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Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) accounts for up to 25% of all lung cancers and has been associated with exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and air pollution in observational studies. Here, we evaluate the mutagenic exposures in LCINS by examining deep whole-genome sequencing data from a large international cohort of 871 treatment-naïve LCINS recruited from 28 geographical locations within the Sherlock-Lung study. KRAS mutations were 3.8-fold more common in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from North America and Europe, while a 1.6-fold higher prevalence of EGFR and TP53 mutations was observed in adenocarcinomas from East Asia. Signature SBS40a, with unknown cause, was found in most samples and accounted for the largest proportion of single base substitutions in adenocarcinomas, being enriched in EGFR-mutated cases. Conversely, the aristolochic acid signature SBS22a was almost exclusively observed in patients from Taipei. Even though LCINS exposed to secondhand smoke had an 8.3% higher mutational burden and 5.4% shorter telomeres, passive smoking was not associated with driver mutations in cancer driver genes or the activities of individual mutational signatures. In contrast, patients from regions with high levels of air pollution were more likely to have TP53 mutations while exhibiting shorter telomeres and an increase in most types of somatic mutations, including a 3.9-fold elevation of signature SBS4 (q-value=3.1 × 10-5), previously linked mainly to tobacco smoking, and a 76% increase of clock-like signature SBS5 (q-value=5.0 × 10-5). A positive dose-response effect was observed with air pollution levels, which correlated with both a decrease in telomere length and an elevation in somatic mutations, notably attributed to signatures SBS4 and SBS5. Our results elucidate the diversity of mutational processes shaping the genomic landscape of lung cancer in never smokers.
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Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) resilience and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are aggressive oncogenic phenotypes that contribute to unsatisfactory long-term outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. The molecular mechanisms mediating the interaction between TICs and immune tolerance have not been elucidated. The role of Galectin-9 in oncogenesis and immunosuppressive microenvironment is still unknown. This study explored the potential role of galectin-9 in TIC regulation and immune modulation in LUAD. The results show that galectin-9 supports TIC properties in LUAD. Co-culture of patient-derived organoids and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed that tumor-secreted galectin-9 suppressed T cell cytotoxicity and induced regulatory T cells (Tregs). Clinically, galectin-9 is upregulated in human LUAD. High expression of galectin-9 predicted poor recurrence-free survival and correlated with high levels of Treg infiltration. LGALS9, the gene encoding galectin-9, is found to be transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc2), a previously reported TIC regulator, via in silico prediction and luciferase reporter assays. Overall, the results suggest that the NFATc2/galectin-9 axis plays a dual role in TIC regulation and immune suppression.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Galectinas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Factores de Transcripción NFATC , Células Madre Neoplásicas , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/inmunología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Galectinas/genética , Galectinas/metabolismo , Galectinas/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/inmunología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/genética , Fenotipo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Known risk variants explain only a small fraction of lung adenocarcinoma heritability. Here, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma of East Asian ancestry (21,658 cases and 150,676 controls; 54.5% never-smokers) and identified 12 novel susceptibility variants, bringing the total number to 28 at 25 independent loci. Transcriptome-wide association analyses together with colocalization studies using a Taiwanese lung expression quantitative trait loci dataset (n = 115) identified novel candidate genes, including FADS1 at 11q12 and ELF5 at 11p13. In a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of East Asian and European studies, four loci were identified at 2p11, 4q32, 16q23, and 18q12. At the same time, most of our findings in East Asian populations showed no evidence of association in European populations. In our studies drawn from East Asian populations, a polygenic risk score based on the 25 loci had a stronger association in never-smokers vs. individuals with a history of smoking (Pinteraction = 0.0058). These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma in individuals from East Asian populations, which could be important in developing translational applications.