Barriers and facilitators to diabetes screening and prevention after a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in the United States, with higher rates among minoritized racial and ethnic populations and lower income populations. GDM increases risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and postpartum diabetes screening and prevention are imperative. This qualitative study examines barriers and facilitators to postpartum T2DM screening and prevention among non-privately insured individuals with a history of GDM in a state prior to Medicaid expansion. METHODS: Thirty-six non-privately insured women with a history of GDM completed semi-structured interviews. Four focus groups and seven interviews were conducted with 30 nurse practitioners, physicians, physician assistants, nurses and registered dietitians from Federally Qualified Health Centers in St. Louis, MO. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using an integrative thematic analysis informed by the socio-ecological model. RESULTS: Barriers and facilitators to T2DM screening and prevention occur across multiple environments (society, healthcare system, interpersonal, and individual). Societal barriers include insurance issues, unemployment, and lack of transportation, childcare, safe housing, and healthy food access, while facilitators include government sponsored programs and community organizations. Healthcare system barriers include care fragmentation, scheduling policies and time constraints while facilitators include care coordination, pregnancy support groups, and education materials. Interpersonal barriers include negative care experiences, cultural differences, communication challenges, competing priorities, and lack of a social support network, while facilitators include family and friend support and positive care experiences. Individual barriers include health complications and unhealthy food and exercise patterns, while facilitators include child wellbeing, empowered attitudes and healthy food and exercise patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The socioecological model highlights the societal and systemic determinants that encompass individual and interpersonal factors affecting postpartum T2DM screening and prevention. This framework can inform multi-level interventions to increase postpartum T2DM screening and prevention in this high-risk population, including policy changes to alleviate higher-level barriers.

Understanding Gestational Diabetes, Future Diabetes Risk, and Diabetes Prevention: A Qualitative Study of Patient, Provider, and Staff Perspectives.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases type 2 diabetes risk; however, postpartum diabetes screening rates are low. Using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, this study investigates the understanding of GDM and its relationship to future diabetes risk and diabetes prevention among patients with public or no insurance (n = 36), health care providers (n = 21), and clinic staff (n = 9) from Federally Qualified Health Centers. Five main themes emerged: 1) general understanding of GDM diagnosis with focus on neonatal complications; 2) variable recall of diet, exercise, and weight recommendations; 3) overwhelming medication and self-monitoring routines; 4) short-term focus of type 2 diabetes risk and screening; and 5) limited understanding of all options for diabetes prevention. The results may inform diabetes screening and prevention interventions in primary care settings.