help provide empirical evidence to inform the prioritization of further disease monitoring and targeted intervention. More efforts on building effective surveillance and screening systems are needed to allow early case detection and curbing disease transmission among older, male, Hispanic, and immune-suppressed PWH, especially in rural areas.

The Impacts of Stigma Against Sexual Minority Men Within and Between Various Socioecological Levels: Breaking the Vicious Cycle in Zambia.

Sexual minority men (SMM) face persistent stigma in Zambia. From a holistic perspective, we aim to explore its impacts within and between multiple socioecological levels, demonstrating how their interactions create a vicious cycle of barriers to the well-being of SMM. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 purposively recruited SMM from Lusaka, Zambia. All interviews were audio-recorded, after written consent, transcribed verbatim, and iteratively coded employing inductive (i.e., data-driven) approaches for thematic analysis using NVivo. Results suggest three key themes: (1) interpersonal socially perpetuated sexual minority stigma (SMS); (2) multidirectional interactions between psychosocial well-being and risk-taking behaviors; and (3) institutionally perpetuated SMS as a barrier to seeking and receiving health care. SMS permeates across all levels of the socioecological model to negatively impact the psychosocial well-being of SMM while acting also as a barrier to accessing HIV prevention and care. Our study necessitates structural public health intervention to decrease stigma and discrimination against SMM in Zambia, in efforts to increase their psychosocial well-being as well as their access to and utilization of HIV care by breaking the vicious cycle of SMS that pervades through the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional levels of the socioecological model.

Understanding social risk factors of county-level disparities in COVID-19 tests per confirmed case in South Carolina using statewide electronic health records data.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 testing is essential for pandemic control, and insufficient testing in areas with high disease burdens could magnify the risk of poor health outcomes. However, few area-based studies on COVID-19 testing disparities have considered the disease burden (e.g., confirmed cases). The current study aims to investigate socioeconomic drivers of geospatial disparities in COVID-19 testing relative to disease burden across 46 counties in South Carolina (SC) in the early (from April 1, 2020, to June 30, 2020) and later (from July 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021) phases of the pandemic. METHODS: Using SC statewide COVID-19 testing data, the COVID-19 testing coverage was measured by monthly COVID-19 tests per confirmed case (hereafter CTPC) in each county. We used modified Lorenz curves to describe the unequal geographic distribution of CTPC and generalized linear mixed-effects regression models to assess the association of county-level social risk factors with CTPC in two phases of the pandemic in SC. RESULTS: As of September 30, 2021, a total of 641,201 out of 2,941,227 tests were positive in SC. The Lorenz curve showed that county-level disparities in CTPC were less apparent in the later phase of the pandemic. Counties with a larger percentage of Black had lower CTPC during the early phase (ß = -0.94, 95%CI: -1.80, -0.08), while such associations reversed in the later phase (ß = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.55). The association of some other social risk factors diminished as the pandemic evolved, such as food insecurity (ß: -1.19 and -0.42; p-value is < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS: County-level disparities in CTPC and their predictors are dynamic across the pandemic. These results highlight the systematic inequalities in COVID-19 testing resources and accessibility, especially in the early stage of the pandemic. Counties with greater social vulnerability and those with fewer health care resources should be paid extra attention in the early and later phases, respectively. The current study provided empirical evidence for public health agencies to conduct more targeted community-based testing campaigns to enhance access to testing in future public health crises.

The Future of Telehealth in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care: A Qualitative Study of Patient and Provider Perspectives in South Carolina.

To ensure care continuity during the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has been widely implemented in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care. However, participation in and benefits from telehealth were unequal. This study aims to assess the willingness of people living with HIV (PWH) and HIV care providers to use telehealth and perceptions of the future role of telehealth. In-depth interviews with 18 PWH and 10 HIV care providers from South Carolina assessed their willingness to use telehealth, their perspectives on the future of telehealth in HIV care, and recommendations to improve telehealth. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Most PWH were female (61%), Black/African American (67%), and non-Hispanic (78%). Most PWH (61%) and all providers had used telehealth for HIV care. Most PWH and all providers reported being willing to use or (re-)consider telehealth HIV care services in the future. Providers suggested that telehealth is most suitable for routine HIV care encounters and for established, clinically stable, generally healthy PWH. Attitudes toward telehealth were heterogeneous, with most interviewees valuing telehealth similarly or superior to in-person care, yet >20% perceiving it less valuable. Recommendations to improve telehealth included multilevel strategies to address challenges across four domains: technology, the virtual nature of telehealth, administrative processes, and the sociodemographic profile of PWH. Telehealth in HIV care is here to stay; however, it may not yet be suitable for all PWH and all care encounters. Decision processes related to telehealth versus in-person care need to involve providers and PWH. Existing telehealth options require multilevel adjustments addressing persistent challenges.

