Characterization of a novel anti-PVRIG antibody with Fc-competent function that exerts strong antitumor effects via NK activation in preclinical models.

Poliovirus receptor-related immunoglobulin domain-containing protein, or PVRIG, is a newly discovered immune checkpoint that has emerged as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. It is primarily expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells, and once engaged with its ligand, PVRL2, it induces inhibitory signaling in T cells, thereby promoting the functional exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Here, we characterized IBI352g4a, a novel humanized anti-PVRIG antibody with Fc-competent function, explored the mechanism of its antitumor activity in preclinical models, and systemically evaluated the contribution of FcrR engagement to PVRIG blockade-induced antitumor activity. IBI352g4a binds to the extracellular domain of human PVRIG with high affinity (Kd = 0.53 nM) and specificity, and fully blocks the interaction between PVRIG and its ligand PVRL2. Unlike other immune checkpoints, IBI352g4a significantly induced NK cell activation and degranulation, but had a minimal effect on T-cell activation in in vitro functional assays. IBI352g4a induced strong antitumor effect in several preclinic models, through in vivo mechanism analysis we found that both NK and T cells contribute to the antitumor effect, but NK cells play predominant roles. Specifically, a single dose of IBI352g4a induced significant NK cell activation in TILs, but T-cell activation was observed only after the second dose. Moreover, the Fc effector function is critical for both NK cell activation and treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Our study, for the first time, demonstrates that both NK activation and FcrR engagement are required for antitumor efficacy induced by PVRIG blockade.

Synthesis and Mechanism of 1D ZnO Based on Alkaline Dissolution-Conversion Strategy of High Stable and Soluble ɛ-Zn(OH)2.

A high soluble and stable ɛ-Zn(OH)2 precursor is synthesized at below room temperature to efficiently prepare ZnO whiskers. The experimental results indicate that the formation of ZnO whiskers is carried out mainly via two steps: the formation of ZnO seeds from ɛ-Zn(OH)2 via the in situ solid conversion, and the following growth of whiskers via dissolution-precipitation route. The decrease of temperature from 25 to 5 °C promotes the formation of ɛ-Zn(OH)2 with higher solubility and stability, which balances the conversion and dissolution rates of precursor. The Rietveld refinement, DFT calculations and MD simulations reveal that the primary reason for these characteristics is the expansion of ɛ-Zn(OH)2 lattice due to temperature, causing difficulties in the dehydration of adjacent ─OH. Simultaneously, the larger specific surface area favors the dissolution of ɛ-Zn(OH)2 . Based on this precursor, well-dispersed ZnO whiskers with 9.82 µm in length, 242.38 nm in diameter, and an average aspect ratio of 41 are successfully synthesized through a SDSN-assisted hydrothermal process at 80 °C. The process has an extremely high solid content of 2.5% (mass ratio of ZnO to solution) and an overall yield of 92%, which offers a new approach for the scaled synthesis of high aspect ratio ZnO whiskers by liquid-phase method.

Silicon nutrition improves the quality and yield of rice under dry cultivation.

BACKGROUND: Dry cultivation of rice is a water-saving, emission reduction and labor-saving rice farming method. However, the development of rice under dry cultivation is hampered by the limitations of dry cultivation on rice yield and rice quality. We hypothesized that additional silicon (Si) would be a measure to address these limitations or challenges. RESULTS: In the present study, we set up field trials with three treatments: flooded cultivation (W), dry cultivation (D) and dry cultivation plus Si. Yield and quality were reduced under D treatment compared to W treatment. The addition of Si promoted root development, increased plant height and leaf area, increased photosynthetic enzyme activity, net photosynthetic rate and SPAD values, and increased biomass under dry crop conditions. Under the drought conditions, silica up-regulated the expression of AGPSI, SBEI, SBEIIb, SSI and SSII-1 genes and the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthetase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) enzymes, which reduced protein, amylose, chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, increased brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate, and also improved rice quality. In addition, the increase of AGPase, SSS and SBE enzyme activities promoted the filling rate and the number of spikes was guaranteed, whereas the yield was improved by promoting the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that adding appropriate amounts of Si fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of rice under dry cultivation by regulating source supply capacity and grain starch synthesis. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Elucidate the Mechanism of Jiegeng Decoction in Improving Allergic Asthma.

