Trends in prevalence of arthritis by race among adults in the United States, 2011-2018.

BACKGROUND: There is currently a lack of comprehensive prevalence information on arthritis and its various classifications among adults in the U.S., particularly given the notable absence of detailed data regarding the Asian population. We examined the trends in the prevalence of arthritis, including osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and other types of arthritis, among U.S. adults by race between 2011 and 2018. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), spanning from 2011 to 2018. Our study focused on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 20 and older. Participants who answered "y es" to the research question "Doctors ever said you had arthritis?" were classified as having arthritis. Further classification into specific diseases was based on responses to the question "Which type of arthritis was it?" with options including "OA or degenerative arthritis, " "RA, " "PsA, " or "Other. " RESULTS: We analyzed 22,566 participants from NHANES (2011-2018), averaging 44.8 years, including 10,927 males. The overall arthritis prevalence rose significantly from 22.98% (95% CI: 21.47-24.55%) in 2011-12 to 27.95% (95% CI: 26.20-29.76%) in 2017-18 (P for trend < 0.001). OA increased from 12.02% (95% CI: 10.82-13.35%) in 2011 to 14.93% (95% CI: 13.47-16.51%) in 2018 (P for trend < 0.001). RA and PsA remained stable (P for trend = 0.220 and 0.849, respectively), while other arthritis rose from 2.03% (95% CI: 1.54-2.67%) in 2011-12 to 3.14% (95% CI: 2.56-3.86%) in 2017-18 (P for trend = 0.001). In Whites, Asians, and other races , arthritis and RA prevalence increased significantly (P for trend < 0.05). OA and other arthritis rose in Whites and other races (P for trend < 0.05), but no significant change occurred in the black population. The prevalence of PsA remained stable across all racial groups, with no statistically significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationally representative U.S. adult survey spanning 2011 to 2018, we identified a rising prevalence trend in arthritis, OA, and other arthritis, with notable variations among different racial groups.

Development and Validation of an Automated Classification System for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Using Deep Learning Approach: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Accurate classification can facilitate the selection of appropriate interventions to delay the progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study aimed to perform the classification of ONFH through a deep learning approach. METHODS: We retrospectively sampled 1,806 midcoronal magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 1,337 hips from 4 institutions. Of these, 1,472 midcoronal MRIs of 1,155 hips were divided into training, validation, and test datasets with a ratio of 7:1:2 to develop a convolutional neural network model (CNN). An additional 334 midcoronal MRIs of 182 hips were used to perform external validation. The predictive performance of the CNN and the review panel was also compared. RESULTS: A multiclass CNN model was successfully developed. In internal validation, the overall accuracy of the CNN for predicting the severity of ONFH based on the Japanese Investigation Committee classification was 87.8%. The macroaverage values of area under the curve (AUC), precision, recall, and F-value were 0.90, 84.8, 84.8, and 84.6%, respectively. In external validation, the overall accuracy of the CNN was 83.8%. The macroaverage values of area under the curve, precision, recall, and F-value were 0.87, 79.5, 80.5, and 79.9%, respectively. In a human-machine comparison study, the CNN outperformed or was comparable to that of the deputy chief orthopaedic surgeons. CONCLUSION: The CNN is feasible and robust for classifying ONFH and correctly locating the necrotic area. These findings suggest that classifying ONFH using deep learning with high accuracy and generalizability may aid in predicting femoral head collapse and clinical decision-making.

Comparison of laparoscopic lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer with and without routine resection of the visceral branches of internal iliac artery.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the safety and feasibility of the modified lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) with routine resection of the visceral branches of internal iliac vessels (IIVs) for mid-low-lying rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Consecutive patients undergoing LLND for rectal cancer were divided into the routine visceral branches of the IIVs resection group (RVR group) and the NRVR group (without routine resection). The main outcomes were postoperative complications and the number of lateral lymph nodes harvested. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2021, a total of 75 and 57 patients were included in the RVR and NRVR group, respectively. The operative time was reduced in the RVR group (p = 0.020). No significant difference was observed between the two groups for the incidence of total, major, or minor postoperative complications. Pathologically confirmed LLNM were 24 (32%) patients in the RVR group and 12 (21.1%) in the NRVR group (p = 0.162). The number of lateral lymph nodes harvested had no significant difference between two groups (11 vs. 12, p = 0.329). CONCLUSION: LLND with routine resection of visceral branches of IIVs is safe and feasible, which brings no major complication or long-term urinary disorder.

