Dynamic Changes of Fundus and Predictors of Visual Prognosis in New-Onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE: To characterize the dynamic changes of fundus in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease through enhanced spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and explore the predictors of visual prognosis. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 2152 VKH patients referred to our uveitis center from January 2013 to April 2022 were screened; 151 new-onset VKH patients (299 eyes) and 82 healthy controls (164 eyes) were included. The manifestations of fundus at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months after treatment were analysed and their relevance to visual prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: After retinal detachment (RD) (97.3%) and optic disc swelling (100%) presented at baseline, retinal reattachment (81.6%) and the granular hyperreflective depositions at the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (61.5%) were observed at month 1. The RPE and ellipsoid zone rearrangement accompanying interdigitation zone attenuation (57.9%) was noted finally. Choroidal thickness of patients was higher than that in the controls at baseline and month 1 (both P < 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) (P < 0.001; OR, 4.01), subretinal fibrinoid exudate (P < 0.001; OR, 3.9) and RPE folds (p = 0.001; OR, 2.39) at baseline, and the RD at month 1 (P < 0.001; OR, 3.42) were associated with visual prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset VKH patients after treatment exhibited dynamic changes in the fundus especially the outer retina during a 12-month period. The BCVA, subretinal fibrinoid exudate, and RPE folds at baseline, and RD at month May 1, serve as predictors of visual prognosis.

The role of age and AMH on cumulative live birth rates over multiple frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: a study based on low prognosis patients of POSEIDON 3 and 4 groups.

BACKGROUND: Among the POSEIDON criteria, group 3 and group 4 have an expected low prognosis. For those patients with inadequate ovary reserve, embryo accumulated from consecutive oocyte retrieval cycles for multiple frozen-thawed embryo transfers (FET) has become more common. It is necessary to inform them of the pregnancy outcomes after single or multiple FET cycles before the treatment. However few studies about cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) for those with low prognosis have been reported. METHODS: This retrospective study included 4712 patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer cycles from July 2015 to August 2020. Patients were stratified as POSEIDON group 3, group 4, control 1 group (< 35 years) and control 2 group (≥ 35 years). The primary outcome is CLBRs up to six FET cycles and the secondary outcomes were LBRs per transfer cycle. Optimistic approach was used for the analysis of CLBRs and the depiction of cumulative incidence curves. RESULTS: Under optimistic model analyses, control 1 group exhibited the highest CLBR (93.98%, 95%CI 91.63-95.67%) within 6 FET cycles, followed by the CLBR from women in POSEIDON group 3(92.51%, 95%CI 77.1-97.55)was slightly lower than that in control 1 group. The CLBR of POSEIDON group 4(55% ,95%CI 39.34-70.66%)was the lowest and significantly lower than that of control 2 group(88.7%, 95%CI 80.68-96.72%). Further, patients in POSEIDON group 4 reached a CLBR plateau after 5 FET cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The patients of POSEIDON group 3 may not be considered as traditional "low prognosis" in clinical practice as extending the number of FET cycles up to 6 can archive considerably CLBR as control women. While for the POSEIDON group 4, a simple repeat of the FET cycle is not recommended after four failed FET cycles, some strategies such as PGT-A may be beneficial.

Serum levels of neurotensin, pannexin-1, and sestrin-2 and the correlations with sleep quality or/and cognitive function in the patients with chronic insomnia disorder.

