Imaging the dense breast.

The sensitivity of mammography reduces as breast density increases, which impacts breast screening and locoregional staging in breast cancer. Supplementary imaging with other modalities can offer improved cancer detection, but this often comes at the cost of more false positives. Magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography, which assess tumour enhancement following contrast administration, are more sensitive than digital breast tomosynthesis and ultrasound, which predominantly rely on the assessment of tumour morphology.

Separation of Boron and Arsenic from Geothermal Water with Novel Gel-Type Chelating Ion Exchange Resins: Batch and Column Sorption-Elution Studies.

In this research, the removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water was examined by using novel N-methyl-d-glucamine functionalized gel-like resins (abbreviated as 1JW and 2JW) synthesized by the membrane emulsification method. The outcomes were compared with those of commercially available boron selective chelating ion exchange resin (Diaion CRB 05). According to the results obtained with the novel resins, it was possible to reduce both boron and arsenic concentrations in geothermal water by using these novel gel-like chelating resins below their permissible levels for agricultural irrigation (<1 mg B/L) and drinking water (<0.01 mg As/L) by using the batch method. The optimum resin concentration required for almost complete boron removal (more than 95%) with the two chelating resins was determined to be 2 g/L. The novel gel-like chelating resins 1JW and 2JW achieved 94% of arsenic removal by using the resin concentration of 8 g/L, while the required resin concentration was 32 g/L for 94% of arsenic removal using commercially available Diaion CRB05 resin. In addition, the column performance characteristics of the novel chelating resins for the separation of boron were studied, and the results were compared to those obtained with Diaion CRB05. According to the column data obtained, the total resin capacities of the Diaion CRB05, 1JW, and 2JW resins were calculated as 6.29, 5.08, and 4.64 mg B/mL-resin, respectively.

Comparison of Relaxometry Between Ulnar Nerve and Posterior Tibial Nerve After Cisatracurium Administration Using Electromyography.

Background: Electromyography can be used for quantitative neuromuscular monitoring during general anesthesia, mostly using the stimulation train-of-four (TOF) pattern. Relaxometry measures the muscular response of the adductor pollicis muscle to electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve, which is routinely used in clinical practices for monitoring the neuromuscular block. However, when it is not always possible to be used for all patients, the posterior tibial nerve is a suitable alternative. Objectives: Using electromyography, we compared the neuromuscular block between the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerves. Methods: In this study, the participants were 110 patients who met inclusion criteria and submitted their written consent. Following the administration of cisatracurium intravenously, the patients had relaxometry performed simultaneously on the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerves using electromyography. Results: Eighty-seven patients were included in the final analysis. The onset time was 296 ± 99 s at the ulnar nerve and 346 ± 146 s at the tibial nerve, with a mean difference of -50 s and a standard deviation of 164 s. The 95% limits of agreement ranged from -372 s to 272 s. The relaxation time was 105 ± 26 min at the ulnar nerve and 87 ± 25 min at the tibial nerve, with a mean difference of 18 min and a standard deviation of 20 min. Conclusions: Using electromyography, no statistically significant difference was noticed between the ulnar and the posterior tibial nerve during the neuromuscular block. The onset time and the relaxation time assessed with an electromyogram to compare the stimulation of the ulnar and posterior tibial nerves showed large limits of agreement.

Noninvasive lipolysis modalities in aesthetic medicine.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue is a vital metabolic organ that takes part in body homeostasis. However, an increase in fat tissue can be detrimental for one's health and lead to undesirable changes in body shape. Noninvasive lipolysis is becoming an increasingly popular method to destroy and remove excess body fat and improve one's satisfaction with their body appearance. AIM: The aim of this study was to perform an evidence-based review of the clinical efficacy and safety of noninvasive lipolysis modalities in fat reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An evidence-based review was performed to evaluate the scientific evidence available on the subject. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) were searched between February and May 2022 for randomized controlled trials and observational studies performed on adult population in the last 20 years investigating the clinical outcomes of noninvasive lipolysis modalities. The selected studies were divided by modality type (cryolipolysis, ultrasound therapy, radiofrequency, and laser therapy), and the data on the efficacy and safety were extracted. RESULTS: In total, the search identified 55 papers which met the inclusion criteria. All four energy-based modalities, including cryolipolysis, ultrasound therapy, radiofrequency, and laser therapy, were shown to be clinically effective in terms of both objective body measurements, such as fat layer thickness or circumference reduction, and subjective patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the abovementioned methods were proven to have a low side effect profile. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, although evidence supports safety and efficacy, further well-designed trials are needed to strengthen confidence in long-term effectiveness and safety of noninvasive lipolysis.

