Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Associated Fibrosis Stages Among US Adults Using Imaging-Based vs Biomarker-Based Noninvasive Tests.

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is believed to be the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Therapies are under development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, such that the prevalence of NASH with liver fibrosis, which is likely to require treatment, may be of interest to healthcare decision makers. Noninvasive tests are used in initial screening for NASH, as well as in observational studies of NASH prevalence. However, existing evidence does not address how estimated prevalence varies with different noninvasive tests. This analysis estimated the prevalence of NASH among US adults and assessed variation with different noninvasive tests. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2017-March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle. Participants with presumed NAFLD (steatosis and without alternative causes of liver disease) were identified, among whom NASH was predicted based on FAST score, Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and AST-to-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) cutoffs across 11 scenarios. Among NASH participants, fibrosis stages were explored based on distribution across the spectrum of liver-stiffness measurements. Results: Among participants with complete data for the analysis (N=6969), prevalence of presumed NAFLD was 25.6%. Within presumed NAFLD, prediction of NASH using imaging-based NIT cutoffs yielded estimated prevalence of 1.3%-4.8% (3.3 million-12.2 million) based on FAST score cutoffs from 0.35-0.67. Using biomarker-based NIT cutoffs yielded estimated prevalence of 0.4%-12.3% (1.0 million-14.5 million) based on FIB-4 cutoffs from 0.90-2.67, and 0.1%-1.9% (0.2-5.0 million) based on APRI cutoffs from 0.50-1.50. Conclusion: Prevalence of NASH among US adults was estimated to range from 1.3% to 4.8% when predicted using imaging-based noninvasive test values for participants with presumed NAFLD, generally aligning with estimates in the literature of prevalence of biopsy-confirmed NASH. Use of biomarker-based noninvasive test values for prediction of NASH yielded a wider range of estimates with FIB-4, and a considerably lower range of estimates with APRI.

Prevalence and Overlap of Cardiac, Renal, and Metabolic Conditions in US Adults, 1999-2020.

Importance: Individually, cardiac, renal, and metabolic (CRM) conditions are common and leading causes of death, disability, and health care-associated costs. However, the frequency with which CRM conditions coexist has not been comprehensively characterized to date. Objective: To examine the prevalence and overlap of CRM conditions among US adults currently and over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: To establish prevalence of CRM conditions, nationally representative, serial cross-sectional data included in the January 2015 through March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were evaluated in this cohort study. To assess temporal trends in CRM overlap, NHANES data between 1999-2002 and 2015-2020 were compared. Data on 11 607 nonpregnant US adults (≥20 years) were included. Data analysis occurred between November 10, 2020, and November 23, 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of participants with CRM conditions, overall and stratified by age, defined as cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), or all 3. Results: From 2015 through March 2020, of 11 607 US adults included in the analysis (mean [SE] age, 48.5 [0.4] years; 51.0% women), 26.3% had at least 1 CRM condition, 8.0% had at least 2 CRM conditions, and 1.5% had 3 CRM conditions. Overall, CKD plus T2D was the most common CRM dyad (3.2%), followed by CVD plus T2D (1.7%) and CVD plus CKD (1.6%). Participants with higher CRM comorbidity burden were more likely to be older and male. Among participants aged 65 years or older, 33.6% had 1 CRM condition, 17.1% had 2 CRM conditions, and 5.0% had 3 CRM conditions. Within this subset, CKD plus T2D (7.3%) was most common, followed by CVD plus CKD (6.0%) and CVD plus T2D (3.8%). The CRM comorbidity burden was disproportionately high among participants reporting non-Hispanic Black race or ethnicity, unemployment, low socioeconomic status, and no high school degree. Among participants with 3 CRM conditions, nearly one-third (30.5%) did not report statin use, and only 4.8% and 3.0% used glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, respectively. Between 1999 and 2020, the proportion of US adults with multiple CRM conditions increased significantly (from 5.3% to 8.0%; P < .001 for trend), as did the proportion having all 3 CRM conditions (0.7% to 1.5%; P < .001 for trend). Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found that CRM multimorbidity is increasingly common and undertreated among US adults, highlighting the importance of collaborative and comprehensive management strategies.

Observational Analysis of the Costs Associated with Acute Treatment of Breakthrough Migraine Attacks in Medicaid Patients Using Preventive Therapies.

INTRODUCTION: Medications for preventive treatment of migraine reduce migraine frequency, usually measured by a reduction in monthly migraine days (MMD), but generally do not eliminate the need for acute treatment. To assess the economic impact of treatment-related reductions in frequency, methodological guidance recommends capturing cost differences along the spectrum of MMD. OBJECTIVE: Characterize monthly migraine medication costs along the spectrum of MMD for patients using calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for prevention. METHODS: Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data (SDUD) were used to identify formulations and per-unit costs for oral, intranasal, and parenteral migraine-specific medications for acute and preventive treatment used by fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid enrollees in 2020. National drug codes of relevant therapies were used to match SDUD to formulation characteristics including substance, route of administration, and branded/generic marketing status. Mean per-unit cost and the formulation's share of total prescriptions were estimated. Monthly medication costs were modeled based on formulations' per-unit costs and frequency of acute medication use during clinical trials of CGRP mAbs. RESULTS: In the SDUD, there were 563,338 prescriptions for migraine-specific acute medications; triptans accounted for 97.37%. Triptan formulations prescribed were 83.78% oral tablet, 10.89% orally disintegrating tablet, 2.60% intranasal, and 2.73% parenteral. Dihydroergotamine accounted for < 1% of total prescriptions and had the highest per-unit cost ($443.50, branded intranasal). There were 97,119 prescriptions for CGRP mAbs, the majority for erenumab (45.73%) or galcanezumab (45.24%). Modeled monthly acute and preventive medication costs ranged from approximately $550 in patients with the fewest MMD treated with oral triptans to > $1500 in patients with the most MMD treated with dihydroergotamine. CONCLUSION: In consideration of the migraine-specific acute medications used in FFS Medicaid 2020, for patients using CGRP mAbs for prevention, medication costs may vary significantly with the number of breakthrough attacks treated per month and the type of migraine-specific acute therapy used.

Accuracy of Blood Pressure Measurement Devices in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Validation Studies.

The accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) in pregnancy is essential to guide medical decision making that affects both mother and fetus. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the accuracy of ambulatory, home, and clinic BP measurement devices in pregnant women. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL EBSCO, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and dabl from inception through August 3, 2017 for articles that assessed the validity of an upper arm BP measurement device against a mercury sphygmomanometer in pregnant women. Two independent investigators determined eligibility, extracted data, and adjudicated protocol violations. From 1798 potential articles identified, 41, that assessed 28 devices, met the inclusion criteria. Most articles (n=32) followed a standard or modified American National Standards Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/International Organization for Standardization, British Hypertension Society, or European Society of Hypertension validation protocol. Several articles described the results of validation studies performed on >1 device (n=7) or in >1 population of pregnant women (n=12), comprising 64 pairwise validity assessments. The device was validated in 61% (32 of 52) of studies which used a standard or modified protocol. Only 34% (11 of 32) of the studies wherein the device was successfully validated were performed without a protocol violation. Given the implications of inaccurate BP measurement in pregnant women, healthcare providers should be aware of and try to use the BP measurement devices which have been properly validated in this population.