Three Undescribed Protoilludane-type Sesquiterpene Aryl Esters from Armillaria gallica.

Three previously undescribed protoilludane-type sesquiterpene aryl esters, armillanals A-C (1-3), along with seven known ones (4-10) were obtained from Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. Compounds 1 and 2 were a rare class of sesquiterpenes featuring the Δ2(3) and Δ12(13)-protoilludane skeleton. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods. Based on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, the absolute configurations of three new compounds (1-3) were determined. The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-10 was screened and compound 3 could dose-dependently decrease the level of lactate dehydrogenase, showing IC50 value of 4.525 µM.

Six new quassinoids from Picrasma chinese P·Y. Chen and their cytotoxicity activity.

In the present study, six new compounds namely, picralactones CH (1-6) along with nine known compounds (7-15) were isolated from the branches and leaves of Picrasma chinese P.Y. Chen. Their structures were determined with the help of spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR and CD. Cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated against MDA-MB-231, SW-620 and HepG2 human cancer cell lines. Compound 4 showed cytotoxic activities.

Two new oleanane triterpenes from Maytenus hookeri.

Two new triterpenes mayteneri A (1), mayteneri B (2), and seven known compounds (3-9) were isolated from stems of Maytenus hookeri Loes. The chemical structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established by 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS analysis, and calculating electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The structures of known compounds 3-9 were determined by comparison of their spectral with those reported. Compounds 4-7 showed significant inhibitory activity for NLRP3 inflammasome, with the IC50 values of 2.36-3.44 µM.

Luteolin and its analog luteolin-7-methylether from Leonurus japonicus Houtt suppress aromatase-mediated estrogen biosynthesis to alleviate polycystic ovary syndrome by the inhibition of tumor progression locus 2.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Leonurus japonicus Houtt (L. japonicus, Chinese motherwort), known as Yi Mu Cao which means "good for women", has long been widely used in China and other Asian countries to alleviate gynecological disorders, often characterized by estrogen dysregulation. It has been used for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder in women but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was designed to investigate the effect and mechanism of flavonoid luteolin and its analog luteolin-7-methylether contained in L. japonicus on aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens and a drug target to induce ovulation in PCOS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa cells was examined using ELISA. Western blots were used to explore the signaling pathways in the regulation of aromatase expression. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action of compounds. Finally, animal models were used to assess the therapeutic potential of these compounds in PCOS. RESULTS: Luteolin potently inhibited estrogen biosynthesis in human ovarian granulosa cells stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone. This effect was achieved by decreasing cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-mediated expression of aromatase. Mechanistically, luteolin and luteolin-7-methylether targeted tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) to suppress mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6)-p38 MAPK-CREB pathway signaling. Transcriptional analysis showed that these compounds regulated the expression of different genes, with the MAPK signaling pathway being the most significantly affected. Furthermore, luteolin and luteolin-7-methylether effectively alleviated the symptoms of PCOS in mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a previously unrecognized role of TPL2 in estrogen biosynthesis and suggests that luteolin and luteolin-7-methylether have potential as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of PCOS. The results provide a foundation for further development of these compounds as effective and safe therapies for women with PCOS.

Protoilludane-Type and Related Nor-Sesquiterpenes from Phellinus hartigii and Their Anti-Hypertrophic Activities in Rat Cardiomyocytes.

Three nor-sesquiterpenes, phellinharts A-C (1-3), isolated from Phellinus hartigii, exhibited unprecedented protoilludane and cerapicane-type structures. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and X-ray diffraction. Potential biogenic pathways involving demethylation, ring cleavage, and rearrangement were proposed. Compounds 1-3 displayed potent anti-hypertrophic activities with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 50 µM) in rat cardiomyocytes, underscoring their therapeutic potential.