Racemized photonic crystals for physical unclonable function.

As Internet of Things-based technologies continue to digitalize our society, the development of secure and robust identification systems against evolving adversaries remains a grave challenge. Recently, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have garnered tremendous scientific interest due to their intrinsic randomness, which makes them difficult to counterfeit. Herein, we present a facile approach for fabricating optical PUFs using spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking of molecular self-assembly. The PUF composed of racemic helical structures that generate chiroptical signals exhibits high encoding capacity (∼1013 000), precise recognition rate, and impressive reconfigurability. The present study demonstrates that the utilization of random symmetry breaking is a promising approach to the design of high-level security systems.

Comparison of long-term outcomes of breast conservation and reconstruction after mastectomy using BREAST-Q.

AIMS: Patients' post-operative wellbeing determines the impact and effectiveness of breast reshaping and reconstruction procedures. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare four different types of breast reconstruction: bilateral therapeutic mammaplasty, DIEP flap, ELD with immediate lipomodelling and implant-based reconstruction using BREAST-Q. METHODS: Patients who underwent breast reconstruction by one of the above-mentioned methods were identified from a retrospective register and sent BREAST-Q questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate analysis of BREAST-Q scores and clinical characteristics were performed for identifying trends between and within groups. RESULTS: A total of 240 patients were identified with a response rate of 57%. Patients receiving implants were statistically less satisfied with breast reconstruction (mean 57%) and tended to be younger with lower BMI in comparison to other groups. There were no statistical differences in psychosocial wellbeing or patient experience between groups. Despite the fact that clinically these groups were heterogeneous, satisfaction with breast was similar in the remaining three autologous groups (range 70-75%). Detailed analysis and interpretation of quality-of-life scores, clinical differences and trends identified in the multivariate analysis along with nuances between surgical techniques used in our unit for breast reshaping and reconstruction, have been performed. CONCLUSIONS: The most important goal of breast reconstruction is to restore patients' quality of life and satisfaction with breast. Identifying factors which can potentially predict poor outcomes will improve the informed consent process and patient selection.

Molecularly Imprinting Microfiltration Membranes Able to Absorb Diethyl Phthalate from Water.

In this study, polypropylene porous membranes with an average pore size of 1.25 µm were modified by barrier discharge plasma. Next, molecularly imprinted layers with an imprint of diethyl phthalate (DEP) ware grafted of their surface. In order to optimize the composition of the modifying mixture various solvents, the ratios of functional monomers and the cross-linking monomer as well as various amounts of phthalate were verified. It was shown that the most effective membranes were obtained during polymerization in n-octane with the participation of functional monomers in the ratio 3:7 and the amount of phthalate 7 wt.%. The membranes were tested in the filtration process as well as static and dynamic sorption. In all of these processes, the imprinted membranes showed better properties than those without the imprint. The diethyl phthalate retention coefficient was 36.12% for membranes with a grafting yield of 1.916 mg/cm2. On the other hand, DEP static sorption for the imprinted membranes was 3.87 µmol/g higher than for non-imprinted membranes. Also, in the process of dynamic sorption higher values were observed for membranes with the imprint (DSMIM, 4.12 µmol/g; DSNIM, 1.18 µmol/g). The membranes were also tested under real conditions. In the process of filtration of tap water contaminated with phthalate, the presence of imprints in the membrane structure resulted in more than three times higher sorption values (3.09 µmol/g) than in the case of non-imprinted membranes (1.12 µmol/g).