Disease severity of COVID-19 in different phases of the pandemic: Do healthcare workers have better outcomes?

Background: This study aimed to characterize and compare the demographics, clinical profile, and COVID-19 outcomes between healthcare workers (HCWs) and non-HCWs COVID-19 patients diagnosed in different phases of the pandemic defined by the vaccine rollout policy and different variants that circulated in South Carolina (SC). Methods: Extracted from the statewide electronic health record data, we analyzed the clinical outcome of 34,502 HCWs and 1,071,020 non-HCWs adults diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 between March 2, 2020 to April 14, 2022. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association between different pandemic phases and COVID-19 severity-related outcomes. Results: Substantial reductions in mortality were observed following the vaccine rollout in non-HCWs and HCWs. Compared to the pre-vaccination period, non-HCWs patients diagnosed during post-vaccination with Alpha predominance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.04-1.16) were more likely to be hospitalized, but the reduced mortality rates were observed in all post-vaccination periods. Regarding HCWs, a reduced mortality rate was only observed in the pre-Alpha (aOR: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.13-0.84) and Omicron periods (aOR: 0.21; 95%CI: 0.05-0.89). Conclusions: The declining protection effect of vaccines informs the importance of early promotion of the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine for HCWs who have more occupational exposure.

Early Prediction of COVID-19 Associated Hospitalization at the Time of CDC Contact Tracing using Machine Learning: Towards Pandemic Preparedness.

Objective: To develop and validate machine learning models for predicting COVID-19 related hospitalization as early as CDC contact tracing using integrated CDC contact tracing and South Carolina medical claims data. Methods: Using the dataset (n=82,073, 1/1/2018 - 3/1/2020), we identified 3,305 patients with COVID-19 and were captured by contact tracing. We developed and validated machine learning models (i.e., support vector machine, random forest, XGboost), followed by multi-level validations and pilot statewide implementation. Results: Using 10-cross validation, random forest outperformed other models (F1=0.872 for general hospitalization and 0.763 for COVID-19 related hospitalization), followed by XGBoost (F1=0.845 and 0.682) and support vector machine (F1=0.845 and 0.644). We identified new self-reported symptoms from contact tracing (e.g., fatigue, congestion, headache, loss of taste) that are highly predictive of hospitalization. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the feasibility of identifying individuals at risk of hospitalization at the time of contact tracing for early intervention and prevention. Policy implications: Our findings demonstrate existing promise for leveraging CDC contact tracing for establishing a cost-effective statewide surveillance and generalizability for nationwide adoption for enhancing pandemic preparedness in the US.

The Impacts of HIV-Related Service Interruptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol of a Mixed Methodology Longitudinal Study.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has imposed unprecedented pressure on health systems and has interrupted public health efforts for other major health conditions, including HIV. It is critical to comprehensively understand how the pandemic has affected the delivery and utilization of HIV-related services and what are the effective strategies that may mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 and resultant interruptions. The current study thus aims to comprehensively investigate HIV service interruptions during the pandemic following a socioecological model, to assess their impacts on various outcomes of the HIV prevention and treatment cascade and to identify resilience resources for buffering impacts of interruptions on HIV treatment cascade outcomes. We will assess HIV service interruptions in South Carolina (SC) since 2020 using operational report data from Ryan White HIV clinics and HIV service utilization data (including telehealth use) based on statewide electronic health records (EHR) and cellphone-based place visitation data. We will further explore how HIV service interruptions affect HIV prevention and treatment cascade outcomes at appropriate geospatial units based on the integration of multi-type, multi-source datasets (e.g., EHR, geospatial data). Finally, we will identify institutional-, community-, and structural-level factors (e.g., resilience resources) that may mitigate the adverse impacts of HIV service interruptions based on the triangulation of quantitative (i.e., EHR data, geospatial data, online survey data) and qualitative (i.e., in-depth interviews with clinic leaders, healthcare providers, people living with HIV, and HIV clinic operational reports) data regarding health system infrastructure, social capital, and organizational preparedness. Our proposed research can lead to a better understanding of complicated HIV service interruptions in SC and resilience factors that can mitigate the negative effects of such interruptions on various HIV treatment cascade outcomes. The multilevel resilience resources identified through data triangulation will assist SC health departments and communities in developing strategic plans in response to this evolving pandemic and other future public health emergencies (e.g., monkeypox, disasters caused by climate change). The research findings can also inform public health policymaking and the practices of other Deep South states with similar sociocultural contexts in developing resilient healthcare systems and communities and advancing epidemic preparedness.