Efficacy of DAIR in managing Candida parapsilosis-infected total knee arthroplasty with five-year follow-up: A case report and review of literature.

RATIONALE: Fungal periprosthetic joint infections (fPJIs) are relatively uncommon, accounting for approximately 1% of all PJIs. Revision surgery is typically recommended for fungal infections; however, the physical and financial impact on patients is significant. In this report, we present a case of fPJI successfully treated with debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) with a favorable outcome over a 5-year period. PATIENT CONCERN: A 56-year-old male patient presented with a non-healing surgical incision 1 week after undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty on the right side. DIAGNOSIS: Microbiological culture of the wound effusion identified Candida parapsilosis. Postoperatively, the patient exhibited a significant decrease in serum albumin levels and poor glycemic control. Both C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were elevated. INTERVENTIONS: A comprehensive DAIR procedure was performed, along with continuous closed irrigation using fluconazole for 1 week. The patient received intravenous voriconazole for 4 weeks, followed by oral fluconazole for an additional 3 months. OUTCOMES: At 1- and 5-year follow-up appointments, the patient C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were within normal limits, and there was no evidence of swelling, erythema, or tenderness in the right knee joint, indicating no signs of infection. LESSONS: DAIR is an effective treatment for early fPJIs, and continuous closed irrigation may provide specific advantages. The patient nutritional status plays a crucial role in the management of periprosthetic infections.

Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Osteoradionecrosis of the Femoral Head.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the femoral head is an important issue for orthopedists and radiologists in clinical practice. With the rapid development of technological advances in radiation therapy and the improvement in cancer survival rates, the incidence of ORN is rising, and there is an unmet need for basic and clinical research. The pathogenesis of ORN is complex, and includes vascular injury, mesenchymal stem cell injury, bone loss, reactive oxygen species, radiation-induced fibrosis, and cell senescence. The diagnosis of ORN is challenging and requires multiple considerations, including exposure to ionizing radiation, clinical manifestations, and findings on physical examination and imaging. Differential diagnosis is essential, as clinical symptoms of ORN of the femoral head can resemble many other hip conditions. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, total hip arthroplasty, and Girdlestone resection arthroplasty are effective treatments, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. The literature on ORN of the femoral head is incomplete and there is no criterion standard or clear consensus on management. Clinicians should gain a better and more comprehensive understanding on this disease to facilitate its early and better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This article aims to review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of osteoradionecrosis of the femoral head.

The same parastomal hernia repairs rate in the different approaches to colostomy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the parastomal hernia repairs rate in the different approaches to colostomy and investigate the risk factors for parastomal hernia formation in patients with permanent colostomies. METHODS: Consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection from June 2014 to July 2020 in West China Hospital were divided into two groups according to their surgical approach for permanent colostomies. The impact of different approaches to colostomy on parastomal hernia repairs was determined by comparing a group of patients receiving an extraperitoneal route to colostomy with a group receiving transperitoneal. Potential variables were evaluated first with univariate and then multivariate analyses to identify the risk factors for the formation of parastomal hernia. RESULTS: Two hundred two subjects in the transperitoneal group and 103 in the extraperitoneal group attended the follow-up visit with a median follow-up period of 33 (25th-75th percentiles, 17-46) months. Clinically and radiologically detectable parastomal hernias were present in 76 of 202 (37.6%) and 14 of 103 (13.6%) subjects in the transperitoneal and extraperitoneal groups during the follow-up period (p＜0.01). Besides, 10 of 76 (13.1%) subjects in the transperitoneal group and 2 of 14 (14.3%) subjects in the extraperitoneal group underwent a parastomal hernia operation during the follow-up (p = 0.82). In addition, the transperitoneal approach of colostomy (p = 0.002), older age (p＜0.001), and higher body mass index (p = 0.013) were identified as independent risk factors for the occurrence of parastomal hernia. CONCLUSIONS: Extraperitoneal colostomy decreased the detectable parastomal hernias but did not reduce the surgical repair rate of parastomal hernias.

