Paraaortic Extra-Adrenal Paraganglioma: Challenging Robotic Resection.

BACKGROUND: Up to 41% of intra- and extra-adrenal paragangliomas are linked to germline mutations with autosomal dominant transmission, which necessitates genetic testing for patients and their relatives.1-4 Certain alterations, such as the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunit B gene mutation, are associated with a significant risk of extra-adrenal, malignant, and metastatic disease forms.4-7 This highlights the need for routine genetic counseling and diligent surveillance, as well as surgeon awareness of hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome (HPPS). METHODS: We present a multimedia article featuring a step-by-step video of a complex retroperitoneal resection, enriched with perioperative management insights. RESULTS: A 17-year-old female presented with episodes of hypertension, tachycardia, and diffuse diaphoresis. CT revealed a paraaortic mass adjacent to the left renal hilum later confirmed by a SPECT/CT with iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine.8 Additional imaging with gallium-68 DOTATATE was not performed then due to unknown mutation status. The patient underwent robotic removal of the tumor and adjacent lymph nodes. Pathology confirmed a poorly differentiated paraganglioma with 0/6 lymph node metastases. Genetic tests revealed SDHB gene mutation, indicative of HPPS.9,10 At 12 months, the patient remained disease-free on CT with normalized metanephrines levels and no detectable circulating tumor DNA. Familial screening detected her mother, maternal uncle, and maternal grandfather to be SDHB mutation carriers, although phenotypically silent. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic-assisted resection can be safe and effective for retroperitoneal malignant paragangliomas. However, management extends beyond surgery and requires cascade genetic testing to address familial risks. Because of the high probability of cancer associated with SDHB mutation, lifelong patient surveillance is imperative.

Robotic Resection in Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B (SDHB)-Mutated Hereditary Paraganglioma: A Case Report of Two Patients and A Literature Review.

Autosomal dominant hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome (HPPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by neuroendocrine tumor development associated with pathogenic variants in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex genes. Particularly, HPPS linked to SDHB mutation poses a significant clinical challenge due to its association with aggressive tumor features and a high risk of malignancy. Our report underscores the diversity in the presentation of patients with SDHB-mutated paraganglioma and the feasibility of managing it with a minimally invasive surgical approach. In the first case, a 17-year-old female was diagnosed with a metabolically active, poorly differentiated extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma that required challenging robotic resection. Cascade genetic testing revealed an SDHB mutation not only in her but also in three family members, pointing to the inherited nature of the syndrome. Conversely, the second case involves a 37-year-old male with an asymptomatic well-differentiated left paraaortic paraganglioma incidentally found during an unrelated medical examination. Robotic converted-to-open resection allowed the successful removal of the mass. Subsequent germline testing confirmed a deleterious SDHB mutation, initiating a process of familial cascade testing. Both patients remained symptom- and recurrence-free at 12 and six months, respectively. Through these cases, and supported by a literature review, we highlight the variable clinical presentations of HPPS, arising from the same genetic alteration. The successful application of minimally invasive surgical techniques, combined with genetic evaluation, emphasizes the necessity for a comprehensive, tailored approach to treatment and surveillance. This strategy not only addresses the immediate clinical needs but also fosters proactive management of at-risk family members, ensuring a multidisciplinary approach to this complex hereditary condition.

Three Cases of Atypical Breast Metastasis from Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Metastatic disease to the breast is rare. Melanoma and lymphoma are the most common primary tumors metastasizing to the breast, and breast metastasis from a primary lung neoplasm is uncommon. It can be difficult to distinguish metastatic disease from primary breast cancer clinically. Immunohistochemistry, combined with further diagnostic imaging, play important roles in identifying the primary origin of the malignancy. An accurate diagnosis is imperative for therapeutic planning, and further workup should be considered for unusual cytological patterns. In this report, three cases of pulmonary metastasis to the breast with atypical clinical presentations are presented and discussed.

The Use of Opioid Analgesia after Surgery: Assessing Postoperative Prescriptions from a Patient and Surgeon Perspective.

