Developing a global partnership to adapt and deliver interprofessional education faculty training in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic: reporting on an innovative collaboration.

Interprofessional (IP) education is imperative to foster collaboration within and between healthcare professions to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes. Increasing the capacity of health professions faculty to effectively deliver learning about IP knowledge and skills fosters sustainability of IP care in health systems. This short report describes a series of three virtual IP faculty development workshops during 2020-2021 that used a Train-the-Trainer approach and adopted flexible and context-specific teaching methods to enhance learning. The collaboration involved interprofessional researchers from the University of Washington Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education, Research, and Practice and Kenyan health professions faculty and was supported by a global health grant. Learners were drawn from multiple health professions and healthcare institutions in Kenya. Content was packaged in lectures, videos, pictures, and session notes. Teaching methods adopted included lecturing, discussing, playing videos, interpretation of pictures, and reading text notes. The Train-the-Trainer approach helped ensure that workshop content and plans were relevant to participants. Workshop participants shared positive feedback about the trainings and showed a good grasp of the concepts and skills. In-built feedback mechanisms in training were key in supporting the programme and ensured continuous improvement within and between sessions. This collaboration offers an innovative example of a global partnership to support IP faculty development and mainstreaming of IPE in training and in practice.

Family and peer influences on adjustment among Chinese, Filipino, and White youth.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research. OBJECTIVES: To test and compare a theoretical model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. METHODS: Data were utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample is composed of 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino, and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretical model for each ethnic group separately followed by multiple-group analyses. RESULTS: The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples, and was deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretical model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple-group analyses of the theoretical model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed toward incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing and validating findings from this study.

Ethnic and generational influences on emotional distress and risk behaviors among Chinese and Filipino American adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to explore ethnic and generational influences among Chinese, Filipino, and Euro American adolescents on emotional distress and risk behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted with 216 Chinese, 387 Filipino, and 400 Euro American adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health to investigate the influence of ethnicity on depression, somatic symptoms, delinquency, and substance use; and to examine the influence of generation on the outcome variables among Chinese and Filipino American adolescents. Ethnicity predicted depression and delinquency scores, while generation within ethnic groups predicted somatic symptoms and substance use. The findings diverge from theories using acculturation as an explanatory mechanism for distress and risk behaviors and underscore the importance of examining sub-groups and generations of Asian American youth.

The influence of ethnicity and generational status on parent and family relations among Chinese and Filipino adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of ethnic and generational differences on perceptions about parent and family relationships in a nationally representative sample of Chinese and Filipino adolescents living in the United States. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. SAMPLE: The sample was weighted to produce a nationally representative sample, based on 216 self-identified Chinese and 387 self-identified Filipino adolescents. RESULTS: Results indicated that generational status plays a role in predicting how adolescents perceive the parent-adolescent relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide a basis by which community health nurses can begin to understand the uniqueness of Asian subgroups, as well as generations of immigrant youth.

Issues of instrument translation in research on Asian immigrant populations.

Health disparity research often includes non-English-speaking populations, and instrument translation is a major methodological issue with which researchers must contend. Yet most existing nursing research do not adequately describe translation method processes used. This article describes the procedures used to translate the Caregiver Reaction Assessment instrument into Ilocano for use in a study with elderly Filipinos caring for their grandchildren and the Parenting Practice Interview into Korean for use in a study of parenting practices among Korean immigrant parents. An explanation of Brislin's method for instrument translation is first provided, followed by a detailed description of how this method was applied in the two studies and the challenges encountered in assessing translation accuracy. Achieving semantic and content equivalence posed a major challenge in both studies. Recommendations for cross-cultural nursing research are provided; the experiences described in this article illuminate translation issues to be considered by nurse researchers.

Using focus groups to develop culturally relevant instruments.

Recent criticism has focused on the validity of instruments used in research with immigrant populations. Conventional instrument development or validation techniques may not be adequate to determine whether an instrument is appropriate for use with populations who differ from those with whom the instrument was originally developed. This article discusses the value of using focus group methodology to develop instruments for use with immigrant populations using the example of an intergenerational conflict tool for multigenerational Chinese immigrant families. Involving community members through focus groups is an important component of instrument development that is often neglected by researchers. This process was critical to developing a culturally appropriate instrument that accurately reflected the community's life experiences. Strategies for conducting meaningful and successful focus groups with Chinese immigrants are provided. Advantages and disadvantages of using focus groups are also discussed.

Becoming bicultural: Chinese American women and their development.

Ethnic and racial diversity in the United States has led to increasing interest in research on biculturalism, yet the meaning and underlying processes of biculturalism in the context of development in young adults are not well understood. Fifteen interviews were conducted with second-generation Chinese American women to explore how being bicultural fit into their lives. Data analysis yielded a developmental map that reflected their experiences throughout life as minority women. Findings suggest that biculturalism is more than being functionally competent in two cultures, it is both a behavioral and psychological orientation in life. From the findings of this study, we have increased our knowledge of Asian American women's development and provided a foundation for nursing research with minority women.