Objectives: To examine serum concentrations of neurotensin, pannexin-1 and sestrin-2, and their correlations with subjective and objective sleep quality and cognitive function in the patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID). Methods: Sixty-five CID patients were enrolled continuously and fifty-six good sleepers in the same period were served as healthy controls (HCs). Serum levels of neurotensin, pannexin-1 and sestrin-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and polysomnography, and mood was evaluated by 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. General cognitive function was assessed with the Chinese-Beijing Version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and spatial memory was evaluated by Blue Velvet Arena Test (BVAT). Results: Relative to the HCs, the CID sufferers had higher levels of neurotensin (t=5.210, p<0.001) and pannexin-1 (Z=-4.169, p<0.001), and lower level of sestrin-2 (Z=-2.438, p=0.015). In terms of objective sleep measures, pannexin-1 was positively associated with total sleep time (r=0.562, p=0.002) and sleep efficiency (r=0.588, p=0.001), and negatively with wake time after sleep onset (r=-0.590, p=0.001) and wake time (r=-0.590, p=0.001); sestrin-2 was positively associated with percentage of rapid eye movement sleep (r=0.442, p=0.016) and negatively with non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 2 in the percentage (r=-0.394, p=0.034). Adjusted for sex, age and HAMD, pannexin-1 was still associated with the above objective sleep measures, but sestrin-2 was only negatively with wake time (r=-0.446, p=0.022). However, these biomarkers showed no significant correlations with subjective sleep quality (PSQI score). Serum concentrations of neurotensin and pannexin-1 were positively associated with the mean erroneous distance in the BVAT. Adjusted for sex, age and depression, neurotensin was negatively associated with MoCA score (r=-0.257, p=0.044), pannexin-1 was positively associated with the mean erroneous distance in the BVAT (r=0.270, p=0.033). Conclusions: The CID patients had increased neurotensin and pannexin-1 and decreased sestrin-2 in the serum levels, indicating neuron dysfunction, which could be related to poor sleep quality and cognitive dysfunction measured objectively.

Abundance of Low-Energy Oxygen Vacancy Pairs Dictates the Catalytic Performance of Cerium-Stabilized Zirconia.

Cerium-stabilized zirconia (Ce1-xZrxOy, CZO) is renowned for its superior oxygen storage capacity (OSC), a key property long believed to be beneficial to catalytic oxidation reactions. However, 50% Ce-containing CZO recorded with the highest OSC has disappointingly poor performance in catalytic oxidation reactions compared to those with higher Ce contents but lower OSC ability. Here, we employ global neural network (G-NN)-based potential energy surface exploration methods to establish the first ternary phase diagram for bulk structures of CZO, which identifies three critical compositions of CZO, namely, 50, 60, and 80% Ce-containing CZO that are thermodynamically stable under typical synthetic conditions. 50% Ce-containing CZO, although having the highest OSC, exhibits the lowest O vacancy (Ov) diffusion rate. By contrast, 60% Ce-containing CZO, despite lower OSC (33.3% OSC compared to that of 50% Ce-containing CZO), reaches the highest Ov diffusion ability and thus offers the highest CO oxidation catalytic performance. The physical origin of the high performance of 60% Ce-containing CZO is the abundance of energetically favorable Ov pairs along the ⟨110⟩ direction, which reduces the energy barrier of Ov diffusion in the bulk and promotes O2 activation on the surface. Our results clarify the long-standing puzzles on CZO and point out that 60% Ce-containing CZO is the most desirable composition for typical CZO applications.

Association between TB delay and TB treatment outcomes in HIV-TB co-infected patients: a study based on the multilevel propensity score method.

BACKGROUND: HIV-tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection is a significant public health concern worldwide. TB delay, consisting of patient delay, diagnostic delay, treatment delay, increases the risk of adverse anti-TB treatment (ATT) outcomes. Except for individual level variables, differences in regional levels have been shown to impact the ATT outcomes. However, few studies appropriately considered possible individual and regional level confounding variables. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of TB delay on treatment outcomes in HIV-TB co-infected patients in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Liangshan Prefecture) of China, using a causal inference framework while taking into account individual and regional level factors. METHODS: We conducted a study to analyze data from 2068 patients with HIV-TB co-infection in Liangshan Prefecture from 2019 to 2022. To address potential confounding bias, we used a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) to select appropriate confounding variables. Further, we controlled for these confounders through multilevel propensity score and inverse probability weighting (IPW). RESULTS: The successful rate of ATT for patients with HIV-TB co-infection in Liangshan Prefecture was 91.2%. Total delay (OR = 1.411, 95% CI: 1.015, 1.962), diagnostic delay (OR = 1.778, 95% CI: 1.261, 2.508), treatment delay (OR = 1.749, 95% CI: 1.146, 2.668) and health system delay (OR = 1.480 95% CI: (1.035, 2.118) were identified as risk factors for successful ATT outcome. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of these findings. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-TB co-infection prevention and control policy in Liangshan Prefecture should prioritize early treatment for diagnosed HIV-TB co-infected patients. It is urgent to improve the health system in Liangshan Prefecture to reduce delays in diagnosis and treatment.