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Asia Oriental/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1), a phase II detoxification enzyme, is known to be overexpressed and mediates chemotherapeutic resistance in lung cancer. However, whether GSTP1 supports cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the underlying mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain largely unknown. This study unveiled that GSTP1 is upregulated in lung CSCs and supports tumor self-renewal, metastasis, and resistance to targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors of LUAD both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CaMK2A (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 isoform A)/NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)/GSTP1 is uncovered as a regulatory axis under hypoxia. CaMK2A increased GSTP1 expression through phosphorylating the Sersine558 residue of NRF2 and promoting its nuclear translocation, a novel mechanism for NRF2 activation apart from conventional oxidization-dependent activation. Upregulation of GSTP1 in turn suppressed reactive oxygen species levels and supported CSC phenotypes. Clinically, GSTP1 analyzed by immunohistochemistry is upregulated in a proportion of LUAD and serves as a prognostic marker for survival. Using patient-derived organoids from an ALK-translocated LUAD, the therapeutic potential of a specific GSTP1 inhibitor ezatiostat in combination treatment with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib is demonstrated. This study demonstrates GSTP1 to be a promising therapeutic target for long-term control of LUAD through targeting CSCs.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Gutatión-S-Transferasa pi/genética , Gutatión-S-Transferasa pi/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas ReceptorasRESUMEN
In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with extrahepatic metastasis, the lung is the most frequent site of metastasis. However, how the lung microenvironment favors disseminated cells remains unclear. Here, it is found that nidogen 1 (NID1) in metastatic HCC cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promotes pre-metastatic niche formation in the lung by enhancing angiogenesis and pulmonary endothelial permeability to facilitate colonization of tumor cells and extrahepatic metastasis. EV-NID1 also activates fibroblasts, which secrete tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), facilitate lung colonization of tumor cells, and augment HCC cell growth and motility. Administration of anti-TNFR1 antibody effectively diminishes lung metastasis induced by the metastatic HCC cell-derived EVs in mice. In the clinical perspective, analysis of serum EV-NID1 and TNFR1 in HCC patients reveals their positive correlation and association with tumor stages suggesting the potential of these molecules as noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of HCC. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the interplay of HCC EVs and activated fibroblasts in pre-metastatic niche formation and how blockage of their functions inhibits distant metastasis to the lungs. This study offers promise for the new direction of HCC treatment by targeting oncogenic EV components and their mediated pathways.
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Tumor initiating cells (TIC) of lung cancer are mainly induced by stress-related plasticity. Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha (CAMK2A) is a key calcium signaling molecule activated by exogenous and endogenous stimuli with effects on multiple cell functions but little is known about its role on TIC. In human lung adenocarcinomas (AD), CAMK2A was aberrantly activated in a proportion of cases and was an independent risk factor predicting shorter survivals. Functionally, CAMK2A enhanced TIC phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. CAMK2A regulated SOX2 expression by reducing H3K27me3 and EZH2 occupancy at SOX2 regulatory regions, leading to its epigenetic de-repression with functional consequences. Further, CAMK2A caused kinase-dependent phosphorylation of EZH2 at T487 with suppression of EZH2 activity. Together, the data demonstrated the CAMK2A-EZH2-SOX2 axis on TIC regulation. This study provided phenotypic and mechanistic evidence for the TIC supportive role of CAMK2A, implicating a novel predictive and therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Proteína Quinasa Tipo 2 Dependiente de Calcio Calmodulina/metabolismo , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Animales , Apoptosis/genética , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinogénesis/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Autorrenovación de las Células/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Ratones SCID , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Fosfotreonina/metabolismo , Secuencias Reguladoras de Ácidos Nucleicos/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/metabolismo , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
We investigated whether genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) influences lung adenocarcinoma development among never-smokers using TB genome-wide association study (GWAS) results within the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia. Pathway analysis with the adaptive rank truncated product method was used to assess the association between a TB-related gene-set and lung adenocarcinoma using GWAS data from 5512 lung adenocarcinoma cases and 6277 controls. The gene-set consisted of 31 genes containing known/suggestive associations with genetic variants from previous TB-GWAS. Subsequently, we followed-up with Mendelian Randomization to evaluate the association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma using three genome-wide significant variants from previous TB-GWAS in East Asians. The TB-related gene-set was associated with lung adenocarcinoma (pâ¯=â¯0.016). Additionally, the Mendelian Randomization showed an association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma (ORâ¯=â¯1.31, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.66, pâ¯=â¯0.027). Our findings support TB as a causal risk factor for lung cancer development among never-smoking Asian women.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/epidemiología , Pueblo Asiatico , Femenino , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Análisis de la Aleatorización Mendeliana , No Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Rationale: Abnormal Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in the endometrium can lead to both embryo implantation failure and severe pathogenic changes of the endometrium such as endometrial cancer and endometriosis. However, how Wnt/ß-catenin signaling is regulated in the endometrium remains elusive. We explored possible regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling by multi-drug resistance protein 4 (MRP4), a potential target in cancer chemotherapy, and investigated the mechanism. Methods: Knockdown of MRP4 was performed in human endometrial cells in vitro or in a mouse embryo-implantation model in vivo. