Generation of aroma in three-line hybrid rice through CRISPR/Cas9 editing of BETAINE ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE2 (OsBADH2).

Aroma or fragrance in rice is a genetically controlled trait; Its high appreciation by consumers increases the rice market price. Previous studies have revealed that the rice aroma is controlled by a specific gene called BETAINE ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE (OsBADH2), and mutation of this gene leads to the accumulation of an aromatic substance 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP). The use of genetic engineering to produce aroma in commercial and cultivated hybrids is a contemporary need for molecular breeding. The current study reports the generation of aroma in the three-line hybrid restorer line Shu-Hui-313 (SH313). We created knock-out (KO) lines of OsBADH2 through the CRISPR/Cas9. The analysis of KO lines revealed a significantly increased content of 2AP in the grains compared with the control. However, other phenotypic traits (plant height, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight) were significantly decreased. These KO lines were crossed with a non-aromatic three-line hybrid rice male sterile line (Rong-7-A) to produce Rong-7-You-626 (R7Y626), R7Y627 and R7Y628. The measurement of 2-AP revealed significantly increased contents in these cross combinations. We compared the content of 2-AP in tissues at the booting stage. Data revealed that young spike stalk base contained the highest content of 2-AP and can be used for identification (by simple chewing) of aromatic lines under field conditions. In conclusion, our dataset offers a genetic source and illustrates the generation of aroma in non-aromatic hybrids, and outlines a straightforward identification under field conditions.

Genetic dissection of grain traits and their corresponding heterosis in an elite hybrid.

Rice productivity has considerably improved due to the effective employment of heterosis, but the genetic basis of heterosis for grain shape and weight remains uncertain. For studying the genetic dissection of heterosis for grain shape/weight and their relationship with grain yield in rice, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed on 1,061 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), which was developed by crossing xian/indica rice Quan9311B (Q9311B) and Wu-shan-si-miao (WSSM). Whereas, BC1F1 (a backcross F1) was developed by crossing RILs with Quan9311A (Q9311A) combined with phenotyping in Hefei (HF) and Nanning (NN) environments. Overall, 114 (main-effect, mQTL) and 359 (epistatic QTL, eQTL) were identified in all populations (RIL, BC1F1, and mid-parent heterosis, HMPs) for 1000-grain weight (TGW), grain yield per plant (GYP) and grain shape traits including grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and grain length to width ratio (GLWR). Differential QTL detection revealed that all additive loci in RILs population do not show heterotic effects, and few of them affect the performance of BC1F1. However, 25 mQTL not only contributed to BC1F1's performance but also contributed to heterosis. A total of seven QTL regions was identified, which simultaneously affected multiple grain traits (grain yield, weight, shape) in the same environment, including five regions with opposite directions and two regions with same directions of favorable allele effects, indicating that partial genetic overlaps are existed between different grain traits. This study suggested different approaches for obtaining good grain quality with high yield by pyramiding or introgressing favorable alleles (FA) with the same direction of gene effect at the QTL regions affecting grain shape/weight and grain yield distributing on different chromosomes, or introgressing or pyramiding FA in the parents instead of fixing additive effects in hybrid as well as pyramiding the polymorphic overdominant/dominant loci between the parents and eliminating underdominant loci from the parents. These outcomes offer valuable information and strategy to develop hybrid rice with suitable grain type and weight.

Proteomic Changes to the Updated Discovery of Engineered Insulin and Its Analogs: Pros and Cons.

The destruction of ß-cells of the pancreas leads to either insulin shortage or the complete absence of insulin, which in turn causes diabetes Mellitus. For treating diabetes, many trials have been conducted since the 19th century until now. In ancient times, insulin from an animal's extract was taken to treat human beings. However, this resulted in some serious allergic reactions. Therefore, scientists and researchers have tried their best to find alternative ways for managing diabetes with progressive advancements in biotechnology. However, a lot of research trials have been conducted, and they discovered more progressed strategies and approaches to treat type I and II diabetes with satisfaction. Still, investigators are finding more appropriate ways to treat diabetes accurately. They formulated insulin analogs that mimic the naturally produced human insulin through recombinant DNA technology and devised many methods for appropriate delivery of insulin. This review will address the following questions: What is insulin preparation? How were these devised and what are the impacts (both positive and negative) of such insulin analogs against TIDM (type-I diabetes mellitus) and TIIDM (type-II diabetes mellitus)? This review article will also demonstrate approaches for the delivery of insulin analogs into the human body and some future directions for further improvement of insulin treatment.

[Photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of hybrid rice varieties under different light conditions].

The study on the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of twelve hybrid rice varieties in the eco-environments with low- and high light intensity showed that the adaptation abiility of the varieties to eco-environment was mainly (depended on the varieties themselves, and there existed greater (differenees among them. The differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll content (Chl) were more significant among the varieties than between the eco-environments. The grain yield had significant positive correlations with Pn and total dry matter mass (TDM), the determination coefficient R2 being 0.584 and 0.590, respectively, but no significant correlations with the export percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (EPMSS) and the transformation percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (TPMSS). In the eco-environment with high light intensity, the leaf thickness and dry matter accumulation increased, while the EPMSS and TPMSS decreased. Under enough sunlight condition, the high proportion of matter in grain yield was mainly come from the photosynthesis at late growth stages; while under insufficient sunlight condition, it was mainly originated from the early growth stages photosynthesis.