Development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for 90-day mortality after lung resection: the RESECT-90 score.

OBJECTIVES: The ability to accurately estimate the risk of peri-operative mortality after lung resection is important. There are concerns about the performance and validity of existing models developed for this purpose, especially when predicting mortality within 90 days of surgery. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a clinical prediction model for mortality within 90 days of undergoing lung resection. METHODS: A retrospective database of patients undergoing lung resection in two UK centres between 2012 and 2018 was used to develop a multivariable logistic risk prediction model, with bootstrap sampling used for internal validation. Apparent and adjusted measures of discrimination (area under receiving operator characteristic curve) and calibration (calibration-in-the-large and calibration slope) were assessed as measures of model performance. RESULTS: Data were available for 6600 lung resections for model development. Predictors included in the final model were age, sex, performance status, percentage predicted diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, anaemia, serum creatinine, pre-operative arrhythmia, right-sided resection, number of resected bronchopulmonary segments, open approach and malignant diagnosis. Good model performance was demonstrated, with adjusted area under receiving operator characteristic curve, calibration-in-the-large and calibration slope values (95% confidence intervals) of 0.741 (0.700, 0.782), 0.006 (-0.143, 0.156) and 0.870 (0.679, 1.060), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The RESECT-90 model demonstrates good statistical performance for the prediction of 90-day mortality after lung resection. A project to facilitate large-scale external validation of the model to ensure that the model retains accuracy and is transferable to other centres in different geographical locations is currently underway.

Improving physical health outcomes for people with severe mental illness: A proof-of-concept study of nurse practitioner candidate practice.

People with severe mental illness have significantly reduced life expectancy and higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. There is a critical need for quality physical health care to improve consumers' health outcomes. There is minimal knowledge, however, on the impact of mental health nurse practitioner candidate (NPC) practices on consumers' health outcomes. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to describe the impacts of NPC practices on the quality of physical healthcare provision and physical health outcomes (cardiovascular and cardiometabolic) of consumers in community mental health service settings. Using a mixed methods design, quantitative data were collected for 12 months prior to (Period 1), and 12 months during (Period 2), the candidacy period. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of n = 10 consumers to explore their perspectives on physical healthcare provision by the NPCs. During the 12-month candidacy period, the number of metabolic monitoring assessments rose from n = 55 in Period 1 to n = 146 in Period 2 (P < 0.01, χ2  = 41.20). Advanced practices provided by NPCs included taking an extensive holistic history and clinical examination, ordering diagnostic pathology, and clinical simulation of physical health medication prescription (under medical supervision). Analysis of consumer interviews resulted in two themes: (i) positive and helpful NPC health care and (ii) improvements in physical and mental health. The findings add new knowledge on specialist mental health nurse practitioner candidate roles and demonstrate the benefits these roles can have in reducing the significant morbidity and mortality of mental health consumers.

Should males ever undergo wedge resection for stage 1 non-small-cell lung cancer? A propensity analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Wedge resections are frequently performed for small peripheral lesions in patients unfit for a more extensive resection. We aimed to investigate whether patient sex and histology type are important factors determining survival in patients undergoing a wedge resection for stage I lung cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed a prospective thoracic database of patients (n = 2859) who had undergone potentially curative wedge resection for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Only patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous carcinoma were included (n = 540). We benchmarked our 5-year survival against the sixth International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer results. Kaplan-Meier, Cox multivariate regression analysis and propensity analysis were utilized to assess the effect of sex and histology on survival post-wedge resection with regard to long-term survival. RESULTS: Cox regression of patients who had undergone wedge resection demonstrated that adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR]: 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-4.19), P = 0.02 was the only significant term determining long-term survival. Cox regression of male patients identified adenocarcinoma (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.22-8.86), P = 0.02 as the only significant term determining long-term survival. Cox regression of female patients failed to identify any significant factors that determine long-term survival. Propensity matching based on gender identified that gender had no effect on survival, P = 0.46; however, histology was associated with a difference in survival, P = 0.02. This effect occurred in males, P = 0.02, but not females, P = 0.26. Propensity matching based on histology identified that gender had no effect on survival, P = 0.29; however, histology was associated with a difference in survival, P = 0.01. This effect occurred in males, P = 0.01, but not females, P = 0.26. Differing life expectancy between males and females was adjusted for by the use of the Framingham-predicted life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival of patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer who undergo a wedge resection is affected by gender and histological type. Male patients undergoing wedge resections for adenocarcinoma have outcomes inferior to those of patients with squamous carcinoma. Histology type does not affect survival in female patients undergoing wedge resections.