Relationships between rumination and different types of rapid eye movement sleep in patients with chronic insomnia disorder.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Rumination, a common factor of chronic insomnia disorder (CID) caused by cognitive-emotional arousal, is associated with an increased amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the specific subtypes, such as phasic REM and tonic REM, that contribute to the increased REM sleep have not been reported. This study aimed to determine the association between rumination and different REM sleep subtypes in patients with CID. METHODS: This study enrolled 35 patients with CID and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The Immersion-Rumination Questionnaire evaluated participants' rumination, and the Insomnia Severity Index was used to assess insomnia severity. Finally, polysomnography was used to monitor objective sleep quality and quantification of different types of REM. RESULTS: The CID patients had higher rumination scores than the healthy controls. They had a shorter REM sleep duration, less phasic REM, a lower percentage of phasic REM time, and a higher percentage of tonic REM time. Spectral analysis revealed that the patients affected by insomnia had higher ß power during REM sleep, higher ß and σ power during phasic REM sleep, and higher ß, and γ power during tonic REM sleep. Partial correlation analysis showed that rumination in the CID patients correlated negatively with the duration of phasic REM sleep. Additionally, rumination correlated negatively with δ power in REM sleep and positively with ß power in REM sleep, tonic REM sleep, phasic REM sleep, N3and N2 sleep in the patients with CID. CONCLUSION: The CID patients had stronger rumination, reduced total and phasic REM sleep, and the stronger rumination was, the shorter phasic REM was and the higher fast (ß) wave power in REM sleep.

Tektin bundle interacting protein, TEKTIP1, functions to stabilize the tektin bundle and axoneme in mouse sperm flagella.

Tektins are microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) and localize at the inside lumen of doublet microtubules (DMTs) of cilia/flagella. TEKTIP1, a newly identified protein by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), is proposed to be localized at the center of the tektin bundle and hypothesized to recruit tektins or stabilize the bundle. However, the physiological role of TEKTIP1 is unknown. In this study, we generated Tektip1-knockout (Tektip1-/-) mice and showed that they were male subfertile primarily due to reduced sperm motility. A high percentage of sperm from Tektip1-/- mice showed moderately disorganized axoneme structures and abnormal flagellar waveforms. TEKTIP1 predominately interacted with TEKT3 among tektins. Loss of TEKTIP1 partially disturbed the organization of tektin bundle by mainly affecting the native status of TEKT3 and its interaction with other tektins. Collectively, our study reveals the physiological role and potential molecular mechanism of TEKTIP1 in axonemal structure and sperm motility, highlights the importance of MIPs in stabilizing DMTs, and suggests a potential relevance of TEKTIP1 deficiency to human asthenospermia. Tektip1-/- mice will be an excellent animal model to study the DMT organization of sperm flagella using cryo-EM in future.

An Ultralow-concentration and Moisture-resistant Electrolyte of Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate in Carbonate Solvents for Stable Cycling in Practical Lithium-ion Batteries.

The electrolyte concentration not only impacts the battery performance but also affects the battery cost and manufacturing. Currently, most studies focus on high-concentration (>3 M) or localized high-concentration electrolytes (~1 M); however, the expensive lithium salt imposes a major concern. Most recently, ultralow concentration electrolytes (<0.3 M) have emerged as intriguing alternatives for battery applications, which feature low cost, low viscosity, and extreme-temperature operation. However, at such an early development stage, many works are urgently needed to further understand the electrolyte properties. Herein, we introduce an ultralow concentration electrolyte of 2 wt % (0.16 M) lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) in standard carbonate solvents. This electrolyte exhibits a record-low salt/solvent mass ratio reported to date, thus pointing to a superior low cost. Furthermore, this electrolyte is highly compatible with commercial Li-ion materials, forming stable and inorganic-rich interphases on the lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode and graphite anode. Consequently, the LiCoO2-graphite full cell demonstrates excellent cycling performance. Besides, this electrolyte is moisture-resistant and effectively suppresses the generation of hydrogen fluoride, which will markedly facilitate the battery assembly and recycling process under ambient conditions.