Allergic asthma is a prevalent form of asthma that is characterized primarily by airway inflammation. Jiegeng decoction (JGT) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula known for its anti-inflammatory properties and has been used to treat respiratory diseases for centuries. This study aimed to investigate the biological effects and mechanisms of action of JGT in improving allergic asthma. An experimental allergic asthma mouse model was established using ovalbumin. The results showed that JGT significantly improved inflammation cell infiltration in the lung tissue of allergic asthmatic mice and the inflammatory environment of Th2 cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid while also reducing serum IgE levels. Subsequently, 38 components of JGT were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Network pharmacology revealed that regulating inflammation and immune responses is the primary biological process by which JGT improves allergic asthma, with Th2 cell differentiation and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway being the key mechanisms of action. Finally, qPCR, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were used to validate that JGT inhibited Th2 cell differentiation by blocking the JAK1-STAT6 signaling pathway in CD4+ T cells, ultimately improving allergic asthma. This study provides a novel perspective on the therapeutic potential of JGT in the treatment of allergic asthma.

Dynamic Spectral Modulation on Meta-Waveguides Utilizing Liquid Crystal.

The integration of metasurfaces and optical waveguides is gradually attracting the attention of researchers because it allows for more efficient manipulation and guidance of light. However, most of the existing studies focus on passive devices, which lack dynamic modulation. This work utilizes the meta-waveguides with liquid crystal(LC) to modulate the on-chip spectrum, which is the first experimentally verified, to the authors' knowledge. By applying a voltage, the refractive index of the liquid crystal surrounding the meta-waveguides can be tuned, resulting in a blue shift of the spectrum. The simulation shows that the 18.4 dB switching ratio can be achieved at 1550 nm. The meta-waveguides are prepared using electron beam lithography (EBL), and the improved transmittance of the spectrum in the short wavelength is experimentally verified, which is consistent with the simulation trend. At 1551.64 nm wavelength, the device achieves a switching ratio of ≈16 dB with an active area of 8 µm × 0.4 µm. Based on this device, an optoelectronic computing architecture for the Hadamard matrix product and a novel wavelength selection switch are proposed. This work offers a promising avenue for on-chip dynamic modulation in integrated photonics, which has the advantage of a compact active area, fast response time, and low energy consumption compared to conventional thermal-light modulation.

Improved photoacoustic images via wavefront shaping modulation based on the scattering structure: retraction.

The referenced article [Opt. Express30, 36489 (2022)10.1364/OE.470330] has been retracted by the authors.

Recent advances in chiral liquid chromatography stationary phases for pharmaceutical analysis.

Chirality is a common phenomenon in nature. Different enantiomers of chiral drug compounds have obvious differences in their effects on the human body. Therefore, the separation of chiral drugs plays an extremely important role in the safe utilization of drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an effective tool for the separation and analysis of compounds, in which the chromatographic packing plays a key role in the separation. Chiral pharmaceutical separation and analysis in HPLC rely on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Thus, various CSPs are being developed to meet the needs of chiral drug separation and analysis. In this review, recent developments in CSPs, including saccharides (cyclodextrin, cellulose, amylose and chitosan), macrocycles (macrocyclic glycopeptides, pillar[n]arene and polyamide) and porous organic materials (metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and porous organic cages), for pharmaceutical analysis in HPLC were summarized, the advantages and disadvantages of various stationary phases were introduced, and their development prospects were discussed.

Transcriptomic Analysis and Salt-Tolerance Gene Mining during Rice Germination.

Salt stress is an important environmental factor affecting crop growth and development. One of the important ways to improve the salt tolerance of rice is to identify new salt-tolerance genes, reveal possible mechanisms, and apply them to the creation of new germplasm and the breeding of new varieties. In this study, the salt-sensitive japonica variety Tong 35 (T35) and salt-tolerant japonica variety Ji Nongda 709 (JND709) were used. Salt stress treatment with a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution (the control group was tested without salt stress treatment simultaneously) was continued until the test material was collected after the rice germination period. Twelve cDNA libraries were constructed, and 5 comparator groups were established for transcriptome sequencing. On average, 9.57G of raw sequencing data were generated per sample, with alignment to the reference genome above 96.88% and alignment to guanine-cytosine (GC) content above 53.86%. A total of 16,829 differentially expressed genes were present in the five comparison groups, of which 2390 genes were specifically expressed in T35 (category 1), 3306 genes were specifically expressed in JND709 (category 2), and 1708 genes were differentially expressed in both breeds (category 3). Differentially expressed genes were subjected to gene ontology (GO), functional enrichment analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, which revealed that these genes belonged to three main classes: molecular function, cellular components, and biological processes. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the significantly enriched pathways for these differentially expressed genes included phenylpropane biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, and the interaction of plants with pathogens. In this study, we provided a reference for studying the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance during germination.

