Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes following pancreatic injury - An international multicenter cohort study.

Background: Trauma to the pancreas is rare but associated with significant morbidity. Currently available management guidelines are based on low-quality evidence and data on long-term outcomes is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and patient-reported long-term outcomes for pancreatic injury. Methods: A retrospective cohort study evaluating treatment for pancreatic injury in 11 centers across 5 European nations over >10 years was performed. Data relating to pancreatic injury and treatment were collected from hospital records. Patients reported quality of life (QoL), changes to employment and new or ongoing therapy due to index injury. Results: In all, 165 patients were included. The majority were male (70.9%), median age was 27 years (range: 6-93) and mechanism of injury predominantly blunt (87.9%). A quarter of cases were treated conservatively; higher injury severity score (ISS) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) pancreatic injury scores increased the likelihood for surgical, endoscopic and/or radiologic intervention. Isolated, blunt pancreatic injury was associated with younger age and pancreatic duct involvement; this cohort appeared to benefit from non-operative management. In the long term (median follow-up 93; range 8-214 months), exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency were reported by 9.3% of respondents. Long-term analgesic use also affected 9.3% of respondents, with many reported quality of life problems (QoL) potentially attributable to side-effects of opiate therapy. Overall, impaired QoL correlated with higher ISS scores, surgical therapy and opioid analgesia on discharge. Conclusions: Pancreatic trauma is rare but can lead to substantial short- and long-term morbidity. Near complete recovery of QoL indicators and pancreatic function can occur despite significant injury, especially in isolated, blunt pancreatic injury managed conservatively and when early weaning off opiate analgesia is achieved.

Pharmacokinetics of preoperative intraperitoneal 5-FU in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of preoperatively administered intraperitoneal (IP) 5-FU in patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by analyzing levels of 5-FU and target metabolites in peritoneal fluid, plasma, liver, lymph nodes, pancreatic tumour, and pancreatic tissue. These results were correlated to expression of genes encoding enzymes of the 5-FU pathway and cell membrane transporters of 5-FU and FdUMP. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with PDAC were treated with IP 5-FU before surgery. The postoperative treatment followed a routine clinical protocol. 5-FU and its metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The expression of genes encoding enzymes and transporters in the 5-FU pathway was analyzed by qPCR. RESULTS: After IP treatment, 5-FU could be detected in plasma, lymph nodes, liver, pancreatic tumour, and pancreatic tissue. The highest 5-FU concentration was found in the liver, also expressing high levels of the 5-FU transporter OAT2. 5-FU was converted to active FdUMP in all tissues and the highest concentration was measured in lymph nodes, liver and pancreatic tumour (18.5, 6.1 and 6.7 pmol/g, respectively). There was a correlation between the FdUMP and dUr levels in lymph nodes (r = 0.70, p = 0.0076). In tumours, there was an association between OAT2 expression and FdUMP concentration. CONCLUSION: The study shows uptake of IP 5-FU and drug metabolism to active FdUMP in pancreatic tumour, liver, and lymph nodes. Extended studies are warranted to evaluate the IP route for 5-FU administration in PDAC patients.

Reappraisal of a 2-Cm Cut-off Size for the Management of Cystic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Multicenter International Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize an international cohort of resected cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (cPanNENs) and identify preoperative predictors of aggressive behavior. BACKGROUND: The characteristics of cPanNENs are unknown and their clinical management remains unclear. An observational strategy for asymptomatic cPanNENs ≤2 cm has been proposed by recent guidelines, but evidence is scarce and limited to single-institutional series. METHODS: Resected cPanNENs (1995-2017) from 16 institutions worldwide were included. Solid lesions (>50% solid component), functional tumors, and MEN-1 patients were excluded. Aggressiveness was defined as lymph node (LN) involvement, G3 grading, distant metastases, and/or recurrence. RESULTS: Overall, 263 resected cPanNENs were included, among which 177 (63.5%) were >2 cm preoperatively. A preoperative diagnosis of cPanNEN was established in 162 cases (61.6%) and was more frequent when patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound [EUS, odds ratio (OR) 2.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52-4.77] and somatostatin-receptor imaging (OR 3.681, 95% CI 1.809-7.490), and for those managed in specialized institutions (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.57-6.21). Forty-one cPanNENs (15.6%) were considered aggressive. In the whole cohort, LN involvement on imaging, age >65 years, preoperative size >2 cm, and pancreatic duct dilation were independently associated with aggressive behavior. In asymptomatic patients, older age and a preoperative size >2 cm remained independently associated with aggressiveness. Only 1 of 61 asymptomatic cPanNENs ≤2 cm displayed an aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of cPanNENs is increased by the use of EUS and somatostatin-receptor imaging and is higher in specialized institutions. Preoperative size >2 cm is independently associated with aggressive behavior. Consequently, a watch-and-wait policy for sporadic asymptomatic cPanNENs ≤2 cm seems justified and safe for most patients.