Variations in human pulmonary vein ostia morphology: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

This study aimed to establish the most accurate and up-to-date anatomical knowledge of pulmonary veins (PV), ostia variations, diameters and ostial area, to provide physicians, especially heart and thoracic surgeons with exact knowledge concerning this area. The main online medical databases, such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were searched to gather all studies in which the variations, maximal diameter, and ostial area of the PVs were investigated. During the study, the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Additionally, the critical appraisal tool for anatomical meta-analysis (CATAM) was used to provide the highest quality findings. The most common ostia variation is the classical one, which contains the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV), right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) and right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV). The mean diameter and ostial area of each pulmonary vein were established in the general population and in multiple variations considering the method of collecting the data and geographical location. Significant variability in PV ostia is observed. Left-sided PVs have smaller ostia than the corresponding right-sided PVs, and the inferior PVs ostia are smaller than the superior. The LCPV ostium size is the largest among all veins analyzed, while the RMPV ostium is the smallest. The results of this meta-analysis are hoped to help clinicians in planning and performing procedures that involve the pulmonary and cardiac areas, especially catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Light-Driven Fabrication of a Chiral Photonic Lattice of the Helical Nanofilament Liquid Crystal Phase.

A photonic lattice is an efficient platform for optically exploring quantum phenomena. However, its fabrication requires high costs and complex procedures when conventional materials, such as silicon or metals, are used. Here, we demonstrate a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for a reconfigurable chiral photonic lattice of the helical nanofilament (HNF) liquid crystal (LC) phase and diffraction grating showing wavelength-dependent diffraction with a rotated polarization state. Furthermore, the UV-exposed areas of the HNF film having chiral characteristics act as optical building blocks that induce resonant intensity modulation in the reflectance and transmittance modes and the optical rotation of the linear polarization. Our photonic lattice of the HNF can be an efficient platform for a chirality-embedded photonic lattice at a low cost.

Enhanced Specific Mechanism of Separation by Polymeric Membrane Modification-A Short Review.

Membrane technologies have found a significant application in separation processes in an exceeding range of industrial fields. The crucial part that is decided regarding the efficiency and effectivity of separation is the type of membrane. The membranes deal with separation problems, working under the various mechanisms of transportation of selected species. This review compares significant types of entrapped matter (ions, compounds, and particles) within membrane technology. The ion-exchange membranes, molecularly imprinted membranes, smart membranes, and adsorptive membranes are investigated. Here, we focus on the selective separation through the above types of membranes and detect their preparation methods. Firstly, the explanation of transportation and preparation of each type of membrane evaluated is provided. Next, the working and application phenomena are evaluated. Finally, the review discusses the membrane modification methods and briefly provides differences in the properties that occurred depending on the type of materials used and the modification protocol.

Modification of Gold Zeolitic Supports for Catalytic Oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid.

Activity of gold supported catalysts strongly depends on the type and composition of support, which determine the size of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs), gold-support interaction influencing gold properties, interaction with the reactants and, in this way, the reaction pathway. The aim of this study was to use two types of zeolites: the three dimensional HBeta and the layered two-dimensional MCM-36 as supports for gold, and modification of their properties towards the achievement of different properties in oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Such an approach allowed establishment of relationships between the activity of gold catalysts and different parameters such as Au NPs size, electronic properties of gold, structure and acidity of the supports. The zeolites were modified with (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APMS), which affected the support features and Au NPs properties. Moreover, the modification of the zeolite lattice with boron was applied to change the strength of the zeolite acidity. All modifications resulted in changes in glucose conversion, while maintaining high selectivity to gluconic acid. The most important findings include the differences in the reaction steps limiting the reaction rate depending on the nature of the oxidant applied (oxygen vs. H2O2), the important role of porosity of the zeolite supports, and accumulation of negative charge on Au NPs in catalytic oxidation of glucose.

Development, Validation, and Application of the LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of 4-Acetamidobenzoic Acid in Pharmacokinetic Pilot Studies in Pigs.