IL-2Rα-biased agonist enhances antitumor immunity by invigorating tumor-infiltrating CD25+CD8+ T cells.

To avoid regulatory T cell promotion and vascular toxicity, the interleukin-2 receptor-ß/interleukin-2 receptor-γ (IL-2Rßγ)-biased approach is used by most IL-2 analogs in immuno-oncology. However, recent clinical disappointments in these IL-2 agonists have questioned this strategy. Here we show that both wild-type (IL-2wt) and IL-2Rßγ-attenuated (IL-2α-bias) agonists that preserve IL-2Rα (CD25) activities can effectively expand tumor-specific CD8+ T cells (TSTs) and exhibit better antitumor efficacy and safety than the 'non-α' counterpart (IL-2nα). Mechanistically, TSTs coexpress elevated CD25 and PD-1 and are more susceptible to stimulation by IL-2Rα-proficient agonists. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 depends on activation of PD-1+CD25+ TSTs through autocrine IL-2-CD25 signaling. In individuals with cancer, a low IL-2 signature correlates with non-responsiveness to anti-PD-1 treatment. In mouse models, IL-2α-bias, but not IL-2nα, restores the IL-2 signature and synergizes with anti-PD-1 to eradicate large established tumors. These findings underscore the indispensable function of CD25 in IL-2-based immunotherapy and provide rationales for evaluating IL-2Rα-biased agonists in individuals with cancer.

Effects of Soybean Phosphate Transporter Gene GmPHT2 on Pi Transport and Plant Growth under Limited Pi Supply Condition.

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, but phosphate resources are limited and rapidly depleting due to massive global agricultural demand. This study identified two genes in the phosphate transporter 2 (PHT2) family of soybean by bioinformatics. The expression patterns of two genes by qRT-PCR at leaves and all were induced by low-phosphate stress. After low-phosphate stress, GmPHT2;2 expression was significantly higher than GmPHT2;1, and the same trend was observed throughout the reproductive period. The result of heterologous expression of GmPHT2 in Arabidopsis knockout mutants of atpht2;1 shows that chloroplasts and whole-plant phosphorus content were significantly higher in plants complementation of GmPHT2;2 than in plants complementation of GmPHT2;1. This suggests that GmPHT2;2 may play a more important role in plant phosphorus metabolic homeostasis during low-phosphate stress than GmPHT2;1. In the yeast backfill assay, both genes were able to backfill the ability of the defective yeast to utilize phosphorus. GmPHT2 expression was up-regulated by a low-temperature treatment at 4 °C, implying that GmPHT2;1 may play a role in soybean response to low-temperature stress, in addition to being involved in phosphorus transport processes. GmPHT2;1 and GmPHT2;2 exhibit a cyclic pattern of circadian variation in response to light, with the same pattern of gene expression changes under red, blue, and white light conditions. GmPHT2 protein was found in the chloroplast, according to subcellular localization analysis. We conclude that GmPHT2 is a typical phosphate transporter gene that can improve plant acquisition efficiency.

Metabolomic study on the quality differences and physiological characteristics between rice cultivated in drought and flood conditions.

The differences between dry- and flood-cultivated rice and the reason behind low-quality dry-cultivated rice were clarified. The physiological traits, starch synthase activity, and grain metabolomics of 'Longdao 18' were measured and analyzed at four growth stages. The brown, milled, and whole-milled rice rates and AGPase, SSS, and SBE activity were lower after drought treatment than during flood cultivation, while the chalkiness, chalky grain rate, amylose (16.57-20.999%), protein (7.99-12.09%), and GBSS activity were higher. Related enzymatic gene expression showed significant differences. Metabolic results showed pyruvate, glycine, and methionine upregulation at 8DAF and higher citric, pyruvic, and α-ketoglutaric acid content at 15DAF. Therefore, 8DAF-15DAF represented the crucial quality formation period for dry-cultivated rice. At 8DAF, the respiratory pathways used amino acids as signaling molecules and alternative substrates to adapt to energy shortages, arid environments and rapid protein accumulation and synthesis. Excessive amylose synthesis at 15DAF accelerated reproductive growth, promoting rapid premature aging.