Reduction of Backward Scatterings at the Low-Coherence Kunwu Laser Facility.

We report the first experimental observation on the reduction of backward scatterings by an instantaneous broadband laser with 0.6% bandwidth in conditions of interest for inertial confinement fusion at the low-coherence Kunwu laser facility. The backscatter of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) was robustly reduced by half at intensities of 1-5×10^{14} W/cm^{2} with the 0.53-µm broadband laser in comparison with the monochromatic laser. As SBS dominates energy loss of laser-plasma interactions, the reduction of that demonstrates the enhancement of laser-target coupling by the use of broadband laser. The mitigation of filamentation leads to the reduction of stimulated Raman backscattering at low intensities. In addition, the three-halves harmonic emission was reduced with the broadband laser as well.

Corrigendum: Plasma exchange for two patients with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy with rapid progression to respiratory failure: a case report.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265609.].

Implementing a continuous quality-improvement framework for tuberculosis infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities in China, 2017-2019.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare facilities is key to reducing transmission risk. A framework for systematically improving TB IPC through training and mentorship was implemented in 9 healthcare facilities in China from 2017 to 2019. METHODS: Facilities conducted standardized TB IPC assessments at baseline and quarterly thereafter for 18 months. Facility-based performance was assessed using quantifiable indicators for IPC core components and administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection controls, and as a composite of all control types We calculated the percentage changes in scores over time and differences by IPC control type and facility characteristics. RESULTS: Scores for IPC core components increased by 72% during follow-up when averaged across facilities. The percentage changes for administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection controls were 39%, 46%, and 30%, respectively. Composite scores were 45% higher after the intervention. Overall, scores increased most during the first 6 months. There was no association between IPC implementation and provincial economic development or volume of TB services. CONCLUSIONS: TB IPC policies and practices showed most improvement early during implementation and did not differ consistently by facility characteristics. The training component of the project helped increase the capacity of healthcare professionals to manage TB transmission risks. Lessons learned here will inform national TB IPC guidance.

Recycling the Spent LiNi1- x - yMnxCoyO2 Cathodes for High-Performance Electrocatalysts toward Both the Oxygen Catalytic and Methanol Oxidation Reactions.

The traditional recycling methods of the spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) involve the intricate and cumbersome steps. This work proposes a facile method of acid leaching followed by the sulfurization treatment to achieve the high Li leaching efficiency, and obtain high-performance multi-function electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER), and methanol oxidation reactions (MOR) from the spent LIB ternary cathodes. By this method, the Li leaching efficiency from the spent LIB ternary cathode can reach 98.3%, and the transition metal sulfide heterostructures (LNMCO-H-450S) consisting MnS, NiS2, and NiCo2S4 phases can be obtained. LNMCO-H-450S shows the superior bifunctional oxygen catalytic activities with ORR half-wave potential of 0.763 V and OER potential at 10 mA cm-2 of 1.561 V, surpassing most of the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. LNMCO-H-450S also demonstrates the superior MOR catalytic activity with the potential at 100 mA cm-2 being 1.37 V. Using LNMCO-H-450S as the oxygen catalyst, this work can construct the aqueous and solid-state zinc-air batteries with high power density of 309 and 257 mW cm-2, respectively. This work provides a promising strategy for the efficient recovery of Li, and reutilization of Ni, Co, and Mn from the spent LIB ternary cathodes.

Plasma exchange for two patients with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy with rapid progression to respiratory failure: a case report.