Each drug has pharmacokinetics that must be defined for the substance to be used in humans and animals. Currently, one of the basic analytical tools for pharmacokinetics studies is high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. For this analytical method to be fully reliable, it must be properly validated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop and validate a novel analytical method for 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, a component of the antiviral and immunostimulatory drug Inosine Pranobex, and to apply the method in the first pharmacokinetics study of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid in pigs after oral administration. Inosine Pranobex was administered under farm conditions to pigs via drinking water 2 h after morning feeding at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg. For sample preparation, we used liquid-liquid extraction with only one step-protein precipitation with 1 mL of acetonitrile. As an internal standard, we used deuterium labeled 4-acetamidobenzoic acid. The results indicate that the described method is replicable, linear (r2 ≥ 0.99), precise (2.11% to 13.81%), accurate (89% to 98.57%), selective, and sensitive (limit of quantitation = 10 ng/mL). As sample preparation requires only one step, the method is simple, effective, cheap, and rapid. The results of the pilot pharmacokinetics study indicate that the compound is quickly eliminated (elimination half-life from 0.85 to 1.42 h) and rapidly absorbed (absorption half-life from 0.36 to 2.57 h), and that its absorption increases exponentially as the dose is increased.

Membrane Emulsification Process as a Method for Obtaining Molecularly Imprinted Polymers.

The membrane emulsification process (ME) using a metallic membrane was the first stage for preparing a spherical and monodisperse thermoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymer (TSMIP). In the second step of the preparation, after the ME process, the emulsion of monomers was then polymerized. Additionally, the synthesized TSMIP was fabricated using as a functional monomer N-isopropylacrylamide, which is thermosensitive. This special type of polymer was obtained for the recognition and determination of trace bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous media. Two types of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized using amounts of BPA of 5 wt.% (MIP-2) and 7 wt.% (MIP-1) in the reaction mixtures. Additionally, a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was also synthesized. Polymer MIP-2 showed thermocontrolled recognition for imprinted molecules and a higher binding capacity than its corresponding non-imprinted polymer and higher than other molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP-1). The best condition for the sorption process was at a temperature of 35 °C, that is, at a temperature close to the phase transition value for poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Under these conditions, the highest levels of BPA removal from water were achieved and the highest adsorption capacity of MIP-2 was about 0.5 mmol g-1 (about 114.1 mg g-1) and was approximately 20% higher than for MIP-1 and NIP. It was also observed that during the kinetic studies, under these temperature conditions, MIP-2 sorbed BPA faster and with greater efficiency than its non-imprinted analogue.

Programming Effect of the Parental Obesity on the Skeletal System of Offspring at Weaning Day.

Our study aimed to verify the hypothesis of the existence of a programming effect of parental obesity on the growth, development and mineralization of the skeletal system in female and male rat offspring on the day of weaning. The study began with the induction of obesity in female and male rats of the parental generation, using a high-energy diet (group F). Females and males of the control group received the standard diet (group S). After 90 days of dietary-induced obesity, the diet in group F was changed into the standard. Rats from groups F and S were mated to obtain offspring which stayed with their mothers until 21 days of age. Tibia was tested using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), micro-computed tomography (µCT) and mechanical strength using the three-point bending test. Biochemical analysis of blood serum bone metabolism markers was performed. DXA analysis showed higher tibia bone mineral content (BMC) and area. pQCT measurements of cortical and trabecular tissue documented the increase of the volumetric bone mineral density and BMC of both bone compartments in offspring from the F group, while µCT of the trabecular tissue showed an increase in trabecular thickness and a decrease of its separation. Parental obesity, hence, exerts a programming influence on the development of the skeletal system of the offspring on the day of the weaning, which was reflected in the intensification of mineralization and increased bone strength.

Directing Polymorphism in the Helical Nanofilament Phase.

Herein, it is reported that the polymorphism in the helical nanofilament (HNF, B4 ) liquid-crystalline phase depends on the fabrication methods, that is, UV-driven formation and template-assisted self-assembly in the nanoconfined geometry. As a result, uniaxially oriented HNFs with different helical structures were obtained, in which generation of the twisted-ribbon and cylindrical-ribbon polymorphs showed that even the molecular lattice has a different orientation. The detailed structures were directly observed by SEM and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. The resultant polymorphs could be used in chiro-optical applications due to the capability for fine control of the helical structures.

Gold nanoparticles grafted with chemically incompatible ligands.

Janus-type structures were obtained from gold nanoparticles grafted with two types of chemically incompatible mesogenic ligands with a strong tendency for nano-segregation. A lamellar arrangement, in which metallic nanoparticle-rich sublayers are separated by organic ligand-rich sublayers of various composition, was formed due to the ligand segregation process. The layers could be easily aligned by mechanical shearing; for most materials the layer normal was parallel to the shearing direction but perpendicular to the shearing gradient, such transverse mode is only rarely observed for lamellar materials. Reversible changes of layer thickness under UV light were observed due to the presence of an azo-moiety in the organic ligand molecules.

