[Progress in research of etiology of childhood obesity based on interaction between genes and environment].

Childhood obesity is a global public health problem, which can not only endangers children's health, but also might be an important cause of chronic diseases in adulthood. In recent years, with the in-depth development of precision medicine research, more and more research evidences have shown that there are interactions between environmental factors, such as early intrauterine environment, children's diet, physical activity and children's gene factor on the incidence of childhood obesity, which can result in or inhibit the incidence and development of childhood obesity. This paper summarizes the progress in research in this field to reveal the effects and potential mechanisms of genetic factors and environmental factors on the incidence of childhood obesity in order to provide reference for the precise prevention and control of childhood obesity under different genetic backgrounds.

[Effects and mechanism of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment with low molarity on oxidative stress induced apoptosis of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells].

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of hydrogen peroxide (HP) pretreatment with low molarity on oxidative stress induced apoptosis of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: The experimental research methods were used. BMSCs were isolated and cultured from two 2-week-old male BALB/c mice by the whole bone marrow culture method. The 3rd-7th passages of cells in logarithmic growth phase were used for the experiments after identification. According to the random number table (the same grouping method below), the cells were divided into 0 µmol/L HP group (without HP, the same below), 25 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, 100 µmol/L HP group, 150 µmol/L HP group, 200 µmol/L HP group, 250 µmol/L HP group, and 300 µmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respectively. The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry (n=4) after 24 hours of culture. The cells were divided into 0 µmol/L HP group, 25 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, and 100 µmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respeclively. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of B-lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax) were detected by Western blotting, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated (n=3). The cells were divided into 0 µmol/L HP group, 25 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, 100 µmol/L HP group, 200 µmol/L HP group, and 300 µmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respectively. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) and phosphorylated GSK-3ß (p-GSK-3ß) were detected by Western blotting (n=3). The cells were divided into 0 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, and 300 µmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respeclively, and HP pretreatment group with 50 µmol/L HP being added in advance for 12 h and then 300 µmol/L HP being added. After 24 hours of culture, the morphology and growth of cells were observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy (non-fluorescent condition) and immunofluorescence method, the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry, the protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3 (caspase-3), caspase-9, cleavage caspase-3, cleavage caspase-9, GSK-3ß, and p-GSK-3ß were detected by Western blotting, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated, with all the number of samples being 3. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. Results: After 24 hours of culture, compared with that in 0 µmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate of cells did not change significantly in 25 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, or 100 µmol/L HP group (P>0.05) but increased significantly in 150 µmol/L HP group, 200 µmol/L HP group, 250 µmol/L HP group, and 300 µmol/L HP group (P<0.01). After 24 hours of culture, compared with that in 0 µmol/L HP group, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells increased significantly in 25 µmol/L HP group and 50 µmol/L HP group (P<0.05 or P<0.01) but decreased significantly in 100 µmol/L HP group (P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, compared with those in 0 µmol/L HP group, the protein expression of GSK-3ß in cells showed no significant change in 25 µmol/L HP group and 50 µmol/L HP group (P>0.05), the protein expressions of p-GSK-3ß in cells significantly increased in 25 µmol/L HP group and 50 µmol/L HP group (P<0.01), the protein expressions of GSK-3ß and p-GSK-3ß in cells in 100 µmol/L HP group showed no significant change (P>0.05), the protein expressions of GSK-3ß in cells in 200 µmol/L HP group and 300 µmol/L HP group were significantly increased (P<0.05). but the protein expression of p-GSK-3ß in cells in 200 µmol/L HP group and 300 µmol/L HP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, the morphology and growth of cells in 0 µmol/L HP group and 50 µmol/L HP group were similar and normal; in contrast, the cells in 300 µmol/L HP group became smaller and round, with the cell protrusions being shorter or disappeared, the nucleus being cavitated, and the cell abscission being increased significantly; the morphology of most cells in HP pretreatment group was normal, with the shedding of cells being less than that in 300 µmol/L HP group, and the morphology of nucleus being normal. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expression of caspase-9 was similar among the four groups (P>0.05). Compared with that in 0 µmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells in 50 µmol/L HP group showed no significant changes (P>0.05), the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells in 50 µmol/L HP group increased significantly (P<0.05), the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells in 300 µmol/L HP group were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells in 300 µmol/L HP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with those in 300 µmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells were significantly decreased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells was significantly increased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01). After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of GSK-3ß and p-GSK-3ß of cells in 0 µmol/L HP group, 50 µmol/L HP group, 300 µmol/L HP group, and HP pretreatment group were 1.09±0.14, 0.62±0.17, 1.35±0.21, 0.74±0.34, 0.68±0.03, 0.85±0.08, 0.38±0.10, and 0.54±0.09, respectively. Compared with those in 0 µmol/L HP group, the protein expression of p-GSK-3ß of cells was significantly increased in 50 µmol/L HP group (P<0.05) but significantly decreased in 300 µmol/L HP group (P<0.01), while the protein expression of GSK-3ß of cells was significantly increased in 300 µmol/L HP group (P<0.05). Compared with those in 300 µmol/L HP group, the protein expression of GSK-3ß of cells was significantly decreased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01), while the protein expression of p-GSK-3ß of cells was significantly increased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01). Conclusions: The molarity of 50 µmol/L may be the optimal molarity of HP to pretreat mouse BMSCs, and 50 µmol/L HP pretreatment can antagonize mitochondrial pathway of oxidative stress induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of GSK-3ß.