Bronchial resection margin and long-term survival in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Clear resection margins are necessary for long-term survival of patients undergoing surgical resection. We aimed to determine whether bronchial resection margin is a factor determining long-term survival in patients undergoing R0 resections for non-small-cell lung cancer. There were 2695 consecutive pulmonary resections performed between October 2001 and September 2011 in our institution; 1795 were R0 resections for non-small-cell lung cancer and bronchial margin length data were available. Benchmarking against the 7th International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer dataset was performed. Cox multivariate and neuronal network analysis was undertaken. Benchmarking failed to reveal any significant differences between our data and the 7th International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer dataset. Cox regression demonstrated that age (p<0.001), sex (p<0.0001), body mass index (p=0.002), T1 stage (p=0.0002), T3 stage (p<0.0001), N1 stage (p<0.001), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p<0.0001), squamous histology (p=0.009), mixed adenosquamous histology (p=0.008), and pneumonectomy (p=0.01) were all significant determinants of long-term survival, but bronchial resection margin was not. Neuronal network analysis confirmed these findings. Bronchial resection margin length has no impact on long-term survival.

In patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer, is lymph node dissection or sampling superior?

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'In patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer, is lymph node dissection or sampling superior?' Altogether 845 papers were found using the reported search, of which 14 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. We conclude that in stage I tumours there is little difference in survival when performing either mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) or lymph node sampling. However, survival is increased when performing MLND in stage II to IIIa tumours. Increased accuracy in staging is not observed with MLND. However, MLND reliably identifies more positive N2 nodes which may offer advantages in postoperative adjuvant treatment in more advanced disease.

Trichoptysis: a hairy presentation of a rare tumour.

We describe the case of a 17-year-old hairdresser who presented with haemoptysis and trichoptysis due to benign intrapulmonary teratoma and her surgical management. The clinical and radiological features of this rare tumour are reviewed and the symptom of trichoptysis discussed.

TreeSAAP: selection on amino acid properties using phylogenetic trees.

The software program TreeSAAP measures the selective influences on 31 structural and biochemical amino acid properties during cladogenesis, and performs goodness-of-fit and categorical statistical tests.

The role of social support in the self-management of diabetes mellitus among a Hispanic population.

The rising incidence of diabetes mellitus continues to be a major health concern among Hispanic Americans. Social support has been found to be a relevant factor in diabetes self-management, however, it has not been explored within a Hispanic community. This cross-sectional study was therefore conducted with 95 insulin-requiring Hispanic adults to explore the composition of the support network, the type of assistance needed, the degree of satisfaction with support received, and the relationship between social support and diabetes self-management. Overall, the participants had fairly large networks, composed primarily of family members. The greatest need for assistance was associated with transportation or interactions that involved speaking English, and the assistance offered in these areas was viewed as highly satisfactory. Participants were least satisfied with the help they received for diabetes-related self-care, personal care, and financial assistance. Social support was not strongly related to diabetes self-management. Community health nurses must be aware that this population may have needs that are unsatisfactorily met. They should provide education and resources for support persons and carefully evaluate the support network, not only for availability, but also for satisfaction. Effort should also be directed toward developing alternative support for those without available family.