The role of the chloroplast localised phosphate transporter GmPHT4;10 gene in plant growth, photosynthesis and drought resistance.

In view of the importance of inorganic phosphate to plant growth and development, the role of phosphate transporters responsible for absorption and transportation in crops has attracted increasing attention. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and subcellular localisation experiment showed that GmPHT4;10 is a member of PHT4 subfamily of phosphate transporters and located in chloroplasts. The gene was induced by phosphate deficiency and drought, and was the highest in leaves. After GmPHT4;10 gene was replenished to AtPHT4;5 gene deletion mutant lines (atpht4;5 ), the phenotype of the transgenic lines was basically recovered to the level of wild-type, but there were significant differences in phosphate content and photosynthetic indicators between wild-type and revertant lines. Meanwhile, the difference of proline content and catalase activity between the two lines also indicated that GmPHT4;10 gene and its orthologous gene AtPHT4;5 were different in drought resistance and drought resistance mechanism. After overexpression of GmPHT4;10 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana , more phosphate and proline were accumulated in chloroplasts and catalase activity was increased, thus improving photosynthesis and drought resistance of plants. The results further supplement the cognition of PHT4 subfamily function, and provides new ideas and ways to improve photosynthesis by revealing the function of chloroplast phosphate transporter.

Identification, characteristics and rice growth promotion of a highly efficient cellulolytic bacterial strain, Cellulomonas iranensis ZJW-6, isolated from paddy soil in central China.

The microbial degradation of lignocellulose is the best way to treat straw, which has a broad application prospect. It is consistent with the idea of agricultural sustainable development and has an important impact on the utilization of biomass resources. To explore and utilize the microbial resources of lignocellulose degradation, 27 lignocellulose degrading strains were screened from 13 regions in China. ZJW-6 was selected because of its 49.6% lignocellulose weight loss rate. According to the theoretical analysis of the experimental results, the following straw degradation conditions were obtained by ZJW-6: nitrogen source input of 8.45 g/L, a pH of 8.57, and a temperature of 31.63°C, the maximum weight loss rate of rice straw could reach 54.8%. It was concluded that ZJW-6 belonged to Cellulomonas iranensis according to 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequence comparison and identification. ZJW-6 is a Gram-positive bacterium that grows slowly and has a small yellowish green colony. To explain the degradation mechanism of lignocellulose, the experiment of enzymatic properties of the strain was prepared and carried out. It was discovered that ZJW-6 has an excellent ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with cellulose and hemicellulose loss rates reaching almost 50% in 4 days and lignin loss rates reaching nearly 30%. Furthermore, ZJW-6 demonstrated lignocellulose degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, indicating the strain's broad application potential. ZJW-6 was found to be more effective than ordinary humic acid in improving rice soil (available phosphorus, available nitrogen, organic matter) and promoting rice growth in a rice pot experiment (increasing root-shoot ratio, root activity, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate). ZJW-6 plays an important role in promoting the development and utilization of straw resources. It has important significance for the advancement of green agriculture.

Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity characterization of a novel anti-CD73 therapeutic antibody IBI325 for cancer immunotherapy.

It is an intriguing approach to target the ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 to confer synergetic beneficial survival in cancer patients, along with clinically established immunotherapy targets. In this study, a fully human, subnanomolar affinity CD73 antibody IBI325 was developed using the yeast display platform. Compared with Oleclumab, IBI325 was equivalent in hCD73 affinity and more potent in cell-bound and soluble CD73 enzymatic inhibition, and no hook effects were observed. Correspondingly, adenosine monophosphate-mediated immune suppression was reversed by IBI325, and significant T cell proliferation and release of cytokines were observed. Also, IBI325 enhanced the T cell recall response by inducing interferon-γ secretion. The antitumor efficacy of IBI325 was investigated in a hPBMC-reconstituted NOG mouse model, and a hCD73 knock-in mouse model. Consequently, IBI325 induced a significant tumor regression by inducing intratumoral immune cell expansion, and a combo therapy of IBI325 and aPD-1 was superior in efficacy than aCD73 or aPD-1 monotherapy. Additionally, the binding epitopes of CD73 to IBI325 were distinct from previously reported aCD73 therapeutics. IBI325 displayed acceptable pharmacokinetics and sufficient tolerable safety profiles to support clinical development. In conclusion, the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity profiles of IBI325 with complete CD73 inhibition were characterized, and encouraging preclinical outcomes were reported.