Automatic detection of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head from various hip pathologies using deep convolutional neural network: a multi-centre study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for detecting early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) from various hip pathologies and evaluate the feasibility of its application. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed and annotated hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of ONFH patients from four participated institutions and constructed a multi-centre dataset to develop the DCNN system. The diagnostic performance of the DCNN in the internal and external test datasets was calculated, including area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) technique was used to visualize its decision-making process. In addition, a human-machine comparison trial was performed. RESULTS: Overall, 11,730 hip MRI segments from 794 participants were used to develop and optimize the DCNN system. The AUROC, accuracy, and precision of the DCNN in internal test dataset were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-1.00), 96.6% (95% CI: 93.0-100%), and 97.6% (95% CI: 94.6-100%), and in external test dataset, they were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91- 0.99), 95.2% (95% CI, 91.1-99.4%), and 95.7% (95% CI, 91.7-99.7%). Compared with attending orthopaedic surgeons, the DCNN showed superior diagnostic performance. The Grad-CAM demonstrated that the DCNN placed focus on the necrotic region. CONCLUSION: Compared with clinician-led diagnoses, the developed DCNN system is more accurate in diagnosing early ONFH, avoiding empirical dependence and inter-reader variability. Our findings support the integration of deep learning systems into real clinical settings to assist orthopaedic surgeons in diagnosing early ONFH.

Methylene blue can increase the number of lymph nodes harvested in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

AIM: The lymph node (LN) status plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC), which depends on adequate LN harvest. In some studies, methylene blue has been used to increase the number of LNs harvested in vitro. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of methylene blue staining on LN harvest during radical resection of CRC. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from the dates of inception until 15 October 2022. Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized controlled trials for radical resection of rectal cancer according to the principle of total mesorectal excision that compared the use of methylene blue with blank control in LN harvest. The primary outcomes were the number of LNs harvested and the incidence of fewer than 12 LNs harvested. RESULT: Of 328 articles found, a meta-analysis was conducted of 15 studies (2 randomized controlled trials and 13 non-randomized controlled trials) composed of 3104 patients. Meta-analysis showed that methylene blue could not only significantly increase the number of LNs harvested in CRC specimens (stained group 28.23 vs unstained group 16.15; weighted mean difference 12.08; 95% CI, 8.03-16.12; p < 0.001; I2 = 95%), but also reduce the incidence of fewer than 12 LNs harvested (methylene blue-stained group 7.91% vs unstained group 30.90%; OR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.26; p < 0.001; I2 = 78%). CONCLUSION: Methylene blue can increase the number of LNs harvested in CRC, reduce the incidence of fewer than 12 LNs harvested, and ensure the accuracy of LN staging.

Lymph node stain after radical resection of rectal cancer mainly increased the harvest of mini lymph node: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: The lymph node status plays an important role in rectal cancer, which depends on adequate lymph node harvest. Lymph node stain techniques increase the lymph node harvest. The aim of this prospective study is to investigate which subgroups of lymph nodes harvested were increased mostly. METHODS: From May 2020 to May 2022, 172 stage II-III rectal cancer patients were randomized to methylene blue (MB) stained group or unstained group to retrieve the lymph nodes. Methylene blue solution was injected into the inferior mesenteric artery, we dissected lymph nodes by palpation and sight. The lymph nodes were divided into 3 groups depending on the anatomy (main lymph nodes, superior rectal and perirectal lymph nodes (SPLNs), and pericolic lymph nodes located beyond 10 cm proximal to the tumor), and 3 groups depending on the short diameter of the nodes (big: ≥ 5 mm, small: 5-2 mm, mini: ≤ 2 mm). RESULTS: The number of lymph nodes harvested with MB was significantly higher (22.0 (14.8, 32.0) vs 14.5 (11.0, 22.0); p < 0.001) without difference in positive patients or number of positive nodes. The positive rate of the big node was 3.5%, the small node was 1.9%, and the mini node was 0.2%. In the subgroup analysis, the median number of mini lymph nodes in the MB-stained group was significantly more than that of the unstained group (median (IQR): 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) vs 4.0 (2.0,6.0), p < 0.001); and the median number of SPLNs in the MB-stained group were significantly more than that of the unstained group (median (IQR): 15.0 (9.0, 19.0) vs 10.0 (6.0, 13.3), p < 0.001); these differences were existing in both patients with and without neoadjuvant treatments. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial injection of MB can significantly increase the number of lymph nodes harvested in rectal cancers, especially those mini lymph nodes. However, methylene blue staining did not significantly increase the number of positive lymph nodes and the proportion of patients with more than 12 lymph nodes, or affect lymph node staging accuracy after radical resection of rectal cancer.

