The forest frontier in the Global South: Climate change policies and the promise of development and equity.

Halting forest loss and achieving sustainable development in an equitable manner require state, non-state actors, and entire societies in the Global North and South to tackle deeply established patterns of inequality and power relations embedded in forest frontiers. Forest and climate governance in the Global South can provide an avenue for the transformational change needed-yet, does it? We analyse the politics and power in four cases of mitigation, adaptation, and development arenas. We use a political economy lens to explore the transformations taking place when climate policy meets specific forest frontiers in the Global South, where international, national and local institutions, interests, ideas, and information are at play. We argue that lasting and equitable outcomes will require a strong discursive shift within dominant institutions and among policy actors to redress policies that place responsibilities and burdens on local people in the Global South, while benefits from deforestation and maladaptation are taken elsewhere. What is missing is a shared transformational objective and priority to keep forests standing among all those involved from afar in the major forest frontiers in the tropics.

Sequential power analysis framework in assessing social forestry outcomes.

We extend the Actor-Centred Power framework to consider dimensions beyond the life of community natural resource management partnership initiatives by examining social forestry partnership projects in Indonesia. We do this by examining how power constellations realign across the temporal phases that operationalize project partnerships. We propose a sequential power analysis framework that examines power in three parts. The framework first proposes a method for historicizing actors into their power background. Second, we present mode for examining the arrival of a partnership scheme, which we call the power delivery phase. Third, we highlight approaches for examining the way power relations are adjusted, whether reinforced or reconfigured, by introducing an approach for examining programmatic outcomes of social forestry partnership schemes. This article thus provides broadly applicable but targeted guide for the researchers collecting data and seeking to make sense of power relations on community forest partnership schemes in various contexts. This framework is particularly useful for analysing equity and justice dimensions by highlighting who benefits and who loses.•Sequential Power Analysis (SPA) methodology is rooted in interest based and historical power framework.•SPA is consisted of three parts: power background, power delivery, and power adjustment•SPA framing provides a protocol for researchers to collect data.

Reappraisal of neonatal clavicular fracture. Relationship between infant size and risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of fetal size in neonatal clavicular fracture. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, case-control study was performed on infants diagnosed with neonatal clavicular fractures and born vaginally between July 1997 and June 2000. For each index case, a control matched for gestational age (within one week) and birth weight (within 250 g) and delivered within the same 24-hour period was selected at random from the delivery suite registry. The maternal and intrapartum factors were compared and the results analyzed according to whether the infants were large for gestational age (LGA) or not. RESULTS: Among 9,540 neonates delivered vaginally during this period, 151 (1.6%) had a fractured clavicle. Multivariate analysis indicated that the independent risk factors were shoulder dystocia and vacuum extraction. When analyzed according to fetal size, shoulder dystocia was significant only for LGA infants, while vacuum extraction was significant only for non-LGA infants. CONCLUSION: Independent risk factors for neonatal clavicular fracture are related to fetal size.

Reappraisal of neonatal clavicular fracture: relationship between infant size and neonatal morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent of neonatal morbidity and its relation with infant size in newborns diagnosed with clavicular fracture after vaginal birth. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed on all the infants diagnosed with clavicular fractures and born vaginally between July 1997 and June 2000. For each index case, a control matched for gestational age (within l week), birth weight (within 100 g), and delivered within the same 24-hour period (8 AM to 8 AM), was selected at random from the delivery suite registry. If a control could not be identified within the period, the search was extended to the previous or the following 24-hour period, and the birth weight criterion relaxed to within 250 g. The overall neonatal outcome was compared between the two groups and the morbidity was further analyzed according to whether the infants were large for gestational age (LGA) or not. RESULTS: Clavicular fracture, found in 1.6% (151 of 9540) of vaginal births, was associated with increased incidence of instrumental delivery (P =.001) and shoulder dystocia (P =.013). The associated morbidity were Erb palsy (P =.007), which was more often found in the LGA infants (P =.055), and cephalhematoma (P =.031), which was only found in the non-LGA infants (odds ratio 4.48, 95% confidence interval 1.23, 16.30). On multivariable analysis, clavicular fracture was excluded as a significant factor in these outcomes after adjusting for the effect of instrumental delivery and shoulder dystocia. CONCLUSION: Neonatal clavicular fracture is of little clinical significance, and it does not reflect quality of care.