RESUMEN
This review provides an update on the most relevant issues concerning the current management of HIV infection in infants and children. Tremendous progress has been made over the last few years to diagnose and treat infants and children with HIV infection, yet much remains to be done. Every day there are nearly 1150 new infections in children under 15 years of age, more than 90% of them occurring in the developing world and most being the result of transmission from mother-to-child (WHO 2008). The comprehensive approach to preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) has clearly reduced the number of children acquiring the infection in Western countries; while a further reduction of mother-to-child transmission should be aimed for personalized setting, specific intervention needs to be put in place and new efforts are now required in order to optimise treatment and care in HIV-infected children. The prompt initiation of treatment and a careful selection of first-line regimen, which considers potency as well as tolerability remain central. In addition, occurrence and prevention of opportunistic infections, adherence as well as long-term psychosocial consequences are becoming more and more relevant in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of Antiretroviral Drug Discovery and Development, vol. 85, issue 1, 2010.