Deep Learning Approach for Diagnosing Early Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is challenging due to variability in the surgeon's experience level. This study developed an MRI-based deep learning system to detect early ONFH and evaluated its feasibility in the clinic. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated clinical MRIs of the hips that were performed in our institution from January 2019 to June 2022 and collected all MRIs diagnosed with early ONFH. An advanced convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained and optimized; then, the diagnostic performance of the CNN was evaluated according to its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. We also further compared the CNN's performance with that of orthopaedic surgeons. RESULTS: Overall, 11,061 images were retrospectively included in the present study and were divided into three datasets with ratio 7:2:1. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the CNN model for identifying early ONFH were 0.98, 98.4, 97.6, and 98.6%, respectively. In our review panel, the averaged accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for identifying ONFH were 91.7, 87.0, and 94.1% for attending orthopaedic surgeons; 87.1, 84.0, and 89.3% for resident orthopaedic surgeons; and 97.1, 96.0, and 97.9% for deputy chief orthopaedic surgeons, respectively. CONCLUSION: The deep learning system showed a comparable performance to that of deputy chief orthopaedic surgeons in identifying early ONFH. The success of deep learning diagnosis of ONFH might be conducive to assisting less-experienced surgeons, especially in large-scale medical imaging screening and community scenarios lacking consulting experts.

Optimal Timing of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: The timing of surgery has been regarded as a key factor in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and early vs delayed ACLR remains a controversial topic. Objective: To synthesize up-to-date published data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing early vs elective delayed ACLR for patients with ACL deficiency, in terms of clinical outcomes and complications. Data Sources: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched until September 9, 2022. Study Selection: All published RCTs comparing clinical and functional outcomes and complications associated with early ACLR vs elective delayed ACLR. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data and assessed the methodological quality following the PRISMA guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures: Due to the clinical heterogeneity, the random-effects model was preferred. The primary outcomes were functional outcomes and complications. The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to evaluate dichotomous variables and the inverse variance method was used to assess continuous variables. Results: This meta-analysis included 972 participants in 11 RCTs stratified by follow-up duration. The following factors did not differ between early and delayed ACLR: operative time (mean difference, 4.97; 95% CI, -0.68 to 10.61; P = .08), retear (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.52-4.43; P = .44), and infection (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 0.77-18.79; P = .10). There were also no differences between groups in range of motion, knee laxity, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC rating scale), and Tegner score. IKDC score (mean difference, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.89-3.66; P < .001), and Lysholm score at 2-year follow-up (mean difference, 2.61; 95% CI, 0.74-4.48; P = .006) significantly differed between early and delayed ACLR. In addition, the timing of surgery was redefined in the included RCTs and subgroup analyses were performed, which validated the robustness of the principal results. Conclusion and Relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that early ACLR was not superior to delayed ACLR in terms of most factors analyzed, except for IKDC and Lysholm scores. This information should be available to patients with ACL deficiency and clinicians as part of the shared decision-making process of treatment selection.

Acetabular Revision Arthroplasty Based on 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Technology Using Jumbo Cups.