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to assess protein interaction and stability. Wnt/ß-catenin signaling was assessed by TOPflash reporter assay and quantitative PCR array. Normal and endometriotic human endometrial tissues were examined. Data from human microarray or RNAseq databases of more than 100 participants with endometriosis, endometrial cancer or IVF were analyzed. In vitro and in vivo tumorigenesis was performed. Results: MRP4-knockdown, but not its transporter-function-inhibition, accelerates ß-catenin degradation in human endometrial cells. MRP4 and ß-catenin are co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated in mouse and human endometrium. MRP4-knockdown in mouse uterus reduces ß-catenin levels, downregulates a series of Wnt/ß-catenin target genes and impairs embryo implantation, which are all reversed by blocking ß-catenin degradation. Analysis of human endometrial biopsy samples and available databases reveals significant and positive correlations of MRP4 with ß-catenin and Wnt/ß-catenin target genes in the receptive endometrium in IVF, ectopic endometriotic lesions and endometrial cancers. Knockdown of MRP4 also inhibits in vitro and in vivo endometrial tumorigenesis. Conclusion: A previously undefined role of MRP4 in stabilizing ß-catenin to sustain Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in endometrial cells is revealed for both embryo implantation and endometrial disorders, suggesting MRP4 as a theranostic target for endometrial diseases associated with Wnt/ß-catenin signaling abnormality.
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Neoplasias Endometriales/metabolismo , Endometriosis/metabolismo , Proteínas Asociadas a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/metabolismo , Embarazo/metabolismo , Vía de Señalización Wnt , Adulto , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Endometrio/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Desnudos , Proteínas Asociadas a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tumor-initiating cells (TIC) are dynamic cancer cell subsets that display enhanced tumor functions and resilience to treatment but the mechanism of TIC induction or maintenance in lung cancer is not fully understood. In this study, we show the calcium pathway transcription factor NFATc2 is a novel regulator of lung TIC phenotypes, including tumorspheres, cell motility, tumorigenesis, as well as in vitro and in vivo responses to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. In human lung cancers, high NFATc2 expression predicted poor tumor differentiation, adverse recurrence-free and cancer-specific overall survivals. Mechanistic investigations identified NFATc2 response elements in the 3' enhancer region of SOX2, and NFATc2/SOX2 coupling upregulates ALDH1A1 by binding to its 5' enhancer. Through this axis, oxidative stress induced by cancer drug treatment is attenuated, leading to increased resistance in a mutation-independent manner. Targeting this axis provides a novel approach for the long-term treatment of lung cancer through TIC elimination.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/genética , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Anciano , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Familia de Aldehído Deshidrogenasa 1 , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Ciclo Celular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/metabolismo , Clasificación del Tumor , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Fenotipo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Retinal-Deshidrogenasa , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de Supervivencia , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
To evaluate associations by EGFR mutation status for lung adenocarcinoma risk among never-smoking Asian women, we conducted a meta-analysis of 11 loci previously identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genotyping in an additional 10,780 never-smoking cases and 10,938 never-smoking controls from Asia confirmed associations with eight known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two new signals were observed at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), namely, rs7216064 (17q24.3, BPTF), for overall lung adenocarcinoma risk, and rs3817963 (6p21.3, BTNL2) which is specific to cases with EGFR mutations. In further sub-analyses by EGFR status, rs9387478 (ROS1/DCBLD1) and rs2179920 (HLA-DPB1) showed stronger estimated associations in EGFR-positive compared to EGFR-negative cases. Comparison of the overall associations with published results in Western populations revealed that the majority of these findings were distinct, underscoring the importance of distinct contributing factors for smoking and non-smoking lung cancer. Our results extend the catalogue of regions associated with lung adenocarcinoma in non-smoking Asian women and highlight the importance of how the germline could inform risk for specific tumour mutation patterns, which could have important translational implications.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Antígenos Nucleares/genética , Butirofilinas/genética , Receptores ErbB/genética , Cadenas beta de HLA-DP/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genotipo , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Caracteres Sexuales , Fumar/genética , Población Blanca/genéticaRESUMEN
