RESUMEN
Optimization studies using an HIV RNase H active site inhibitor containing a 1-hydroxy-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one core identified 4-position substituents that provided several potent and selective inhibitors. The best compound was potent and selective in biochemical assays (IC(50)=0.045 µM, HIV RT RNase H; 13 µM, HIV RT-polymerase; 24 µM, HIV integrase) and showed antiviral efficacy in a single-cycle viral replication assay in P4-2 cells (IC(50)=0.19 µM) with a modest window with respect to cytotoxicity (CC(50)=3.3 µM).
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , VIH-1/enzimología , Ribonucleasa H/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Naftiridinas/química , Naftiridinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
HIV-1 integrase catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the host cell. Integrase inhibitor N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide selectively inhibits the strand transfer process of integration. 4-Substituted pyrrolidinones possessing various groups on the pyrrolidinone nitrogen were introduced at the 5-position of the naphthyridine scaffold. These analogs exhibit excellent activity against viral replication in a cell-based assay. The preparation of these compounds was enabled by a three-step, two-pot reaction sequence from a common butenolide intermediate.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Naftiridinas/síntesis química , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , Estructura Molecular , Naftiridinas/química , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase is one of the three virally encoded enzymes required for replication and therefore a rational target for chemotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. We report here the discovery of Raltegravir, the first HIV-integrase inhibitor approved by FDA for the treatment of HIV infection. It derives from the evolution of 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxamides and N-methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidinone-carboxamides, which exhibited potent inhibition of the HIV-integrase catalyzed strand transfer process. Structural modifications on these molecules were made in order to maximize potency as HIV-integrase inhibitors against the wild type virus, a selection of mutants, and optimize the selectivity, pharmacokinetic, and metabolic profiles in preclinical species. The good profile of Raltegravir has enabled its progression toward the end of phase III clinical trials for the treatment of HIV-1 infection and culminated with the FDA approval as the first HIV-integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Pirrolidinonas/farmacología , Administración Oral , Área Bajo la Curva , Disponibilidad Biológica , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/uso terapéutico , Semivida , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Pirrolidinonas/administración & dosificación , Pirrolidinonas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinonas/uso terapéutico , Raltegravir PotásicoRESUMEN
A series of 10-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropyrazino[1',2':1,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine-1,9(2H,6H)-diones was synthesized and tested for their inhibition of HIV-1 replication in cell culture. Structure-activity studies indicated that high antiviral potency against wild-type virus as well as viruses containing integrase mutations that confer resistance to three different structural classes of integrase inhibitors could be achieved by incorporation of small aliphatic groups at certain positions on the core template. An optimal compound from this study, 16, inhibits integrase strand-transfer activity with an IC(50) value of 10 nM, inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture with an IC(95) value of 35 nM in the presence of 50% normal human serum, and displays modest pharmacokinetic properties in rats (i.v. t(1/2)=5.3 h, F=17%).