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the changes in cup coverage (CC) and hip center of rotation (HCOR) in acetabular defects of various severities treated with acetabular revision using jumbo cups. Methods: A total of 86 hips were included. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) classification of these patients was as follows: 16 patients, AAOS I; 16 patients, AAOS II; and 16 patients, AAOS III. A three-dimensional (3D) implant simulation technique was used to visualize the placement of jumbo cups during revision arthroplasty. The acetabular anteversion, inclination, CC, and the HCOR were measured. Results: The inclination and anteversion of simulated acetabular cups in AAOS I-III groups were consistent with the normal acetabular anatomy. Compared with the controls, in AAOS I-III groups, the HCOR was significantly increased and CC was significantly decreased. The HCOR elevation was significantly higher in AAOS III patients than in AAOS I (p = 0.001) and AAOS II patients (p < 0.001). The use of the jumbo cup technology for acetabular revision would decrease the CC in AAOS I-III patients to 86.47, 84.78, and 74.51%, respectively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that in patients with acetabular defects, acetabular revision arthroplasty using jumbo cups will lead to decreased CC and HCOR upshift. Upon classifying these patients according to the AAOS classification, CC decreased with the severity of acetabular defects, and the elevation of the HCOR in AAOS III patients exceeded 10 mm and was significantly higher than in other patients.

Osteoradionecrosis of the Hip, a Troublesome Complication of Radiation Therapy: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Background: Osteoradionecrosis of the hip is a serious complication of radiotherapy that is easily overlooked by physicians and patients in the early stages. There are relatively few reports on this subject, so there is no clear scientific consensus for the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and clinical treatment of hip osteoradionecrosis. In this paper, we report two cases of hip osteoradionecrosis and systematically review the related literature. Case Presentation: We report two cases of hip osteoradionecrosis. One patient successfully underwent total hip arthroplasty in our hospital and recovered well postoperatively. Another patient although we offered a variety of surgical options for this patient, the patient was worried that the bone loss would lead to poor prosthesis fixation, resulting in prosthesis loosening and infection, and therefore ultimately refused surgical treatment. Conclusion: With the development of radiological techniques, the incidence of hip osteoradionecrosis is decreasing year by year, but early diagnosis and rational treatment remain challenging. The effects of non-surgical treatment are limited. Early prevention, early detection, and early intervention are crucial to delay or prevent the emergence of more serious complications.

Trabecular metal versus non-trabecular metal acetabular components for acetabular revision surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare cup survival and the incidence of adverse events associated with the use of trabecular metal (TM) and non-TM cups for acetabular revision surgery. METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for comparative studies that reported cup survival and the incidence of adverse events associated with the use of TM and non-TM cups for acetabular revision surgery. Primary outcomes included cup survival, aseptic loosening, dislocation, and infection. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 6 studies that involved 13,864 total hip arthroplasty (THA) revisions who underwent acetabular revision surgery with TM (n = 5,619) or non-TM (n = 8,245) cups. The meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference in cup survival using re-revision for any reason or aseptic loosening as the endpoint following acetabular revision surgery with TM or non-TM cups (HR = 0.96; [95% CI, 0.84-1.09]; HR = 1.29; [95% CI, 0.70-2.38]). Pooled data indicated that the overall incidence of adverse events for TM or non-TM cups was 6.8% (382/5,289) and 9.0% (725/8,083), respectively, and not significantly different (OR = 0.91; [95% CI, 0.80-1.04]). The incidence of aseptic loosening and infection were significantly lower (OR = 0.75; [95% CI, 0.58-0.96]; OR = 0.70; [95% CI, 0.54-0.90]) and the incidence of dislocation was significantly higher (OR = 1.53; [95% CI, 1.22-1.91]) for TM compared to non-TM cups. CONCLUSION: This review was the first to use reconstructed time-to-event data to find that there was no difference in survival of TM and non-TM cups in acetabular revision surgery. Overall, fewer adverse events were associated with the use of TM compared to non-TM cups, but the difference was not significant. The incidence of aseptic loosening and infection were significantly lower and the incidence of dislocation was significantly higher for TM compared to non-TM cups. This information is expected to guide orthopedic surgeons in the selection of appropriate acetabular components for THA revision.