Cattell-Braasch maneuver combined with local hypothermia during superior mesenteric artery resection in pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The recent development of new neo-adjuvant treatment regimens associated with a higher success rate of down-staging has increased the interest of pancreatic surgeons on the role of extended surgery for patients affected by locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatectomy together with resection of the portal/superior mesenteric vein is considered nowadays standard of care for patients affected by pancreatic cancer. However, the resection of major abdominal arteries is still debatable. In particular, the short- and long-term results after resection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) remain controversial and only few cases have been described in literature. The present paper describes a new, quick, and easy technique for resection of the SMA. CLINICAL CASE: A 71-year-old patient affected by IPMN cancer with infiltration of the SMA received FOLFIRINOX-based neo-adjuvant treatment. After 4 months of treatment, the patient underwent total pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of the SMA and direct end-to-end anastomosis. The vascular resection was performed combining a complete Cattell-Braasch maneuver with local bowel hypothermia in an attempt to avoid graft interposition by facilitating an end-to-end anastomosis and to reduce the warm ischemia time. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged 8 days post-operatively.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Risk of Anastomotic Leakage after Anterior Resection: A Protocol-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been introduced as opioid-sparing analgesics in colorectal surgery. However, recent research has implicated these drugs as risk factors for anastomotic dehiscence. METHODS: The Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients operated with anterior resection for rectal cancer at centres that performed more than 25 abdominal operations per year, from 2007 to 2012, inclusive. The registry provided individual patient data on demographic variables and symptomatic anastomotic leakage. The patient exposure to NSAIDs was defined according to the protocol of the hospital at which the patient was operated. Logistic regression was employed to estimate ORs and 95% CIs, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 2,605 patients operated at 21 centres. In the NSAID group, 102/1,458 (7.0%) suffered an anastomotic leak, as compared to 124/1,023 (10.8%) in the non-NSAID group. With adjustment for confounding, patients treated at NSAID hospitals had a reduced risk of developing anastomotic leakage (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.48-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective protocol-based study, NSAIDs did not increase the risk of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. The postoperative use of NSAIDs may not be detrimental, but more research is warranted.

Validity of electrical stimulus magnitude matching in chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the PainMatcher in chronic pain. DESIGN: Comparison of parallel pain estimates from visual analogue scales with electrical stimulus magnitude matching. PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. METHODS: Twice a day ongoing pain was rated on a standard 100-mm visual analogue scale, and thereafter magnitude matching was performed using a PainMatcher. The sensory threshold to electrical stimulation was tested twice on separate occasions. RESULTS: In 438 observations visual analogue scale ranged from 3 to 95 (median 41) mm, and PainMatcher magnitudes from 2.67 to 27.67 (median 6.67; mean 7.78) steps. There was little correlation between visual analogue scale and magnitude data (r = 0.29; p < 0.0001). The mean sensory threshold was 3.67 steps, indicating that the PainMatcher, on average, stimulated at 2.1 times the perception threshold at matching point. CONCLUSION: Electrical magnitude matching of chronic pain intensity elicited limited activation of nerve fibres at 2.0-2.2 times sensory threshold, indicating that the induced pain was evoked by coarse nociceptive Adelta fibres. While the visual analogue scale estimates covered the whole range of the instrument, the PainMatcher readings utilized only a small part of the instrument range and, importantly, had little or no relation to the visual analogue scale estimates. The validity of the PainMatcher procedure is doubtful.