Prognostic role and clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study intended to evaluate the prognostic effects of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in survival and their associations with clinicopathological characteristics in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Ovid databases were searched to obtain the relevant studies. Eleven studies with 2298 patients were included in this study. RESULTS: Like the level of TILs, there were no significant associations between PD-L1 expression and TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, and tumor location (All p values ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant association between PD-L1 expression with overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.05, p value = 0.10) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.10 to 3.68, p value = 0.59). In the assessment of TILs presence and survival association, the analysis showed no association between TILs presence and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.45). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the study has revealed no prognostic effect of PD-L1 and TILs in gastric cancer patients.

Formation of cubane-like photodimers from 2-naphthalenecarbonitrile.

Irradiation of 2-naphthalenecarbonitrile (2-NpCN) in solution with a light lambda > 280 nm results in the formation of three rigid cubane-like photodimers, anti-head-to-head 1, anti-head-to-tail 2, and syn-head-to-tail 3, which are not in line with the previously recognized regioselectivity. These cubane-like photodimers have been well characterized by spectroscopic investigation and/or X-ray crystal structural analysis in this work. Moreover, the separation of the optically pure enantiomers of 1, 2, and 3 has been achieved by HPLC resolution.