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Integrasa de VIH/síntesis química , Integrasa de VIH/farmacología , Integrasas/genética , Mutación , Administración Oral , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Disponibilidad Biológica , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Químicos , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
A series of 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-2-carboxamides was synthesized and tested for their inhibition of HIV-1 integrase catalytic activity and HIV-1 replication in cells. Structure-activity studies around lead compound 5 indicated that a coplanar relationship of metal-binding heteroatoms provides optimal binding to the integrase active site. Identification of potency-enhancing substituents and adjustments in lipophilicity provided 17b which inhibits integrase-catalyzed strand transfer with an IC(50) value of 74 nM and inhibits HIV-1 replication in cell culture in the presence of 50% normal human serum with an IC(95) value of 63 nM.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Integrasa de VIH/efectos de los fármacos , Pirazinas/química , Pirazinas/farmacología , Catálisis , Línea Celular , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/síntesis química , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/fisiología , Pirazinas/síntesis química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A 1,6-naphthyridine inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase has been discovered with excellent inhibitory activity in cells, good pharmacokinetics, and an excellent ability to inhibit virus with mutant enzyme.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacocinética , Naftiridinas/síntesis química , Administración Oral , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Integrasa de VIH/efectos de los fármacos , Integrasa de VIH/genética , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Mutación , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Introduction of a 5,6-dihydrouracil functionality in the 5-position of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-8-hydroxy-[1,6]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 1 led to a series of highly active HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. These compounds displayed low nanomolar activity in inhibiting both the strand transfer process of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells. Compound 11 is a 150-fold more potent antiviral agent than 1, with a CIC(95) of 40 nM in the presence of human serum. It displays good pharmacokinetics when dosed in rats and dogs.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Bencilo/farmacología , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Uracilo/análogos & derivados , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Compuestos de Bencilo/química , Compuestos de Bencilo/farmacocinética , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacocinética , VIH-1/fisiología , Naftiridinas/química , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Uracilo/químicaRESUMEN
We describe the efficacy of L-870812, an inhibitor of HIV-1 and SIV integrase, in rhesus macaques infected with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P. When initiated before CD4 cell depletion, L-870812 therapy mediated a sustained suppression of viremia, preserving CD4 levels and permitting the induction of virus-specific cellular immunity. L-870812 was also active in chronic infection; however, the magnitude and durability of the effect varied in conjunction with the pretreatment immune response and viral load. These studies demonstrate integrase inhibitor activity in vivo and suggest that cellular immunity facilitates chemotherapeutic efficacy in retroviral infections.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inmunología , VIH-1/fisiología , Inhibidores de Integrasa/uso terapéutico , Naftiridinas/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/inmunología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/fisiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/virología , Animales , Fármacos Anti-VIH/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Anti-VIH/sangre , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Integrasa de VIH/genética , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/sangre , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/uso terapéutico , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , Inmunidad Celular , Inhibidores de Integrasa/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Integrasa/sangre , Inhibidores de Integrasa/farmacología , Integrasas/genética , Integrasas/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/virología , Macaca mulatta , Mutación , Naftiridinas/administración & dosificación , Naftiridinas/sangre , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/enzimología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Carga Viral , Viremia/tratamiento farmacológico , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The increasing incidence of resistance to current HIV-1 therapy underscores the need to develop antiretroviral agents with new mechanisms of action. Integrase, one of three viral enzymes essential for HIV-1 replication, presents an important yet unexploited opportunity for drug development. We describe here the identification and characterization of L-870,810, a small-molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase with potent antiviral activity in cell culture and good pharmacokinetic properties. L-870,810 is an inhibitor with an 8-hydroxy-(1,6)-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide pharmacophore. The compound inhibits HIV-1 integrase-mediated strand transfer, and its antiviral activity in vitro is a direct consequence of this ascribed effect on integration. L-870,810 is mechanistically identical to previously described inhibitors from the diketo acid series; however, viruses selected for resistance to L-870,810 contain mutations (integrase residues 72, 121, and 125) that uniquely confer resistance to the naphthyridine. Conversely, mutations associated with resistance to the diketo acid do not engender naphthyridine resistance. Importantly, the mutations associated with resistance to each of these inhibitors map to distinct regions within the integrase active site. Therefore, we propose a model of the two inhibitors that is consistent with this observation and suggests specific interactions with discrete binding sites for each ligand. These studies provide a structural basis and rationale for developing integrase inhibitors with the potential for unique and nonoverlapping resistance profiles.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/farmacología , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Perros , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Integrasa de VIH/genética , Integrasa de VIH/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Integrasa VIH/química , VIH-1/enzimología , VIH-1/genética , VIH-2/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Naftiridinas/química , Ratas , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/virología , Integración Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Naphthyridine 7 inhibits the strand transfer of the integration process catalyzed by integrase with an IC50 of 10 nM and inhibits 95% of the spread of HIV-1 infection in cell culture at 0.39 microM. It does not exhibit cytotoxicity in cell culture at < or =12.5 microM and shows a good pharmacokinetic profile when dosed orally to rats. The antiviral activity of 7 and its effect on integration were confirmed using viruses with specific integrase mutations.