RGA1 alleviates low-light-repressed pollen tube elongation by improving the metabolism and allocation of sugars and energy.

Low-light stress compromises photosynthetic and energy efficiency and leads to spikelet sterility; however, the effect of low-light stress on pollen tube elongation in the pistil remains poorly understood. The gene RGA1, which encodes a Gα-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein, enhanced low-light tolerance at anthesis by preventing the cessation of pollen tube elongation in the pistil of rice plants. In this process, marked increases in the activities of acid invertase (INV), sucrose synthase (SUS) and mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain complexes, as well as the relative expression levels of SUTs (sucrose transporter), SWEETs (sugars will eventually be exported transporters), SUSs, INVs, CINs (cell-wall INV 1), SnRK1A (sucrose-nonfermenting 1-related kinase 1) and SnRK1B, were observed in OE-1 plants. Accordingly, notable increases in contents of ATP and ATPase were presented in OE-1 plants under low-light conditions, while they were decreased in d1 plants. Importantly, INV and ATPase activators (sucrose and Na2 SO3 , respectively) increased spikelet fertility by improving the energy status in the pistil under low-light conditions, and the ATPase inhibitor Na2 VO4 induced spikelet sterility and decreased ATPase activity. These results suggest that RGA1 could alleviate the low-light stress-induced impairment of pollen tube elongation to increase spikelet fertility by promoting sucrose unloading in the pistil and improving the metabolism and allocation of energy.

Effects of Continuous Straw Returning on Soil Functional Microorganisms and Microbial Communities.

This study examined the changes in soil enzymatic activity, microbial carbon source metabolic diversity, and straw decomposition rates in paddy fields treated with 1, 2, or 3 years of straw returning (SR1-SR3). The soil's ability to decompose straw and cellulolytic bacteria increased with the number of treatment years (1: 31.9% vs. 2: 43.9% vs. 3: 51.9%, P < 0.05). The numbers of Azotobacter, Nitrobacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, and inorganic phosphate bacteria increased progressively with the numbers of straw returning years. Cellulolytic bacteria and inorganic phosphate bacteria were significantly positively correlated with the decomposition rate (r = 0.783 and r = 0.375, P < 0.05). Based on 16S sequencing results, straw returning improved the microbial diversity of paddy soils by increasing unclassified bacteria and keeping dominant soil microorganism populations unchanged. The relative importance of individual microbial taxa was compared using random forest models. Proteobacteria, ammoniating bacteria, and potassium dissolving bacteria contributed to peroxidase activity. The significant contributors to phosphate monoesterase were Acidobacteriota, Desulfobacterota, ammoniating bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, and potassium-dissolving bacteria. Proteobacteria, ammoniating bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, and potassium-dissolving bacteria contributed to urease activity. Desulfobacterota, ammoniating bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, and potassium-dissolving bacteria contributed to the neutral invertase activity. In conclusion, soil microbial community structure and function were affected within 2 years of straw returning, which was driven by the combined effects of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, available potassium, and pH. With elapsing straw returning years, soil properties interacted with soil microbial communities, and a healthier soil micro-ecological environment would form.

Characterization of anti-CD79b/CD3 bispecific antibody, a potential therapy for B cell malignancies.

High rates of relapse and poor prognosis confer an urgent need for novel therapeutic agents for B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). Herein, we describe a human IgG-like anti-CD79b/CD3 bispecific antibody (IBI38D9-L) that selectively depletes antigen-positive malignant B cells as an alternative treatment option for relapsed or refractory NHL patients. The antitumor activity and mechanism of action of IBI38D9-L were investigated in vitro using B-NHL cell lines and human primary effector cells and in vivo using xenograft models reconstituted with human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and preclinical toxicology were evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys and HSC-NPG mice. IBI38D9-L exerted potent B cell killing as well as T cell activation and proliferation in a tumor cell-dependent manner in vitro and was active against B-NHL cell lines with various CD79b expression levels. Subcutaneous xenograft tumors in NOG mice engrafted with human PBMCs were eradicated by IBI38D9-L treatment. Moreover, IBI38D9-L-treated mice showed a strong infiltration of activated T cells. In HSC-NPG mice, IBI38D9-L resulted in potent B cell depletion in peripheral blood and induced only slight body weight loss and cytokine release syndrome without significant toxicological findings. In cynomolgus monkeys, IBI38D9-L was well tolerated with good pharmacokinetic profiles. Collectively, these preclinical efficacy and safety data provide strong scientific rationales for using anti-CD79b/CD3 bispecific antibody as a promising therapeutic agent for B cell malignancies.

