Influence of posture and frequency modes in total body water estimation using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in boys and adult males.

The aim of the study was to examine differences in total body water (TBW) measured using single-frequency (SF) and multi-frequency (MF) modes of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) in children and adults measured in different postures using the deuterium (2H) dilution technique as the reference. Twenty-three boys and 26 adult males underwent assessment of TBW using the dilution technique and BIS measured in supine and standing positions using two frequencies of the SF mode (50 kHz and 100 kHz) and the MF mode. While TBW estimated from the MF mode was comparable, extra-cellular fluid (ECF) and intra-cellular fluid (ICF) values differed significantly (p < 0.01) between the different postures in both groups. In addition, while estimated TBW in adult males using the MF mode was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than the result from the dilution technique, TBW estimated using the SF mode and prediction equation was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in boys. Measurement posture may not affect estimation of TBW in boys and adult males, however, body fluid shifts may still occur. In addition, technical factors, including selection of prediction equation, may be important when TBW is estimated from measured impedance.

Plasma ATP concentration and venous oxygen content in the forearm during dynamic handgrip exercise.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from red blood cells (RBCs) may contribute to the tight coupling between blood flow and oxygen demand in contracting skeletal muscle. To determine whether ATP may contribute to the vasodilatory response to exercise in the forearm, we measured arterialised and venous plasma ATP concentration and venous oxygen content in 10 healthy young males at rest, and at 30 and 180 seconds during dynamic handgrip exercise at 45% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). RESULTS: Venous plasma ATP concentration was elevated above rest after 30 seconds of exercise (P < 0.05), and remained at this higher level 180 seconds into exercise (P < 0.05 versus rest). The increase in ATP was mirrored by a decrease in venous oxygen content. While there was no significant relationship between ATP concentration and venous oxygen content at 30 seconds of exercise, they were moderately and inversely correlated at 180 seconds of exercise (r = -0.651, P = 0.021). Arterial ATP concentration remained unchanged throughout exercise, resulting in an increase in the venous-arterial ATP difference. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively these results indicate that ATP in the plasma originated from the muscle microcirculation, and are consistent with the notion that deoxygenation of the blood perfusing the muscle acts as a stimulus for ATP release. That ATP concentration was elevated just 30 seconds after the onset of exercise also suggests that ATP may be a contributing factor to the blood flow response in the transition from rest to steady state exercise.

Energy expenditure and physical activity in clozapine use: implications for weight management.

OBJECTIVE: The management of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a significant challenge for people with mental illness. Fundamental research into energy metabolism in people taking atypical antipsychotic medication has been neglected. The current study of men with schizophrenia taking clozapine aimed to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy expended on physical activity--activity energy expenditure (AEE) and to consider the clinical implications of the findings. METHOD: The well-established reference method of doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE and AEE in men with schizophrenia who had been taking clozapine for more than 6 months. Resting energy expenditure was determined using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: The TEE was 2511+/-606 kcal day-1 which was significantly different to World Health Organization recommendations (more than 20% lower). The Physical activity level (PAL) was 1.39+/-0.27 confirming the sedentary nature of people with schizophrenia who take clozapine. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the need for weight management strategies for people with schizophrenia who take clozapine to focus on the enhancement of energy expenditure by increasing physical activity and reducing inactivity or sedentary behaviours, rather than relying primarily on strategies to reduce energy intake.