Computational phenotyping with the All of Us Research Program: identifying underrepresented people with HIV or at risk of HIV.

Objective: This study aims to identify the people living with HIV (PWH) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users in the All of Us (AoU) database by integrating information from both electronic health record (EHR)- and self-reported survey data. Methods: We identified PWH and PrEP users if they met the inclusion criterion by conditions, lab measurements, or medications related to HIV in EHR data or confirmed questions in the Survey data. Results: We evaluated the latest data release through July 1, 2022 in AoU. Through computational phenotyping, we identified 4575 confirmed and 3092 probable adult PWH and 564 PrEP users. PWH was most identified by a combination of medications and conditions (3324, 43.4%) and drug exposure alone (2191, 28.6%), then less commonly by survey data alone (608, 7.9%) and lab alone (81, 1.1%). Discussion and conclusion: Our methods serve as an overall framework for other researchers using AoU data for conducting HIV-related research.

The incidence and dynamic risk factors of chronic kidney disease among people with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: We investigate the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among people with HIV (PWH) and the dynamic risk factors associated with CKD incidence. DESIGN: A population-based cohort study of PWH in South Carolina. METHODS: Adults (age ≥18 years) PWH diagnosed between 2006 and 2019 who were CKD-free at baseline were included. The associations of HIV-related risk factors and conventional risk factors with the incidence of CKD were investigated during the overall study period and by different follow-up periods (i.e. 5, 10, and 15 years) by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 9514 PWH, the incidence of CKD was 12.39 per 1000 person-years. The overall model indicated that conventional risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing CKD. HIV-related characteristics, such as high percentage of days with viral suppression, recent CD4 + cell count, and percentage of retention in care, were associated with a lower risk of CKD compared with their counterparts. In the subgroup analysis, the results were similar for the 5-year and 6-10 years follow-up groups. Among patients who did not develop CKD by the 10th year, the risk factors for developing CKD within 11-15 years were dyslipidemia, diabetes, low recent CD4 + cell count, and short duration of retention in care while other predictors vanished. CONCLUSION: Diabetes, CD4 + cell count, and retention in care were persistently associated with CKD despite of follow-up duration. Closely monitoring diabetes and improving CD4 + cell count and retention in care are important to lower the risk of CKD in PWH.

Impact of HIV on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis with Varying Age Differences.

To exploratorily test (1) the impact of HIV and aging process among PLWH on COVID-19 outcomes; and (2) whether the effects of HIV on COVID-19 outcomes differed by immunity level. The data used in this study was retrieved from the COVID-19 positive cohort in National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted on populations that were matched using either exact matching or propensity score matching (PSM) with varying age difference between PLWH and non-PLWH to examine the impact of HIV and aging process on all-cause mortality and hospitalization among COVID-19 patients. Subgroup analyses by CD4 counts and viral load (VL) levels were conducted using similar approaches. Among the 2,422,864 adults with a COVID-19 diagnosis, 15,188 were PLWH. PLWH had a significantly higher odds of death compared to non-PLWH until age difference reached 6 years or more, while PLWH were still at an elevated risk of hospitalization across all matched cohorts. The odds of both severe outcomes were persistently higher among PLWH with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3. VL ≥ 200 copies/ml was only associated with higher hospitalization, regardless of the predefined age differences. Age advancement in HIV might significantly contribute to the higher risk of COVID-19 mortality and HIV infection may still impact COVID-19 hospitalization independent of the age advancement in HIV.