Purpose: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids continues to be a public health crisis in the United States that disproportionately affects rural communities with diversion of pills from friends and family being the most common source. The primary goal of the study was to identify current opioid prescription practices, and to assess the discrepancy in amount of opioids prescribed by surgeons versus the amount needed post-operatively by patients. Patient factors that may influence postoperative analgesia needs and their management of leftover prescription opioids were also evaluatedMethods: Patients ≥18 years-of-age who underwent a surgery between July and December 2018 by the subspecialty departments of Acute Care and General Surgery at a tertiary care facility in the rural Midwest were surveyed at their first post-operative visit to assess their postoperative analgesic needs. Resident and attending surgeons in the above departments were also surveyed to identify different factors that influenced their narcotic prescription practices.Results: Surveys from 252 patients, 12 attending surgeons, and 14 general surgery residents met inclusion criteria. Of patients who received a narcotic prescription, 19.9% did not fill their prescription, 64.1% of whom were >60 years old, and 72.1% resided within an hour of the hospital. Average reported prescription size was 11-40 pills; however, most used more than 5 pills regardless of the type of operation (P=0.59) and history of chronic pain (P=0.07). Inability to call in narcotic prescriptions and patients' distance from care influenced providers' prescription practices, with 77.9% of resident physicians and 68.3% of attending surgeons stating they would prescribe fewer if given the ability to call in a narcotic prescription.Conclusions: Regardless of the operation complexity, a majority of patients required fewer than five opioid pills after discharge and would be willing to return leftover pills. Development of opioid stewardship programs within the healthcare sector may reduce the number of opioids available for diversion and misuse.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is safe in appropriately resourced rural hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Research shows improved safety and treatment outcomes for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at high-volume centers. Regionalization of pancreaticoduodenectomy to high-volume urban centers can result in unintended negative consequences for rural patients and communities. This report examines outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at a rural hospital and compares them with national standards. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of pancreatic operations performed at a rural tertiary hospital was queried. Demographic and clinical information for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (2007-2019) was analyzed. Primary outcomes were the rates of patient mortality and morbidity. Secondary outcomes were readmission rates, indications, and associations with clinical variables. RESULTS: We included 118 patients in our study. There were 41 postoperative complications (34.7%), including 1 death (0.9%). The 90-day readmission rate was 24.6%. The most common indication for readmission was deep space infection (n = 7, 24.1%). Patients requiring an intraoperative transfusion were more likely to need hospital readmission (41.4% vs 9.0% of patients without transfusion, P = .016). Patients with postoperative complications required readmission more frequently (51.7% vs 29.2%, P = .093). These findings are similar to data from urban hospitals. CONCLUSION: Patient safety and surgical outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy performed in appropriately resourced rural hospitals can be comparable with national standards. Safely treating rural patients near their home benefits patients and their communities.

Resident Participation as Co-Surgeon Does Not Adversely Impact Patient Outcomes in Pancreatic Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: In academic settings, surgical residents often serve as co-surgeon in complex operations such as pancreatic resections. These operations are typically performed by fellowship-trained primary surgeons with extensive experience in the field. Our study aimed to evaluate how the participation of general surgery residents in these complex operations affected patient outcomes. Our hypothesis was that resident involvement as co-surgeon would not adversely impact key patient outcomes including complications, readmission, and mortality. DESIGN: A REDCap database of perioperative variables for patients undergoing pancreatic resection was established at a single independent academic medical center. The database was populated via retrospective chart review. Patient demographics, surgical indications, operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, postoperative complications, and 30- and 90-day survival for patients with and without cancer were reviewed. We further categorized the data based on the designation of a general surgery resident or a second staff surgeon as co-surgeon in each operation. SETTING: The study was performed at the Marshfield Clinic Health System-Marshfield Medical Center, an independent academic medical center located in central Wisconsin. PARTICIPANTS: Data were abstracted from the medical records of all adult patients (18 years of age and older) who underwent pancreatic resection from 2007 to 2018 (n = 173). RESULTS: 173 pancreatic resections were performed by 8 different primary staff surgeons over 10.5 years. All co-surgeons were either another staff surgeon or a senior-level (postgraduate year 4 or 5) general surgery resident. Perioperative and postoperative patient outcomes were statistically similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Resident involvement as co-surgeon in complex pancreatic resections constituted no increased risk for patients at our institution. Senior residents should continue to operate on these important learning cases under appropriate staff supervision.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Melanoma.

The incidence of melanoma continues to increase worldwide. In the United States, melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in men and the sixth most common cancer in women. The risk factors contributing to melanoma have largely remained unchanged, but there is a new focus on modifiable risk factors including sun exposure and ultraviolet light. A large public initiative supported by the Centers for Disease Control focuses on educating the public on the risks of sun exposure and indoor tanning. Early detection and resection of melanoma lesions is necessary to prevent metastasis and reduce medical costs.