Correction: Gold nanoparticles grafted with chemically incompatible ligands.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D1RA00547B.].

Predicting survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients undergoing targeted temperature management: The Polish Hypothermia Registry Risk Score.

BACKGROUND: Prompt reperfusion and post-resuscitation care, including targeted temperature management (TTM), improve survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. To predict inhospital mortality in OHCA patients treated with TTM, the Polish Hypothermia Registry Risk Score (PHR-RS) was developed. The use of dedicated risk stratification tools may support treatment decisions. METHODS: Three hundred seventy-six OHCA patients who underwent TTM between 2012 and 2016 were retrospectively analysed and whose data were collected in the Polish Hypothermia Registry. A multivariate logistic regression model identified a set of predictors of in-hospital mortality that were used to develop a dedicated risk prediction model, which was tested for accuracy. RESULTS: The mean age of the studied population was 59.2 ± 12.9 years. 80% of patients were male, 73.8% had shockable rhythms, and mean time from cardiac arrest (CA) to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was 7.2 ± 8.6 min. The inputs for PHR-RS were patient age and score according to the Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia (MTH) Scale. Criteria for the MTH score consisted of time from CA to CPR above 10 min, time from CA to the return of spontaneous circulation above 20 min, in-hospital CA, unwitnessed CA, and non-shockable rhythm, each counted as 1 point. The predictive value of PHR-RS was expressed as an area under the curve of 0.74. CONCLUSIONS: PHR-RS is one of the simplest and easiest models to use and enables a reliable prediction of in-hospital mortality in OHCA patients treated with TTM.

Thermomechanically controlled fluorescence anisotropy in thin films of InP/ZnS quantum dots.

Macroscopic scale sources of polarized light play a fundamental role in designing light-emitting devices. In this communication we report the formation of nano- and macro-scale ordered, layered assemblies of InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) exhibiting fluorescence anisotropy (FA), as well as thermo- and mechano-responsive properties. The long-range organization of small, quasi-isotropic nanoparticles was achieved by introducing liquid crystal molecules to the surface of QDs, without the need to use an organic matrix. Melting/crystallization of the ligand at 95 deg. C translated to a reversible reconfiguration of QDs thin film between 2D layered and body-centered cubic structures, characteristic for a temperature range below and above the melting point, respectively. The low-temperature, layered structure exhibited mechano-responsiveness which was key to introduce and control the sample alignment. Interestingly, transverse and parallel alignment modes of QDs layers were achieved, depending on the temperature of mechanical shearing. As prepared QD samples exhibited fluorescence anisotropy strongly correlated to the macroscopic orientation of the layers. Correlated small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD) and fluorescence spectroscopy studies confirmed the mm-scale alignment of the thin films of QDs. Such films may be advantageous for developing efficient, densely packed, and uniform macro-scale FA sources.

Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients - new assessment.

INTRODUCTION: The first studies on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy were conducted using filters with a relatively small surface area and with lower intensity of the procedure than nowadays. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and the probability of achieving pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target for ciprofloxacin during renal replacement therapy using a filter with large surface area and higher intensity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were considered eligible for treatment with ciprofloxacin (400 mg every eight hours intravenously) during continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood samples were collected from the arterial line of the renal replacement circuit before (time 0) and after 30, 60, 75, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 480 minutes following the initiation of ciprofloxacin infusion. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in the collected samples were determined using fully validated liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The measure adopted to assess the efficacy of the antibiotic therapy was the proportion of patients for whom pre-defined PK/PD indices were achieved. RESULTS: There was a considerable inter-individual variability observed in pharmacokinetic parameters for ciprofloxacin. 100% of patients achieved PK/PD target AUC0-24/MIC > 40, AUC0-24/MIC > 125, AUC0-24/MIC > 250 for MIC 1, 0.25, and 0.125 µg mL-1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High doses of ciprofloxacin (400 mg every eight hours intravenously) during continuous renal replacement therapy should be used to maximally increase the proportion of patients in whom clinical efficacy, expressed as achieving the PK/PD target, is reached.