Asiaticasics A-O, structurally intriguing coumarins from Toddalia asiatica with potential inflammatory inhibitory activity.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Toddalia asiatica was fractionated to yield fifteen previously undescribed prenylated coumarins, asiaticasics A-O (1-15) along with nine (16-24) known derivatives. The structures of these undescribed coumarins were established by spectroscopic analysis and reference data. Biological activity evaluation showed that compound 3 with the IC50 value of 2.830 µM and compound 12 with the IC50 value of 0.682 µM owned anti-inflammatory activity by detecting the rate of lactate dehydrogenase release in pyroptosis J774A.1 cells. The results showed that the expression of Caspase-1 and IL-1ß was decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the compound 12 treatment group, suggesting that compound 12 may reduce pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. To further determine that compound 12 treatment can inhibit macrophage pyroptosis, morphological observation was performed and the results were consistent with the bioactivity evaluation.

Euphzycopins A - D, macrocyclic diterpenoids with potential anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia Helioscopia.

Four new diterpenoids (1-4) and four known diterpenoids (5-8) were purified from the whole plant of Euphorbia helioscopia L. Compounds 1 and 2 were jathophanes diterpenoids with a 5/12 polycyclic systems, compound 3 was rhamofolane diterpenoid with a 5/10 bicyclic skeleton and compound 4 was a rare class of euphorbia diterpenes featuring an unusual 5/10 fused ring system. Anti-inflammatory activity tests were conducted on the separated compounds, indicating that compound 4 had significant inhibitory effect on NLRP3 inflammasome with an IC50 value of 7.75 µM. Further, the inhibitory effect of 4 was determined using immunofluorescence assays.

Three new diterpenoids isolated from Euphorbia nematocypha Hand.-Mazz and their anti-fungal activity.

Three new diterpenoids, named nematocynine A-C (1-3), together with twelve known compounds (4-15) were isolated from the aerial part of Euphorbia nematocypha Hand.-Mazz (Hereinafter referred to E. nematocypha). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. In addition, all the compounds were tested for their anti-candida albicans activities used alone or in combination with fluconazole against sensitive strain and resistant strain in vitro. Wherein only compound 11 shows weak activity against candida albicans resistant strain (MIC50 = 128.15 µg/mL) when used alone. Compounds 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15 in combination with fluconazole showed potent anti-fungal activities (MIC50 = 15 ± 5 µg/mL, FICI = 0.05 ± 0.04) against the Candida albicans resistant strain SC5314-FR. The synergistic effects were weaker against the Candida albicans resistant strain SC5314-FR when the compounds 2, 3, 5 and 14 were combined with fluconazole (FICI = 0.16 ± 0.06).

Two New Prostaglandin-Like Compounds from Callicarpa arborea Roxb and Their NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Inhibitory Activity.

Two new prostaglandin-like compounds callicarboric acids A-B (1-2), along with six known compounds (3-8) were isolated from the stems of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Their structures were determined with the help of modern spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, and ORD with the assistance of quantum chemical calculations. Compound 1 exhibited remarkable anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activation potential, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.74 µM. Additionally, by reducing GSDMD-NT production, inhibiting caspase-1 activation, and suppressing IL-1ß secretion, it effectively mitigated NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in J774A.1 cells. These findings indicate that compound 1 possesses the capability to be a valuable candidate for further research and development as an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor.

Three New Clerodane Diterpenoids and Their NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Inhibitory Activity from Callicarpa arborea Roxb.

Three new compounds callicarpenoids A-C (1-3), were isolated from the stems of Callicarpa arborea Roxb together with fifteen known compounds (4-18). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, ORD, and quantum chemical calculations. Compound 3, a rare rearranged diterpenoid with a fused 5/6-ring system demonstrated strong potential as an inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation with an IC50 value of 3.153 µM. It effectively reduced GSDMD-NT production, inhibited caspase-1 activation, and suppressed IL-1ß secretion, thereby mitigating NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in J774A.1 cells. These findings suggest that compound 3 warrants further research and development as a promising NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor.

Wulfenioidins D-N, Structurally Diverse Diterpenoids with Anti-Zika Virus Activity Isolated from Orthosiphon wulfenioides.