Comprehensive sequence and expression profile analysis of the phosphate transporter gene family in soybean.

The family of phosphate transporters (PHTs) mediates the uptake and translocation of Pi inside the plants. However, little is known about transporters in soybean. Therefore, Searched the Genome Database for Soybean, 57 GmPHTs family members were identified in soybean, Phylogenetic analysis suggested that members of the PHTs gene family can be divided into six clades. Collinearity analysis revealed that most of the GmPHT genes shared syntenic relationships with PHTs members in Arabidopsis thaliana and that large segment duplication played a major driving force for GmPHTs evolution in addition to tandem duplication. Further analysis of the promoter revealed that light-responsive elements and abiotic stress-responsive elements were widely distributed within the promoter regions of GmPHT genes. Based on RNA-seq data, GmPHTs showed different expression patterns in roots and leaves of soybean treated with long-term low phosphorus and short-term low phosphorus, in addition, the expression levels of GmPHT genes can be regulated by drought stresses, it was implied that the induced expression of GmPHTs could promote phosphorus uptake and transport in soybean and thus adapt to low phosphorus and drought stress, which is the first step dissection of Pi transport system and probably refers to new roles of PHTs genes in soybean.

Effect of different mixed light-emitting diode light wavelengths on CO2 absorption from biogas and nutrient removal from biogas slurry by microalgae and fungi induced using strigolactone and endophytic bacteria.

In this study, biogas and biogas slurry were simultaneously treated using two symbiotic systems: Chlorella vulgaris-Ganoderma lucidum-S395-2 (endophytic bacteria) and Scenedesmus obliquus-G. lucidum-S395-2. The influence of different mixed illumination (red and blue) intensity ratios on the algal symbionts' extracellular carbonic anhydrase activities was investigated, as well as the rates of microalgal growth and photosynthesis. The treatment performance was simultaneously assessed in terms of the efficiency of organic matter or nutrient removal and the level of CO2 absorption. The results indicated that red-blue light combinations with an intensity ratio of 5:5 were optimal. When comparing the performance of the two symbiotic systems, the C. vulgaris-G. lucidum-S395-2 symbiont co-culture system achieved significantly improved photosynthetic rates, biomass growth, and treatment effects. Under the optimal treatment conditions, the organic matter and nutrient removal rates were 81.06% ± 7.06% for chemical oxygen demand, 82.32% ± 7.18% for total nitrogen, and 82.98% ± 7.26% for total phosphorus. In addition, the rate of CO2 removal from biogas was 63.38% ± 5.35%. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The red and blue light intensity ratio of 5:5 showed the best removal performance. C. vulgaris-G. lucidum-S395-2 system obtained the best photosynthetic performance. The carbonic anhydrase activity had positive effects on CO2 removal performance.

Ultracompact Polarization Splitter-Rotator Based on Shallowly Etched Subwavelength Gratings and Anisotropic Metasurfaces.

Polarization splitter-rotators (PSRs) are an essential component in on-chip polarization-sensitive and polarization-division multiplexing systems. In this work, we propose an ultracompact and high-performance silicon-based polarization splitter-rotator utilizing anisotropic metasurfaces, which is the first to combine the two, to our knowledge. The tilted periodic metasurface structure has different modulation effects on different polarized light fields, such as the transverse-electric (TE) mode and the transverse-magnetic (TM) mode, which are beneficial for designing polarization management devices. According to the results, the entire length of the silicon PSR was ~13.5 µm. The TE-to-TM conversion loss and polarization conversion ratio ere -0.154 dB and 96.5% at 1.55 µm, respectively. In the meanwhile, the cross talk and reflection loss were -27.0 dB and -37.3 dB, when the fundamental TE mode was input. The insertion loss and cross talk were -0.19 dB and -25.01 dB at the central wavelength when the fundamental TM mode was input. In addition, the bandwidth reached up to ~112 nm with polarization conversion loss and insertion loss higher than -0.46 dB and -0.36 dB. The simulations also show that the designed devices had good fabrication tolerance.