Modern treatment strategies in pediatric oncology and hematology.

Every year, approximately 400 00 children worldwide are diagnosed with cancer. Although treatment results in most types of childhood neoplasms are excellent with survival more than 80%, there are some with poor prognosis. Also recurrent and resistant to treatment childhood cancer remain a therapeutic challenge. Besides chemotherapy, which has been the basis of cancer therapy for years, molecular methods and precisely targeted therapies have recently found their usage. As a result of that, survival has improved and has positively impacted the rate of toxicities associated with chemotherapy (Butler et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 71:315-332, 2021). These achievements have contributed to better quality of patients' lives. Current methods of treatment and ongoing trials give hope for patients with relapses and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. This review focuses on the most recent progress in pediatric oncology treatments and discusses specific therapy methods for particular cancers types of cancer. Targeted therapies and molecular approaches have become more beneficial but research need to be continued in this field. Despite significant breakthroughs in pediatric oncology in the last few years, there is still a need to find new and more specific methods of treatment to increase the survival of children with cancer.

[Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in children with chronic gastroduodenitis with and without Helicobacter pylori infection]. / Ocena cytofluorymetryczna wartosci odsetkowych subpopulacji limfocytów we krwi obwodowej u dzieci z przewleklym zapaleniem blony sluzowej zoladka i dwunastnicy ze wspólistniejacym zakazeniem oraz bez zakazenia Helicobacter pylori.

The immune system plays an important role in chronic gastroduodenitis. A group of 70 children with chronic gastroduodenitis were subjected to examinations, including 42 children with H. pylori infection (group I) and 28 children without H. pylori infection (group II). Applying the method of flow cytometry, the per cent values of peripheral blood lymphocytic subpopulations were determined before and after treatment. The obtained results of examinations in group I were compared with those obtained in group II and were also compared with the standards given by Zeman for healthy children. On the basis of analysis of own material it was found that in both studied groups before and after the treatment lower per cent values were observed of CD3 and CD8 T-cells, NK CD56 cells and higher value of CD4 to CD8 T-cell ratio was disclosed as compared to healthy children. Comparing the per cent values of lymphocytic subpopulations in children with and without H. pylori infection it was found that in group I a higher per cent of CD4 T-cells, lower per cent of CD8 T-cells and, therefore, higher value of CD4 to CD8 T-cell ratio were present.