[Research status of acetabular reconstruction in Crowe type â ¡ and â ¢ developmental dysplasia of the hip].

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a major cause of hip arthritis and ultimately total hip arthroplasty. Due to the dysplastic acetabulum, how to place the acetabular cup becomes a challenge in acetabular reconstruction for such patients. Especially in the acetabula classified as Crowe typeⅡand type Ⅲ, the dislocation of the femoral head causes bone defects above the true acetabulum, which will affect the stability of the acetabular cup when the acetabular reconstruction is performed at the true acetabulum. Many acetabular reconstruction methods such as bone grafting, the use of small acetabular cups, socket medialization technique, and high hip center technique are used to increase the host bone coverage of the cup. However, each method has its own shortcomings that can not be ignored so that there is no unified conclusion on the acetabular reconstruction methods for Crowe typeⅡand type Ⅲ hip dysplasia. This article summarized and evaluated various reconstruction methods in combination with the acetabular morphology of DDH, and put forward the research direction in the future.

The MRI-based 3D morphologic changes of knee meniscus under knee weight-bearing and early flexion conditions.

There are few studies investigate morphologic changes of knee meniscus in vivo mechanical loading and three-dimensions (3D) deformation and displacement of the whole meniscus between in vivo mechanical loading and unloading conditions are still unclear. To investigate the displacements and 3D morphological changes of the menisci under knee weight-bearing and early flexion conditions in healthy adults using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-compatible loading device (a 3.0 T MR imaging system) combined with a newly developed 3D comparison technique. Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited in this cross-sectional observational study. Each subject underwent MRIs of their dominant right knee in eight different scanning conditions using a 3.0-T MRI scanner with a custom-made MRI-compatible loading device. The knee meniscus images were 3D reconstructed, and dimensional comparisons were made for each meniscal model with baseline (0°-unloaded model). The morphologic changes of the meniscal-anterior horn (AH), body (BD), and posterior horn (PH) regions were expressed as mean positive and negative deviations. The displacements were further investigated, and the meniscal extrusions of different subregions were measured. The morphologic changing patterns of human meniscus under loading and flexions were presented using 3D chromatic maps. The bilateral menisci were generally shifting laterally and posteriorly in most flexion angles and were changing medially and anteriorly under fully extended knee loading conditions. The mean deviations were more significant with loading at 0° of knee flexion, while the PH region in the lateral side changed further posteriorly with loading in 30° flexion. Most of the differences were not significant in other flexion angles between loading conditions. The extrusion of meniscus's medial body was greater in full extension compared to any other flexing angles. Mechanical loading can significantly deform the menisci in knee extension; however, this effect is limited during knee flexion. Current study can be used as a reference for the evaluations of the integrity in meniscal functions.

[Research progression in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis].

Osteoarthritis(OA) is one of the most common joint diseases. As Chinese society enters the age of aging, the incidence of OA has been soar year by year, and research on its pathogenesis has been continuously valued by researchers. Studies have found that inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were responsible for the construction of OA inflammatory networks. It was also found that the overexpression of proteases, mainly matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), was the direct cause of OA cartilage deficiency. What's more, signaling pathways such as stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and Wnt, chondrocytic senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), chondrocyte apoptosis and autophagy, and estrogen all play significant roles in OA pathogenesis. This paper extensively reviews the research literature relevant to the pathogenesis of OA in recent years, and systematically expounds the pathogenesis of OA from two aspects:molecular level and cell level. At the end of the paper, we discussed and predicted some potential directions in the future clinical diagnosis and treatment of OA.

Bone defect map of the true acetabulum in hip dysplasia (Crowe type II and III) based on three-dimensional image reconstruction analysis.