Background: Patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy can present with early neurological deterioration, but rapidly progressive respiratory failure is rarely reported. We present the cases of two patients with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy who experienced rapid progression to respiratory failure and were effectively treated using plasma exchange therapy. Case report: Two patients were diagnosed with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. Their initial symptoms were consistent with those of previously observed cases of autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. However, they experienced rapid progression to respiratory failure due to their lesion location. Specifically, case 1 had lesions in the medulla oblongata, and case 2 had lesions in the high cervical spinal cord, which are both common sites of lesions causing respiratory failure. The patients did not respond well to intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin initially and could not be withdrawn from ventilator support. Fortunately, subsequent plasma exchange therapy led to significant clinical improvements and successful withdrawal from ventilator support. Discussion: Patients with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy can present with rapidly progressive respiratory failure. Early treatment with plasma exchange can be beneficial in withdrawing patients from ventilator support.

Blastocyst quality and reproductive and perinatal outcomes: a multinational multicentre observational study.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the transfer of single low-grade blastocysts result in acceptable reproductive and perinatal outcomes compared to the transfer of single good-grade blastocysts? SUMMARY ANSWER: The transfer of single low-grade blastocysts resulted in a reduced live birth rate of around 30% (14% for very low-grade blastocysts) compared to 44% for single good-grade blastocysts, but does not lead to more adverse perinatal outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: It is known that low-grade blastocysts can result in live births. However, the current studies are limited by relatively small sample sizes and single-centre designs. Furthermore, evidence on perinatal outcomes after transferring low-grade blastocysts is limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We conducted a multi-centre, multi-national retrospective cohort study of 10 018 women undergoing 10 964 single blastocyst transfer cycles between 2009 and 2020 from 14 clinics across Australia, China, and New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Blastocysts were graded individually based on assessment of the morphology and development of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE), and were grouped into three quality categories: good- (AB, AB, or BA), moderate- (BB), and low-grade (grade C for ICM or TE) blastocysts. CC blastocysts were individually grouped as very low-grade blastocysts. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equation was used to analyse the association between blastocyst quality and live birth as well as other reproductive outcomes. Binomial, multinomial logistic, or linear regression was used to investigate the association between blastocyst quality and perinatal outcomes. Odds ratio (OR), adjusted OR (aOR), adjusted regression coefficient, and their 95% CIs are presented. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: There were 4386 good-grade blastocysts, 3735 moderate-grade blastocysts, and 2843 low-grade blastocysts were included in the analysis, for which the live birth rates were 44.4%, 38.6%, and 30.2%, respectively. Compared to good-grade blastocysts, the live birth rate of low-grade blastocysts was significantly lower (aOR of 0.48 (0.41-0.55)). Very low-grade blastocysts were associated with an even lower live birth rate (aOR 0.30 (0.18-0.52)) and their absolute live birth rate was 13.7%. There were 4132 singleton live births included in the analysis of perinatal outcomes. Compared with good-grade blastocysts, low-grade blastocysts had comparable preterm birth rates (<37 weeks, aOR 1.00 (0.65-1.54)), birthweight Z-scores (adjusted regression coefficient 0.02 (0.09-0.14)), and rates of very low birth weight (<1500 g, aOR 0.84 (0.22-3.25)), low birth weight (1500-2500 g, aOR 0.96 (0.56-1.65)), high birth weight (>4500 g, aOR 0.93 (0.37-2.32)), small for gestational age (aOR 1.63 (0.91-2.93)), and large for gestational age (aOR 1.28 (0.97-1.70)). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Due to the nature of the retrospective design, residual confounding could not be excluded. In addition, the number of events for some perinatal outcomes was small. Between-operator and between-laboratory variations in blastocyst assessment were difficult to control. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Patients undergoing IVF should be informed that low-grade blastocysts result in a lower live birth rate, however they do not increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Further research should focus on the criteria for embryos that should not be transferred and on the follow-up of long-term outcomes of offspring. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): H.Z. is supported by a Monash Research Scholarship. B.W.J.M. is supported by a NHMRC Investigator grant (GNT1176437). R.W. is supported by an NHMRC Emerging Leadership Investigator grant (2009767). B.W.J.M. reports consultancy, travel support, and research funding from Merck. The other authors do not have competing interests to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Whole genome sequence of Streptococcus pluranimalium SP21-2, a porcine strain harbouring optrA and lsa(E) with chromosomal location.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterise the whole genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pluranimalium strain SP21-2 of swine origin in China. METHODS: Illumina Miseq (200X coverage) and Nanopore PromethION platform (100X coverage) were used for genome sequencing. Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) was used to annotate the genome of SP21-2. The antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified using ResFinder-4.1. RESULTS: The assembled circular genome of S. pluranimalium SP21-2 was 1,987,058 bp in length with a GC content of 39.54%, and no plasmid sequence was detected. A total of 2086 coding sequences were predicted by RAST. Oxazolidinone-phenicol resistance gene, optrA, and pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene, lsa(E), are both located on chromosomes, associated with IS1216 and ISS1S, respectively. In addition, SP21-2 harbours lnu(B) (lincosamide), ant (6)-Ia and aac(6')-aph(2") (aminoglycoside), erm(B) (macrolide), and tet(O) (tetracycline). CONCLUSION: We firstly report the oxazolidinone-phenicol gene, optrA, and pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene, lsa(E), in S. pluranimalium. In this strain, we firstly identified ISS1S and IS1216 carrying ARGs in S. pluranimalium, which will provide a valuable reference to understanding potential transfer mechanisms of ARGs in S. pluranimalium.