[Role of interleukin-6 in human umbilical vein endothelial cell to mesenchymal cell transformation].

Objective: To observe the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the phenotype and function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and explore the role of IL-6 in the process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Methods: The experimental research method was used. Fresh umbilical cord discarded after normal maternal delivery was collected. On the second day of the primary cell isolation and cultivation, the cell morphology was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. HUVECs of the 4th passage were identified by immunofluorescence method, and 2 batches of HUVECs ofthe 3rd to 5th passages were used for the subsequent experiments. The first batch of cells were divided into 6 groups according to the random number table (the same below): blank control group, 5 ng/mL IL-6 group, 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, 50 ng/mL IL-6 group, and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group. The second batch of cells were divided into 4 groups: blank control group, 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, 25 ng/mL IL-6 group,and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group; the cells in blank control group was cultured with complete culture medium only, while the cells in the other groups were added with IL-6 of the corresponding final mass concentrations.Cells from the 1st batch were cultured for 72 hours after grouping, the morphology of HUVECS in the 6 groups was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. At 72 h after grouping culture, the positive expressions of coagulation factor Ⅷ and α vascular smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HUVECs in the 6 groups were detected by immunofluorescence method, and the ratio of the number of double positive cells to the number of coagulation factor Ⅷ positive cells (the ratio of double positive cells for short) was calculated, with 6 samples per group; mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin and α-SMA of HUVECs in 6 groups were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, with 3 samples per group.Cells from the 2nd batch were cultured 72 hours after grouping, the protein expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin, α-SMA, and type Ⅰ collagen in the 4 groups were detected by Western blotting, with 3 samples per group. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction. Results: On the 2nd day after isolation and cultivation, the primary cells were in short spindle shape or polygon, cells of the 4th passage were identified as HUVECs by immunofluorescence method. At 72 hours of culture after grouping, the cells from the 1st batch in the 6 groups changed to long spindle shape morphologically along with the increase of IL-6 concentration, the intercellular connections decreased or disappeared with the gap between cells becoming larger. At 72 h after grouping culture, compared with that inblank control group, the ratio of double positive cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, 50 ng/mL IL-6 group, and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with that in 5 ng/mL IL-6 group, the ratio of double positive cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, 50 ng/mL IL-6 group, and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with that in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, the ratio of double positive cells in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.01); the ratio of double positive cells in 100 ng/mL IL-6 group was significantly increased compared with those in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group (P<0.01). At 72 h after grouping culture, compared with that in blank control group, the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, 50 ng/mL IL-6 group, and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01 or P<0.05); compared with that in 5 ng/mL IL-6 group, the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with that in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with that in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). At 72 h after grouping culture, compared with that in blank control group, the mRNA expression levels of α-SMA of cells in 5 ng/mL IL-6 group, 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, 50 ng/mL IL-6, group, and 100 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Cells from the 2nd batch were cultured for 72 hours after grouping. Compared with 1.391±0.026 in blank control group, the protein expressions of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group (1.185±0.063), in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group (0.717±0.078), and in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group (0.239±0.064) were significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with that in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, the protein expressions of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with that in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, the protein expression of vascular endothelial cadherin of cells in 50 ng/mL IL-6 group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). At 72 h after grouping culture, compared with that in blank control group, the protein expression levels of α-SMA of cells in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, 25 ng/mL IL-6 group, and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with that in 10 ng/mL IL-6 group, the protein expression levels of α-SMA of cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.01). At 72 h after grouping culture, compared with that in blank control group, the protein expressions of type Ⅰ collagen of cells in 25 ng/mL IL-6 group and 50 ng/mL IL-6 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions: After IL-6 treatment, the phenotype and function of HUVECS showed the characteristics of mesenchymal cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The inflammatory factor can promote the process of EndMT, and become one of the important factors regulating the mechanism of tissue fibrosis.

The influence of different resuscitation solution on lactic acid accumulation after hemorrhagic shock: a network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of various fluid resuscitation procedures after hemorrhagic shock on the lactic acid accumulation by network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A number of articles were obtained by searching the databases. Randomized control trials (RCT) were selected by two literature quality assessors; the extracted experimental data were then summarized to compare and analyze the effect of various kinds of infusion procedures at different time points on the concentration of lactic acid in the internal environment of rat models. RESULTS: 9 articles containing 25 independent reports were enrolled. Results revealed that the accumulation of lactic acid generated in the resuscitation using hydroxyethyl starch solution or gelofusine was significantly different from the one using Ringer solution, hypertonic saline or normal salt solution (p<0.05). Compared to the colloidal, the aqueous solution of pyruvate showed a slightly weaker effect in reducing the accumulation of lactic acid. The accumulation of lactic acid is severely affected by hypertonic saline, Ringer lactate solution, and balanced salt solution, i.e., the concentration of lactic acid is increasing with an augment of concentration or prolongation of treatment time. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of the management of lactic acid accumulation after hemorrhagic shock, the effect of colloidal solution was remarkably better than a crystalloid solution, and hypertonic saline and normal salt solution were not recommended as preferable drugs in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.