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disease, which commonly originates from the lung and is associated with more favourable treatment outcomes compared with other non-LELC thoracic carcinomas. Radiological assessment utilizing fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET combined with computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) is important for initial disease staging to tailor the treatment strategy, evaluation of treatment response and detection of disease recurrence. The aim of this article was to highlight the utility of F-FDG PET/CT in different stages of disease evaluation of LELC. We reviewed seven patients with histologically proven LELC who underwent F-FDG PET/CT for disease evaluation. We described the F-FDG-avidity of LELC (ranged from maximum standardized uptake value 7.6 to maximum standardized uptake value 14.5 in our series) and highlighted the clinical values of F-FDG PET/CT in different stages of disease evaluation. F-FDG PET/CT enables accurate evaluation of the primary tumour, its relationship with the surrounding structures and accurate staging. It is also useful in treatment response assessment to monitor the efficacy of the treatment and to decide upon treatment strategy. Given the F-FDG-avidity of LELC, F-FDG PET/CT is advantageous in detecting tumour recurrence of LELC. LELC is a rare disease entity associated with EBV and is more prevalent in Asia, where EBV is endemic. LELC is an F-FDG-avid tumour. Although the features on F-FDG PET/CT are not specific, F-FDG PET/CT provides valuable information for disease management of LELC.
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Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Adulto , Carcinoma , Femenino , Humanos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patología , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/terapia , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Recurrencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lacks effective curative therapy. Hypoxia is commonly found in HCC. Hypoxia elicits a series of protumorigenic responses through hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1). Better understanding of the metabolic adaptations of HCC cells during hypoxia is essential to the design of new therapeutic regimen. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Expressions of genes involved in the electron transport chain (ETC) in HCC cell lines (20% and 1% O2) and human HCC samples were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Expression of NDUFA4L2, a less active subunit in complex I of the ETC, in 100 pairs of HCC and nontumorous liver tissues were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Student t test and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used for clinicopathologic correlation and survival studies. Orthotopic HCC implantation model was used to evaluate the efficiency of HIF inhibitor. RESULTS: NDUFA4L2 was drastically overexpressed in human HCC and induced by hypoxia. NDUFA4L2 overexpression was closely associated with tumor microsatellite formation, absence of tumor encapsulation, and poor overall survival in HCC patients. We confirmed that NDUFA4L2 was HIF1-regulated in HCC cells. Inactivation of HIF1/NDUFA4L2 increased mitochondrial activity and oxygen consumption, resulting in ROS accumulation and apoptosis. Knockdown of NDUFA4L2 markedly suppressed HCC growth and metastasis in vivo HIF inhibitor, digoxin, significantly suppressed growth of tumors that expressed high level of NDUFA4L2. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has provided the first clinical relevance of NDUFA4L2 in human cancer and suggested that HCC patients with NDUFA4L2 overexpression may be suitable candidates for HIF inhibitor treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 3105-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Hipoxia de la Célula/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , NADH Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/genética , Animales , Apoptosis/fisiología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Digoxina/farmacología , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón/genética , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , NADH Deshidrogenasa/genética , Oxidación-Reducción , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
AIMS: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutation, but TKI resistance is common. Almost half of the acquired resistance patients are due to additional T790M mutation on EGFR (EGFR(T790M)), thus overcoming TKI resistance is important. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TKI resistance as well as the molecular and biological effects of EGFR(T790M) after redox manipulation. RESULTS: The basal ROS levels in EGFR(T790M)-containing TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines were substantially high. Sixty-three human lung tumors showed higher NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) expression than normal lung tissues, which may contribute to high basal ROS in cancer and poor survival. Interestingly, only NOX3 was upregulated by sanguinarine, a pharmacological agent to elevate ROS, and resulted in EGFR overoxidation, degradation, and apoptosis. By contrast, such responses were lacking in EGFR(WT) cells. Selective EGFR(T790M) degradation was manipulated by redox imbalance between NOX3 and methionine reductase A (MsrA). Furthermore, the in vivo tumor suppression effect of sanguinarine, NOX3 upregulation, and EGFR degradation were confirmed. INNOVATION: We have found a new treatment strategy to overcome TKI resistance by selectively inducing EGFR(T790M) degradation via specific stimulation of methionine 790 (M790) oxidation. It can be achieved via manipulating redox imbalance between NOX3 and MsrA. CONCLUSION: Targeting EGFR by elevating ROS and redox imbalance is a potential new strategy to develop a new EGFR inhibitor for TKI-resistant patients with a wide therapeutic window between EGFR(T790M) and EGFR(WT).