Eleven diterpenoids, wulfenioidins D-N (1-11), classified into five distinct carbon skeletons with one unreported framework, and four modified abietane diterpenoids were isolated from the whole plant of Orthosiphon wulfenioides. The structures and absolute configurations were characterized by spectroscopic methods, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism analyses. Compounds 3 and 5 exhibited activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) with EC50 values of 8.07 and 8.50 µM, respectively, and showed no significant cytotoxicity toward Vero cells at 100 µM. Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments showed that compounds 3 and 5 interfered with the replication of the ZIKV by inhibiting the expression of the ZIKV envelope (E) protein.

Bioactive diterpenoids isolated from the twigs and leaves of Casearia velutina.

Nine previously undescribed clerodane-type diterpenoids (1-9), named caseabalanspenes A-I, along with six know compounds (10-15), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Casearia velutina. Spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR) analysis permitted the definition of their structures and then determination of the molecular formula of the compound by high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). It is worth noting that compound 7 contains N- heterocycle. Compounds 1-8 were tested the anti-inflammasome activity, and compound 3 exhibited potent activity and decreased LDH level in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 2.90 µM.

Euphopias G - J, macrocyclic diterpenes with anti-zika virus activity from Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Four new diterpenoids (1-4) and sixteen known diterpenoids (5-20) were purified from the whole plant of Euphorbia helioscopia L. Compounds 1 and 2 were rhamofolane diterpenoids with a 5/7/6 tricyclic systems, compound 3 was a lathyranes diterpenoid, and compound 4 was a jathophanes diterpenoid. The isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and anti-Zika virus properties, and compounds 9 and 15 showed low cytotoxicity and strong anti-Zika virus properties with EC50 2.63 and 5.94 µM, respectively. Further, the inhibitory effects of compounds on protein levels were determined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays.

Diverse diterpenoids from Callicarpa rubella Lindl. as natural inhibitors of macrophage foam cell formation.

Ten undescribed diterpenoids namely rubellawus E-N of structural types pimarane (1, 3-4), nor-abietane (2), nor-pimarane (5-6), isopimarane (7-9), and nor-isopimarane (10), along with eleven known compounds, were isolated and identified from the aerial parts of Callicarpa rubella Lindl. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical computations. Pharmacologically, almost all the compounds exhibited a potential inhibitory effect on oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage foam cell formation, which suggests that these compounds may be promising candidates in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Three new lanostane triterpenoids and two new amides from Alternaria sp. with NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitory activity.

Three new lanostane triterpenoids (1-3) along with two new amides fatty compounds (4-5) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a culture of the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. gx-2. Their structures were identified by 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and HRESIMS. Compounds 1-12 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and tyrosinase inhibition activities. The isolated compounds did not show inhibitory activities at a concentration of 100 µM against tyrosinase, while under the concentration of 10 µM, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibition rate of compound 1 was 54.45%, indicating that compound 1 had moderate anti-inflammatory activity on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Ketoreductase Domain-Catalyzed Polyketide Chain Release in Fungal Alkyl Salicylaldehyde Biosynthesis.

Alkyl salicylaldehyde derivatives are polyketide natural products, which are widely distributed in fungi and exhibit great structural diversity. Their biosynthetic mechanisms have recently been intensively studied; however, how the polyketide synthases (PKSs) involved in the fungal alkyl salicylaldehyde biosyntheses release their products remained elusive. In this study, we discovered an orphan biosynthetic gene cluster of salicylaldehyde derivatives in the fungus Stachybotrys sp. g12. Intriguingly, the highly reducing PKS StrA, encoded by the gene cluster, performs a reductive polyketide chain release, although it lacks a C-terminal reductase domain, which is typically required for such a reductive release. Our study revealed that the chain release is achieved by the ketoreductase (KR) domain of StrA, which also conducts cannonical ß-keto reductions during polyketide chain elongation. Furthermore, we found that the cupin domain-containing protein StrC plays a critical role in the aromatization reaction. Collectively, we have provided an unprecedented example of a KR domain-catalyzed polyketide chain release and a clearer image of how the salicylaldehyde scaffold is generated in fungi.

