Current development of molecular classifications of gastric cancer based on omics (Review).

Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease with significant phenotypic and genetic variation. Traditional classification systems rely mainly on the evaluation of clinical pathological features and conventional biomarkers and might not capture the diverse clinical processes of individual GCs. The latest discoveries in omics technologies such as next­generation sequencing, proteomics and metabolomics have provided crucial insights into potential genetic alterations and biological events in GC. Clustering strategies for identifying subtypes of GC might offer new tools for improving GC treatment and clinical trial outcomes by enabling the development of therapies tailored to specific subtypes. However, the feasibility and therapeutic significance of implementing molecular classifications of GC in clinical practice need to addressed. The present review examines the current molecular classifications, delineates the prevailing landscape of clinically relevant molecular features, analyzes their correlations with traditional GC classifications, and discusses potential clinical applications.

Oral microbiota and gastric cancer: recent highlights and knowledge gaps.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and has a high mortality rate. However, tests for the early screening and diagnosis of gastric cancer are limited and invasive. Certain oral microorganisms are over-expressed in gastric cancer, but there is heterogeneity among different studies. Notably, each oral ecological niche harbors specific microorganisms. Among them, tongue coating, saliva, and dental plaque are important and unique ecological niches in the oral cavity. The colonization environment in different oral niches may be a source of heterogeneity. In this paper, we systematically discuss the latest developments in the field of the oral microbiota and gastric cancer and elucidate the enrichment of microorganisms in the oral ecological niches of the tongue coatings, saliva, and dental plaque in gastric cancer patients. The various potential mechanisms by which the oral microbiota induces gastric cancer (activation of an excessive inflammatory response; promotion of proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis; and secretion of carcinogens, leading to imbalance in gastric microbial communities) are explored. In this paper, we also highlight the applications of the rapeutics targeting the oral microbiota in gastric cancer and suggests future research directions related to the relationship between the oral microbiota and gastric cancer.

Elevated cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 levels in patients with anti-gamma-aminobutyric- acid-B receptor encephalitis.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid-B receptor (GABAbR) encephalitis is a rare form of autoimmune encephalitis. Until now, there are few biomarkers that can indicate the severity and prognosis of patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis. The objective of this study was to exam the changes of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) in patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis. In addition, whether YKL-40 could indicate the disease severity was also evaluated. METHODS: The clinical features of 14 patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis and 21 patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis were retrospectively studied. YKL-40 levels in serum and cerebral fluid (CSF) of patients were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of encephalitis patients and YKL40 levels were analyzed. RESULTS: YKL-40 levels in CSF were significantly higher in patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis or anti-NMDAR encephalitis than those in controls. YKL-40 levels between these two encephalitis groups were not different. Moreover, YKL-40 levels in CSF from patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis were positively correlated with the mRS score at admission and at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: YKL-40 level is elevated in CSF from patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis at early disease stage. YKL-40 may be a potential biomarker indicating the prognosis of patients with anti-GABAbR encephalitis.

Systemic inflammation response index is a useful indicator in distinguishing MOGAD from AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD.

Objective: To identify reliable immune-inflammation indicators for distinguishing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) from anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). To assess these indicators' predictive significance in MOGAD recurrence. Methods: This study included 25 MOGAD patients, 60 AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients, and 60 healthy controls (HCs). Age and gender were matched among these three groups. Participant clinical and imaging findings, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) information, and blood cell counts were documented. Subsequently, immune-inflammation indicators were calculated and compared among the MOGAD, AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD, and HC groups. Furthermore, we employed ROC curve analysis to assess the predictive performance of each indicator and binary logistic regression analysis to assess potential risk factors. Results: In MOGAD patients, systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), CSF white cell count (WCC), and CSF immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were significantly higher than in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients (p = 0.038, p = 0.039, p = 0.021, respectively). The ROC curves showed that SIRI had a sensitivity of 0.68 and a specificity of 0.7 for distinguishing MOGAD from AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD, with an AUC of 0.692 (95% CI: 0.567-0.818, p = 0.0054). Additionally, compared to HCs, both MOGAD and AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients had higher neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), SIRI, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). Eight (32%) of the 25 MOGAD patients had recurrence within 12 months. We found that the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR, AUC = 0.805, 95% CI = 0.616-0.994, cut-off value = 0.200, sensitivity = 0.750, specificity = 0.882) was an effective predictor of MOGAD recurrence. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that MLR below 0.200 at first admission was the only risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.005, odds ratio =22.5, 95% CI: 2.552-198.376). Conclusion: Elevated SIRI aids in distinguishing MOGAD from AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD; lower MLR levels may be linked to the risk of MOGAD recurrence.

The prevalence of sexual violence against female children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence against female children is considered an important public health problem. However, there are currently no clear prevalence rates across the globe on which to base measures to protect these children. The objective of this study is to systematically summarize the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases from their inception through April 2021 for pertinent studies reporting the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. The prevalence rate was estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistic. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated through subgroup analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: A total of 28 cross-sectional studies were included (a total of 30,524 participants). The pooled sexual violence rate against female children was 0.24 (95 % CI = 0.20-0.27). Groups comparisons revealed that sexual violence rates obtained from 1981 to 2000 (0.28, 95 % CI = 0.21-0.36) were higher than those obtained from 2001 to 2020 (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.16-0.25), that rates were higher for female children from developed countries (0.25, 95 % CI = 0.20-0.29) than for those from developing countries (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.14-0.27), the rates for surveyed adults (0.22, 95 % CI = 0.17-0.28) than for surveyed female children (0.18, 95 % CI = 0.10-0.26), and that rates for those ≤15 years of age (0.10, 95 % CI = 0.01-0.20) were much lower than those for older children. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly a quarter (24 %) of female children have been victims of sexual violence. Prevention strategies should be developed urgently to protect female children from aggression.

Awareness of Internetbased sex education and associated factors among middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the awareness of Internet based sex education and associated among middle school students, and to provide scientific basis to improve sex education using online resources.@*Methods@#By using stratified cluster random sampling method, 449 students from 8 middle schools in Zhejiang Province were investigated with a self designed questionnaire by Chi square test, Logistic regression, and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA).@*Results@#The awareness of Internet based sex education was 66.59%(299), among which 17.15%(77) chose "WeChat", 7.35%(33) chose "sex education website", and 42.09%(189) chose"video platform" as the primary resources of online sex education, respectively. In the sexual health literacy of middle school students, the correct rate in sexual safety and sexual assault was higher than 40%, with STD transmission and prevention higher than 70%. The correct rate was more than 80% when it came to sexual physiology and sexual development. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher score of sexual health literacy was associated with higher awareness of Internet based sex education ( OR =1.06, 95% CI =1.01-1.11, P <0.05). According to the IPA, the teaching effect and content in area A (the dominant area) had higher scores of importance and satisfaction.The funniness of content in area B (retention area) had a lower importance score and a higher satisfaction score. The practicality and interactivity in area C (opportunity area) had low scores of importance and satisfaction. The curriculum model in area D (improvement area) scored higher in importance and lower in satisfaction.@*Conclusion@#The awareness of Internet based sex education needs to be improved among middle school students. Efforts should be made to improve sexual health literacy. Online platforms providing sex education should focus on improving the relevant course model, strengthening the practicability and interactivity of the course, and continue to maintain the advantage of teaching effect, teaching content and interesting aspects of the course.