Surgical Site Infections in Breast Surgery: The Use of Preoperative Antibiotics for Elective, Nonreconstructive Procedures.

Background. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical site infections (SSIs) for breast surgery is widespread, but the benefit in clean surgical cases is not well defined. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 855 patients undergoing elective, nonreconstructive breast operations was performed, with 401 patients receiving no antibiotics and 454 patients receiving a single dose of preoperative antibiotic. Results. Administration of a preoperative antibiotic did not decrease the SSI rate. In this community-based study, antibiotic use practices varied considerably by surgeon. In univariate analyses, SSI rates appeared to increase with prophylactic antibiotic use (12% SSI with antibiotics versus 4% without, p < 0.0001), likely because the use of underdosed antibiotics was associated with higher rates of SSI (13.2% SSI with cefazolin 1 gram, p < 0.0001, and 15.4% SSI with clindamycin 300 mg or less, p = 0.0269). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate from SSI cultures, 31.8% (7 of 22). In multivariable analyses, increased risk of SSI was associated with BMI > 25 kg/m2 (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.11, p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The administration of a single dose of preoperative antibiotic did not decrease the rate of SSI in this large series of patients undergoing clean breast operations. BMI >25 kg/m2 and the use of an inadequate dose of antibiotics for prophylaxis may increase risk of SSI.

Multiple Bronchogenic and Gastroenteric Cysts Arising from the Stomach in a Patient with Abdominal Pain.

Bronchogenic cysts arising from the stomach are uncommon. We discuss a young female patient with presumed enteric duplication cysts who was found to have three bronchogenic and gastroenteric cysts upon pathologic review. We discuss the pathophysiology of bronchogenic cysts and their malignant potential.

Head and neck melanoma.

Wide local excision is the mainstay in the treatment of the primary lesion with consideration given to specific anatomic constraints in head and neck melanoma. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered in all lesions with ulceration, mitoses greater than or equal to 1/mm(2), stage1B or higher, and in all high-risk nonmetastatic melanoma. Reconstructive strategy must be considered in multidisciplinary teams with reconstructive surgeons for large head and neck defects.

Gallbladder cancer.

Gallbladder cancer remains a relatively rare malignancy with a highly variable presentation. Gallbladder cancer is the most common biliary tract malignancy with the worst overall prognosis. With the advent of the laparoscope, in comparison with historical controls, this disease is now more commonly diagnosed incidentally and at an earlier stage. However, when symptoms of jaundice and pain are present, the prognosis remains dismal. From a surgical perspective, gallbladder cancer can be suspected preoperatively, identified intraoperatively, or discovered incidentally on final surgical pathology.

Synchronous distal pancreatic metastatic lesion arising from colonic adenocarcinoma: case report and literature review.

Solitary metastatic pancreatic lesions comprise 0.5% to 3% of all pancreas neoplasms, most commonly arising from primary tumors of the kidney, lung, or colon. Synchronous metastatic pancreatic lesions are exceptionally rare. Only 25 cases of isolated colorectal pancreatic metastasis amenable to resection have been reported, 11 of those in the distal pancreas. To our knowledge we report the first case of a primary colonic malignancy with a synchronous distal pancreatic metastatic lesion treated with resection.

Multiple primary tumors in men with breast cancer diagnoses: a SEER database review.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) comprises 1% of all breast cancers and less than 1% of cancer cases in men. After a diagnosis of MBC, men are at risk of developing a second primary cancer, particularly a second primary breast cancer. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the population of men diagnosed with a second malignancy, specifically a second MBC. METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, 4,873 male patients diagnosed with invasive or in situ breast cancer from 1973 to 2004 were identified and data from patients who developed a second MBC were reviewed. Additional non-breast primary cancer diagnoses were also recorded. RESULTS: A review of 4,966 records corresponding to 4,873 patients revealed 4,462 invasive and 504 in situ breast cancer events. Of the 4,873 patients, 93 (1.9%) were identified with a second MBC. Among the 4,873 patients with MBC, 1,001 (21%) have other non-breast primary cancer diagnoses recorded in the SEER registry. CONCLUSIONS: Although MBC is uncommon, these patients are at risk of a contralateral breast cancer and second primary non-breast cancers. Our findings support that men with breast cancer would benefit from continued long-term surveillance for breast cancer and appropriate screening for non-breast cancers.