Strophioblachins A-K, Structurally Intriguing Diterpenoids from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx with Potential Anticardiac Hypertrophic Inhibitory Activity.

Three new rearranged diterpenoids, strophioblachins A-C (1-3), eight new diterpenoids, strophioblachins D-K (4-11), and seven previously described diterpenoids (12-18) were purified from the aerial parts of Strophioblachia fimbricalyx. Compounds 1 and 2 contain a rare 6/6/5/6 ring system, while 3 has an uncommon tricyclo[4.4.0.08,9]tridecane-bridged unit, and their diterpenoid skeletons are being reported for the first time. Utilizing spectroscopic and HRESIMS data analysis, the structures of the new compounds (1-11) were established, and ECD and 13C NMR calculations were used to confirm the relative and absolute configurations of 11 and 9. The absolute configurations of compounds 1, 3, and 10 were established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results of testing for anticardiac hypertrophic activity demonstrated that compounds 10 and 15 dose-dependently lowered the mRNA expression of Nppa and Nppb. Protein levels were confirmed by Western blotting, which also demonstrated that compounds 10 and 15 lowered the expression of the hypertrophic marker ANP. The cytotoxic activity against neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was assayed in vitro by the CCK-8 and ELISA methods, and the results showed that compounds 10 and 15 were only very weakly active in the range.

16,17-dinor-abietane diterpenoids from Casearia kurzii.

Eleven undescribed 16,17-dinor-abietane diterpenoids, caseazins A-K (1-11), and ten known diterpenoids (12-21) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Casearia kurzii (Flacourtiaceae). Caseazins A-K were the first abietane -type dinorditerpenoids to have been isolated from the plant of Casearia kurzii. Their chemical structures were elucidated using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The absolute configurations of 5 and 10 were established by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Moreover, compounds 2, 3, 13, 14, and 18 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 0.17, 0.36, 6.55, 1.30, and 4.53 µM, respectively. IL-1ß and caspase-1 analyses suggested that compound 14 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and blocked macrophage pyroptosis.

Nudifloids A-N, structurally diverse 3,4-seco-labdane diterpenoids from Callicarpa nudiflora with inflammatory inhibitory activity.

Fourteen undescribed seco-type diterpenoids, named nudifloids A-N, together with ten known analogs, were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora. Nudifloids A-N had a characteristic 3,4-seco-labdane-type diterpenoid skeleton, whereas nudifloids A-C and K-N were 3,4-seco-norditerpenoids. Nudifloid A was the first example of a 3,4-seco-12,13,14,15,16-quartnor-labdane diterpenoid, with a seven-membered lactone ring formed through esterification between C-3 and C-11. Nudifloids B and C were a pair of highly modified 3,4-seco-labdane nor-diterpenoid epimers, of which C-2 and C-18 were cyclized together to form a cyclohexene fragment. The structures of these undescribed diterpenoids were established by spectroscopic analysis and reference data. The anti-inflammatory activity of diterpenoids in rich yield was evaluated by analyzing the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide plus nigericin-induced pyroptosis in J774A.1 cells. Nudifloids D and E exhibited prominent anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity, with IC50 values of 1.80 and 1.59 µM, respectively. Cell permeability assays revealed that nudifloid D inhibited pyroptosis, which could ameliorate inflammation by blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Abietane diterpenoids from Orthosiphon wulfenioides with NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitory activity.

Wulfenioidones A - K (1-11) were abietane diterpenoids with highly oxidized 6/6/6 aromatic tricyclic skeleton isolated from the whole plant of Orthosiphon wulfenioides, and their planar structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation, electronic circular dichroism calculation as well as X-ray crystallography analysis. Bioactivity screening indicated that compounds 1-4, 6 and 8 exhibited lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibition effect with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 to 3.43 µM by preventing the mononuclear macrophage cell pyroptosis induced by double signal stimulation of LPS and nigericin. Western Blot analyses of Caspase-1 and IL-1ß down-regulation exhibited that compound 1 could selectively inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome, and the cell morphological observation further supported that compound 1 prevented macrophage cell pyroptosis.