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Metionina/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzofenantridinas/química , Benzofenantridinas/farmacología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Gefitinib , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , NADPH Oxidasa 2 , NADPH Oxidasas/química , NADPH Oxidasas/genética , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Proteolisis , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status is important in treatment stratification of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. We evaluated the relationship between the SUV max measured on PET/CT and EGFR mutations and the value of SUV max in predicting EGFR mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients with verified EGFR mutations (48 EGFR mutant, 23 EGFR wild-type) having pretreatment PET/CT were retrospectively reviewed. SUV max values of the primary tumors (n = 71), nodal (n = 246), and distant metastases (n = 618) were compared between EGFR-mutant and EGFR wild-type adenocarcinoma by Mann-Whitney U test. The receiver operating characteristics curve and logistic regression were performed for factors, SUV max, age, sex, and smoking status. The significant predictors were assessed individually and in combination in discriminating EGFR mutation status. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05 RESULTS: The metastases in EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma had lower SUV max than EGFR wild-type adenocarcinoma (nodal SUV max 3.4 vs 5.5, distant metastasis SUV max 3.4 vs 4.7, respectively; both P < 0.001). No statistical significant difference was observed in the primary tumors SUV max between the 2 groups (SUV max 7.4 vs 8.1, P = 0.311). A receiver operating characteristics-derived SUV max less than or equal to 7.2 in metastasis could separate EGFR-mutant from EGFR wild-type adenocarcinoma (area under the curve, 0.71-0.74; P < 0.05). SUV max was a significant independent predictor, and when combined with age, sex, and smoking status, it is highly predictive of EGFR mutation status (area under the curve, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Low SUV max in the metastasis favors the presence of EGFR mutations in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, and SUV max is an independent predictor of EGFR mutations.
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Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Mutación , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Femenino , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/farmacocinética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Multimodal , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Fenotipo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Radiofármacos/farmacocinética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled us to sequence large number of cancer samples to reveal novel insights into oncogenetic mechanisms. However, the presence of intratumoral heterogeneity, normal cell contamination and insufficient sequencing depth, together pose a challenge for detecting somatic mutations. Here we propose a fast and an accurate somatic single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) detection program, FaSD-somatic. The performance of FaSD-somatic is extensively assessed on various types of cancer against several state-of-the-art somatic SNV detection programs. Benchmarked by somatic SNVs from either existing databases or de novo higher-depth sequencing data, FaSD-somatic has the best overall performance. Furthermore, FaSD-somatic is efficient, it finishes somatic SNV calling within 14 h on 50X whole genome sequencing data in paired samples. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The program, datasets and supplementary files are available at http://jjwanglab.org/FaSD-somatic/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Algoritmos , Variación Genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Neoplasias/genética , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Genómica , HumanosRESUMEN
Genomic abnormalities are the hallmark of cancers and may harbor potential candidate genes important for cancer development and progression. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) on 36 cases of primary lung adenocarcinoma (AD) using an array containing 2621 BAC or PAC clones spanning the genome at an average interval of 1 Mb. Array CGH identified the commonest aberrations consisting of DNA gains within 1p, 1q, 5p, 5q, 7p, 7q, 8q, 11q, 12p, 13q, 16p, 17q, 20q, and losses with 6q, 9p, 10q and 18q. High-level copy gains involved mainly 7p21-p15 and 20q13.3. Dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on a selective locus for validation of array CGH results. Genomic aberrations were compared with different clinicopathological features and a trend of higher number of aberrations in tumors with aggressive phenotypes and current tobacco exposure was identified. According to array CGH data, 23 candidate genes were selected for quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. The concordance observed between the genomic and expression changes in most of the genes suggested that they could be candidate cancer-related genes that contributed to the development of lung AD.