Assessing the influencing factors of out-of-pocket costs on tuberculosis in Sichuan Province: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although diagnosis and treatment services for tuberculosis (TB) are provided free of charge in most countries, direct non-medical and indirect costs due to absenteeism, also place a significant burden on patients and their families. Sichuan Province has the second highest incidence of TB in China, with an incidence of approximately 100 cases per 100 000 people. However, there are limited research on out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and its influencing factors in TB patients in Sichuan Province. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on TB patients in designated medical institutions for TB in Sichuan Province from 2017-2021. A face-to-face questionnaire was conducted to obtain the information related to hospitalization of patients, and the multi-level regression model was used to analyse the factors that influence OOPE and total out-of-pocket expenditure (TOOPE) of TB patients. RESULTS: A total of 2644 patients were investigated, and 74.24% of TB patients and their families experienced catastrophic total costs due to TB. The median total cost was 9223.37 CNY (1429.98 USD), in which the median direct and indirect costs of TB patients were 10185.00 CNY (1579.07 USD) and 2400.00 CNY (372.09 USD), respectively, and indirect costs contributed to 43% of total costs. The median OOPE and TOOPE costs were 6024.00 CNY (933.95 USD) and 11890.50 CNY (1843.49 USD), respectively. OOPE and TOOPE had common influencing factors including whether the patient's family had four or more members, a history of hospitalization, combination with other types of TB, the number of visits before diagnosis, and co-occurrence with chronic disease. CONCLUSIONS: The OOPE and TOOPE for TB patients and their families in Sichuan Province are still heavy. In the long run, it is necessary to strengthen education and awareness campaigns on TB related knowledge, disseminate basic medical knowledge to the public, improve healthcare-seeking behavior, and enhance the healthcare infrastructure to improve the accuracy of TB diagnosis and reduce the significant OOPE and TOOPE faced by TB patients and their families in Sichuan Province.

Mixed-Solvent-Mediated Strategy for Enhancing Light Absorption of Polydopamine and Adhesion Persistence of Dopamine Solutions.

Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) and its derivative materials have exhibited a huge potential as a facile and versatile route to fabricate multifunctional coatings on virtually any substrate surface. However, their performance and applicability are frequently obstructed by limited optical absorption in visible regions of PDA and poor surface adhesion persistence of dopamine solutions. Herein, we report a facile strategy to improve these problems by rationally regulating the dopamine polymerization pathway through mixed-solvent-mediated periodate oxidation of dopamine. The spectral analysis, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and density functional theory simulations systematically demonstrate that the mixed-solvent reaction systems can effectively accelerate the periodate-induced formation of cyclized moieties in the PDA microstructure and inhibit their further oxidative cleavage, thus contributing to narrowing the inherent energy band gap of PDA and improving the long-lasting surface deposition performance of aged dopamine solutions. Moreover, the newly constructed cyclized species-rich PDA coatings have excellent surface uniformity and significantly enhanced chemical stability. Benefiting from these fascinating properties, they have been further used for permanent dyeing of natural gray hair with remarkably improved blackening effect and excellent practicability, which exhibited their promising prospect in real-world applications.