The high hip center technique (HHC) is considered to be feasible for acetabular reconstruction in patients with DDH, but there is little in-depth study of its specific impact on Crowe type II and III DDH. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously analyze the effect of HHC on bone coverage of the cup (CC) in the acetabular reconstruction of type II and III DDH patients and to propose a map of acetabular bone defects from the perspective of the cup. Forty-nine hip CT data of 39 patients with DDH (Crowe type II and III) were collected to simulate acetabular reconstruction by cup models of different sizes (diameter 38mm-50 mm, 2 mm increment) with the HHC technique. The frequency distribution was plotted by overlapping the portions of the 44 mm cups that were not covered by the host bone. The mean CC of cups with sizes of 38 mm, 40 mm, 42 mm, 44 mm, 46 mm, 48 mm, and 50 mm at the true acetabula were 77.85%, 76.71%, 75.73%, 74.56%, 73.68%, 72.51%, and 71.75%, respectively, and the maximum CC increments were 21.24%, 21.58%, 20.86%, 20.04%, 18.62%, 17.18%, and 15.42% (P < 0.001), respectively, after the cups were elevated from the true acetabula. The bone defect map shows that 95% of type II and III DDH acetabula had posterosuperior bone defects, and approximately 60% were located outside the force line of the hip joint. Acetabular cups can meet a CC of more than 70% at the true acetabulum, and approximately 60% of Crowe type II and III DDH patients can obtain satisfactory CC at the true acetabulum by using a 44-mm cup without additional operations.

Effects of the depth of the acetabular component during simulated acetabulum reaming in total hip arthroplasty.

We aimed to evaluate whether there are differences in the rotation center, cup coverage, and biomechanical effects between conventional and anatomical technique. Computed tomography scans of 26 normal hips were used to simulate implantation of acetabular component. The hip rotation center and acetabular component coverage rate were calculated. Moreover, a finite element model of the hip joint was generated to simulate and evaluate the acetabular cup insertion. Micromotion and the peak stress distribution were used to quantify the biomechanical properties. The medial and superior shifts of the rotation center were 5.2 ± 1.8 mm and 1.6 ± 0.7 mm for the conventional reaming technique and 1.1 ± 1.5 mm and 0.8 ± 0.5 mm for anatomical technique, respectively. The acetabular component coverage rates for conventional reaming technique and anatomical technique were 86.8 ± 4% and 70.0 ± 7%, respectively. The micromotion of the cup with conventional reaming technique was greater than that with anatomical technique. The peak stress concentration was highest in the superior portion with conventional reaming technique, whereas with anatomical technique, there was no stress concentration. Paradoxically although the acetabular component coverage rate is larger with conventional reaming technique, anatomical technique provides less micromotion and stress concentration for initial cup stability. Thus, anatomical technique may be more suitable for acetabulum reaming during primary total hip arthroplasty.

Comparison of the Sterilization Efficiency of 3 Disinfectants for Dropped Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The inadvertent contamination of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts can occur if they are accidentally dropped on the floor during ACL reconstruction. There has been no meta-analysis conducted to compare the sterilization efficiency of the different disinfectants used on dropped ACL grafts. PURPOSE: To compare the sterilization efficiency of 3 disinfectants to decontaminate ACL grafts as necessary. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed using the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. All studies reporting the management of dropped or contaminated grafts were considered for this meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 7 studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified from a literature search. The pooled results of this meta-analysis indicated that the rate of positive cultures of ACL grafts dropped on the operating room floor was 44.9% and that the commonly contaminated microbes were staphylococci and bacilli. The meta-analysis results indicated that the sterilization efficiency of a 4% chlorhexidine solution was superior to an antibiotic solution (odds ratio [OR], 0.17 [95% CI, 0.05-0.57]; P = .004) and a 10% povidone-iodine solution (OR, 0.04 [95% CI, 0.01-0.20]; P < .0001). Further, the antibiotic solution was superior to the 10% povidone-iodine solution (OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.07-0.55]; P = .002). CONCLUSION: The results of our meta-analysis demonstrated that staphylococci and bacilli were the most common contaminants on dropped ACL grafts and that decontamination using a 4% chlorhexidine solution more reliably disinfected ACL grafts. This information can help to guide surgeons as regards appropriate remedial measures.