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Hibridación Genómica Comparativa , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Uso de Tabaco/efectos adversosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are present in an important subset of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predict for response to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib. In this study, we evaluated the yet unknown frequency and functional role of ALK splicing isoforms in NSCLC. METHODS: We analyzed 270 cases of NSCLC for ALK kinase domain splicing aberrations and in addition generated constructs with full-length echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK (E13;A20) and a splicing isoform. RESULTS: Splicing isoforms of the kinase domain of ALK-including complete skipping of exon 23 (ALKdel23, ALK p.I1171fs*42) and exon 27 (ALKdel27, ALK p.T1312fs*0)-were identified in 11.1% (30 of 270 cases) of NSCLC, and these changes coexisted with ALK rearrangements, KRAS mutations, and EGFR mutations. ALK splicing isoforms were observed with full-length EML4-ALK in crizotinib-naive and treated NSCLCs. ALK T1312fs*0 was unable to render cells solely dependent on ALK signaling. Unlike EML4-ALK and EML4-ALK p.L1196M, EML4-ALK T1312fs*0 did not autophosphorylate ALK or other phosphotyrosine sites. Coexpression of equal amounts of EML4-ALK T1312fs*0 and EML4-ALK did not result in resistance to crizotinib, whereas coexpression of EML4-ALK L1196M with EML4-ALK resulted in resistance to inhibition of ALK by crizotinib. CONCLUSIONS: ALK kinase splicing isoforms were present in NSCLC and even if translated seemed to be nonfunctional variants of ALK.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Empalme Alternativo/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Western Blotting , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Crizotinib , Exones/genética , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inmunoprecipitación , Isoenzimas , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Pronóstico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Limited improvement in long term survival of lung cancer patients has been achieved by conventional chemotherapy or targeted therapy. To explore the potentials of tumor initiating cells (TIC)-directed therapy, it is essential to identify the cell targets and understand their maintenance mechanisms. We have analyzed the performance of ALDH/CD44 co-expression as TIC markers and treatment targets of lung cancer using well-validated in vitro and in vivo analyses in multiple established and patient-derived lung cancer cells. The ALDH(hi)CD44(hi) subset showed the highest enhancement of stem cell phenotypic properties compared to ALDH(hi)CD44(lo), ALDH(lo)CD44(hi), ALDH(lo)CD44(lo) cells and unsorted controls. They showed higher invasion capacities, pluripotency genes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors expression, lower intercellular adhesion protein expression and higher G2/M phase cell cycle fraction. In immunosuppressed mice, the ALDH(hi)CD44(hi)xenografts showed the highest tumor induction frequency, serial transplantability, shortest latency, largest volume and highest growth rates. Inhibition of sonic Hedgehog and Notch developmental pathways reduced ALDH+CD44+ compartment. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy resulted in higher AALDH(hi)CD44(hi) subset viability and ALDH(lo)CD44(lo) subset apoptosis fraction. ALDH inhibition and CD44 knockdown led to reduced stemness gene expression and sensitization to drug treatment. In accordance, clinical lung cancers containing a higher abundance of ALDH and CD44-coexpressing cells was associated with lower recurrence-free survival. Together, results suggested theALDH(hi)CD44(hi)compartment was the cellular mediator of tumorigenicity and drug resistance. Further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms underlying ALDH(hi)CD44(hi)TIC maintenance would be beneficial for the development of long term lung cancer control.
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Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Receptores de Hialuranos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Aldehído Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/enzimología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuranos/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones SCID , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismoRESUMEN
To identify common genetic variants that contribute to lung cancer susceptibility, we conducted a multistage genome-wide association study of lung cancer in Asian women who never smoked. We scanned 5,510 never-smoking female lung cancer cases and 4,544 controls drawn from 14 studies from mainland China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. We genotyped the most promising variants (associated at P < 5 × 10(-6)) in an additional 1,099 cases and 2,913 controls. We identified three new susceptibility loci at 10q25.2 (rs7086803, P = 3.54 × 10(-18)), 6q22.2 (rs9387478, P = 4.14 × 10(-10)) and 6p21.32 (rs2395185, P = 9.51 × 10(-9)). We also confirmed associations reported for loci at 5p15.33 and 3q28 and a recently reported finding at 17q24.3. We observed no evidence of association for lung cancer at 15q25 in never-smoking women in Asia, providing strong evidence that this locus is not associated with lung cancer independent of smoking.