Discrepancy in the transmissibility of multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in urban and rural areas in China.

The fitness of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is thought to be an important determinant of a strain's ability to be transmitted. Studies in the laboratory have demonstrated that MDR-TB strains have reduced fitness but the relative transmissibility of MDR-TB versus drug-susceptible (DS) TB strains in human populations remains unresolved. We used data on genomic clustering from our previous molecular epidemiological study in Songjiang (2011-2020) and Wusheng (2009-2020), China, to compare the relative transmissibility of MDR-TB versus DS-TB. Genomic clusters were defined with a threshold distance of 12-single-nucleotide-polymorphisms and the risk for MDR-TB clustering was analyzed by logistic regression. In total, 2212 culture-positive pulmonary TB patients were enrolled in Songjiang and 1289 in Wusheng. The clustering rates of MDR-TB and DS-TB strains were 19.4% (20/103) and 26.3% (509/1936), respectively in Songjiang, and 43.9% (29/66) and 26.0% (293/1128) in Wusheng. The risk of MDR-TB clustering was 2.34 (95% CI 1.38-3.94) times higher than DS-TB clustering in Wusheng and 0.64 (95% CI 0.38-1.06) times lower in Songjiang. Neither lineage 2, compensatory mutations nor rpoB S450L were significantly associated with MDR-TB transmission, and katG S315 T increased MDR-TB transmission only in Wusheng (OR 5.28, 95% CI 1.42-19.21). MDR-TB was not more transmissible than DS-TB in either Songjiang or Wusheng. It appears that the different transmissibility of MDR-TB in Songjiang and Wusheng is likely due to differences in the quality of the local TB control programmes. Suggesting that the most effective way to control MDR-TB is by improving local TB control programmes.

The serum follicle stimulating hormone-to-luteinizing hormone ratios can predict assisted reproductive technology outcomes in women undergoing gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist protocol.

Background: The basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) ratio is a useful predictor of ovarian response. In this study, we investigated whether the FSH/LH ratios during the entire controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) can be used as effective predictors of outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment using the gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol. Methods: A total of 1,681 women undergoing their first GnRH-ant protocol were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. A Poisson regression model was used to analyze the association between the FSH/LH ratios during COS and embryological outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the optimal cutoff values for poor responders (≤ 5 oocytes) or poor reproductive potential (≤ 3 available embryos). A nomogram model was constructed to provide a tool for predicting the cycle outcomes of individual IVF treatments. Results: The FSH/LH ratios (at the basal day, stimulation day 6 (SD6) and trigger day) were significantly correlated with the embryological outcomes. The basal FSH/LH ratio was the most reliable predictor of poor responders with a cutoff value of 1.875 (area under the curve (AUC) = 72.3%, P < 0.05), or of poor reproductive potential with a cutoff value of 2.515 (AUC = 66.3%, P < 0.05). The SD6 FSH/LH ratio predicted poor reproductive potential with a cutoff value of 4.14 (AUC = 63.8%, P < 0.05). The trigger day FSH/LH ratio predicted poor responders with a cutoff value of 9.665 (AUC = 63.1%, P < 0.05). The basal FSH/LH ratio, combined with the SD6 and trigger day FSH/LH ratios, slightly increased these AUC values and improved the prediction sensitivity. The nomogram provides a reliable model with which to assess the risk of poor response or poor reproductive potential directly based on the combined indicators. Conclusions: FSH/LH ratios are useful predictors of poor ovarian response or reproductive potential throughout the entire COS with the GnRH antagonist protocol. Our findings also provide insights into the potential for LH supplementation and regimen adjustment during COS to achieve improved outcomes.